Dabbar da ke da irin wannan mummunan suna ba ta nan - kerkeci ya mutu dubbai da yawa da suka wuce. Ya rayu a Arewacin Amurka a zamanin farko na marigayi Pleistocene. A cikin duk tarihin duniya, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan dabbobi waɗanda suka kasance (gwargwadon yadda aka yarda da shi) ga canine. Kuma mafi yawan nau'ikan mallakar dangin kerkeci (Caninae).
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: dire kerkolfci
Duk da kasancewar wasu kamanceceniya da launin toka mai launin toka, akwai manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin wadannan "dangin" - wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, ya taimaki daya jinsi ya rayu kuma ya kai ga hallakawar wata dabba mafi tsananin wahala da taurin kai. Misali, tsawon ƙafafun kerkeci ya ɗan gajarta, duk da cewa sun fi ƙarfi ƙarfi. Amma kwanyar ta kasance karami - idan aka kwatanta da kerk grayci mai launin toka mai girman girmansa. A tsayi, ƙyarke kerkeci ya wuce ƙararrawa mai ruwan toka, ya kai, a matsakaita, 1.5 m.
Bidiyo: Dire Wolf
Daga wannan duka, za'a iya yanke shawara mai ma'ana - mummunan kerkeci ya kai girman babba da girma ƙwarai (in mun gwada da mu kerketai masu ruwan toka), an auna su (an daidaita su don halaye iri ɗaya na mutum) kimanin kilogiram 55-80. Ee, ta fuskar dabi'a (ma'ana, dangane da tsarin jiki), kyarketai masu kama da kerkeci na zamani, amma wadannan jinsunan, a zahiri, basu da kusanci sosai kamar yadda yake a farko. Idan kawai saboda suna da mazauninsu daban - gidan kakanninsu na baya shine Eurasia, kuma an ƙirƙira sifar mummunan kerkolfci a Arewacin Amurka.
Dangane da wannan, sakamakon da ke tafe ya nuna kansa: tsoffin jinsunan dorinar kerkeci a cikin danginsu za su kasance kusa da coyote (Baƙin Amurka) fiye da kerkeci mai launin toka na Turai. Amma tare da wannan duka, kada mutum ya manta cewa duk waɗannan dabbobin suna cikin jinsi iri ɗaya - Canis kuma suna kusa da juna ta hanyoyi da yawa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya kerkeci yayi kama
Babban banbancin dake tsakanin kerkeci da mai karbansa na zamani shi ne yanayin yanayin morphometric - tsoho mai farauta yana da dan karamin girma dangi da jiki. Hakanan, molar sa sun fi girma - idan aka kwatanta da kerkeci masu ruwan toka da kyankyaso na Arewacin Amurka. Wato, kokon kai na kerkeci ya yi kama da babban kokon kai na kerkeci mai ruwan toka, amma jiki (idan aka ɗauke shi daidai) ya fi ƙanƙanta.
Wasu masana burbushin halittu sunyi imanin cewa kyarketai masu kyarkeci suna cin abinci ne kawai akan mushe, amma ba duk masana kimiyya bane suke da wannan ra'ayi. A gefe guda, a, manyan hakoransu masu girman kai na sheda sun nuna goyon baya ga karnukan kerkeci (kallon kwanyar kai, kuna buƙatar kula da abubuwan da suka gabata da masu ban mamaki). Wata kuma (alƙallan kai tsaye) shaidar musabbabin waɗannan dabbobi na iya zama gaskiyar tarihinsu. Gaskiyar ita ce, a lokacin samuwar wata kyarkyar kerkuku a nahiyar Arewacin Amurka, karnuka daga jinsin Borophagus suka ɓace - masu cin mushe na al'ada.
Amma zai zama mafi ma'ana a ɗauka cewa ƙyarke kerkeci sun kasance masu satar abubuwa. Wataƙila dole ne su ci mushewar dabbobi har ma fiye da sau da yawa ta kerkeci, amma waɗannan dabbobin ba su da lada (a wata ma'anar, ƙwararru) masu saran (misali, kamar kuraye ko diloli).
An lura da kamanceceniya tare da kerkeci mai launin toka da kwakwa a cikin sifofin halittar kai. Amma haƙoran tsohuwar dabbar sun fi girma, kuma ƙarfin cizon ya fi duk waɗanda aka sani (daga waɗanda aka ƙaddara a cikin kerkvesci). Abubuwan fasalin tsarin haƙoran sun ba da kyarkeci mai girma da ƙwarƙwara, za su iya haifar da raunuka masu yawa a kan farautar ganima fiye da mahautan zamani.
A ina ne kerkeci ya rayu?
Hoto: Mummunar kerkeci
Wurin da ke cikin kyarketai ya kasance Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka - waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune a nahiyoyi biyu kimanin shekaru dubu 100 BC. Lokacin "bunkasa" na mummunan nau'in kerkeci ya fada a zamanin Pleistocene. Ana iya samo wannan sakamakon daga nazarin burbushin kerkeci da aka samu yayin hakar da aka gudanar a yankuna daban-daban.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, an haƙa burbushin kerkeci a kudu maso gabashin nahiyar (ƙasashen Florida) da kuma kudancin Arewacin Amurka (a yanki, wannan kwarin birnin Mexico ne). A matsayin wani nau'i na "kyautatawa" ga abubuwan da aka samo a Rancho Labrea, an sami alamun kasancewar waɗannan dabbobin a California a cikin Pleistocene sediments dake cikin kwarin Livermore, haka kuma a cikin yadudduka na irin wannan shekarun da ke San Pedro. Samfurori da aka samo a California da Mexico City sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta kuma suna da gaɓoɓi kaɗan fiye da waɗanda aka samu a tsakiya da gabashin Amurka.
Mummunan jinsunan kerkeci daga ƙarshe sun mutu tare da ɓacewar katuwar megafauna kimanin shekaru dubu 10 BC. Dalilin ɓacewar zangon tsananin kerkeci ya ta'allaka ne da mutuwar yawancin jinsunan manyan dabbobi a lokacin ƙarni na ƙarshe na zamanin Pleistocene, wanda zai iya gamsar da sha'awar manyan dabbobi masu cin nama. Wato, yunwar banal ta taka muhimmiyar rawa. Baya ga wannan lamarin, yawan mutanen da ke bunkasa Homo sapiens da kyarketai na kowa, ba shakka, sun ba da gudummawa wajen bacewar mummunan kerkeci a matsayin jinsi. Su ne (kuma akasarinsu na farko) suka zama sabbin masu gasa abincin wanda ya ɓace.
Duk da ingantaccen dabarun farauta, karfi, fushi da juriya, mummunan kyarketai basu iya adawa da komai ga mutum mai hankali ba. Sabili da haka, rashin son ja da baya, tare da yarda da kai, ya yi wasa da wargi - masu saurin cinye kansu sun zama ganima. Yanzu fatunsu na kare mutane daga sanyi, kuma hammatarsu sun zama kayan adon mata. Kurakurai masu launin toka sun zama da wayo sosai - sun shiga hidimar mutane, sun zama karnukan gida.
Yanzu kun san inda kerkeci ya rayu. Bari mu ga abin da ya ci.
Menene kerkeci ya ci?
Photo: Dire kyarketai
Babban abincin da ke kan jerin kyarketai shine tsohuwar bison da Amurka. Hakanan, waɗannan dabbobin suna iya cin abinci akan naman katangar katako da raƙuman yamma. Babba mai girma zai iya yin tsayayya da tasirin koke-koken kerkeci, amma ɗiya, ko raunin mammoth da ya ɓace daga garken, zai iya zama karin kumallo na kyarketai masu kyar.
Hanyoyin farauta ba su da bambanci da waɗanda kyarkeci masu toka suke amfani da su don neman abinci. Ganin cewa wannan dabba ba ta raina ba kuma ta faɗi don ci, akwai kowane dalili da za a gaskata cewa tare da salon rayuwarsa da abin da ya ƙunsa, kerkeci ya yi kama da kishiya fiye da kerkuku iri ɗaya.
Koyaya, kerkeci yana da bambanci guda ɗaya a cikin dabarun nemanta daga duk wasu masu lalata daga danginsu. Dangane da yanayin yanayin yankin Arewacin Amurka, tare da ramuka masu tarin yawa, wanda manyan ciyayi suka fada ciki, ɗayan hanyoyin da aka fi so na neman abinci ga mummunan kerkeci (kamar yawancin masu satar mutane) shine cin dabbar da ta makale a cikin tarko.
Haka ne, manyan shuke-shuken sau da yawa sukan fada tarkon asalinsu na asali, inda masu farauta ke cin dabbobin da ke mutuwa ba tare da wata matsala ba, amma a lokaci guda su da kansu galibi sukan mutu, suna makale da bitumen. Tsawon rabin karni, kowane rami an binne kusan mahautan 10-15, suna barin mutanen zamaninmu da kyawawan kayan karatu.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Karkatattun kyarketai
D. guildayi, ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan raƙuman kerkeci waɗanda ke zaune a kudancin Amurka da Mexico, galibi mafi yawancin mafarauta sun faɗa cikin rami mai ɗanɗano. Dangane da bayanan da aka bayar wa masana burbushin halittu, ragowar kerkeci sun fi kowa yawa fiye da ragowar kerkeci masu ruwan toka - an lura da rarar 5 zuwa 1. A kan wannan hujja, kammalawa 2 suka nuna kansu.
Na farko, yawan kerkeci a wancan lokacin ya wuce yawan duk wasu nau'ikan dabbobin farauta. Na biyu: la'akari da gaskiyar cewa da yawa kerkeci sun zama wadanda ke cikin ramuka masu rauni, ana iya zaton cewa saboda farauta ne suka tara a cikin garken tumaki kuma ba a ciyar da su galibi akan mushe, amma a kan dabbobin da aka kama a cikin rami mai ɓarna.
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun kafa doka - duk masu farautar dabbobi suna farautar ciyawar ciyawar da nauyinsu bai fi na dukkan mambobin garken masu kai hare-hare ba. Daidaitawa don kimar yawan kerkeci, masanan burbushin halittu sun yanke shawara cewa matsakaicin abincinsu yakai kimanin 300-600 kg.
Wato, abubuwan da aka fi so (a cikin wannan nau'in nauyin) sun kasance bison, kodayake, tare da talaucin da ake da shi na sarkar abinci, kyarketai sun faɗaɗa "menu" sosai, suna mai da hankali ga dabbobi manya ko ƙanana.
Akwai shaidar cewa kyarketai da suka taru a cikin fakiti sun nemi whales da aka wanke a bakin ruwa suka cinye su a matsayin abinci. La'akari da gaskiyar cewa gungun kerkeci masu ruwan toka a sauƙaƙe yana gurnani muzur wanda nauyin sa yakai kilogiram 500, ba zai yi wahala ga tarin waɗannan dabbobin su kashe koda lafiyayyen bison da ya ɓace daga garken ba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Dire Wolf Kubu
Nazarin Palaeontologists game da mummunan jikin kerkutoci da girman kwanya sun gano dimorphism. Wannan kammalawa yana nuna gaskiyar cewa kerkeci suna rayuwa ne a cikin ma'aurata masu auren mace daya. Lokacin farauta, mafarauta ma sun yi aiki biyu-biyu - kwatankwacin kyarketai masu launin toka da na dingo. "Bashin bayan" ƙungiyar masu kai harin an haɗa su maza da mata, kuma duk sauran kerketai ɗin da ke cikin ƙungiyar mataimakan su ne. Kasancewar dabbobi da yawa yayin farautar sun tabbatar da kariyar dabbar da aka kashe ko wanda aka azabtar ya makale a cikin ramin bitumen daga mamayar wasu masu cin abincin.
Wataƙila, kyarketai masu rarrafe, waɗanda aka rarrabe da ƙarfi da girma, amma a lokaci guda ƙasa da juriya, sun kai hari har ma da lafiyayyun dabbobi waɗanda suka fi su girma. Bayan haka, kyarketai masu launin toka a cikin fakiti suna farautar dabbobi masu saurin kafa - me yasa, to, mafi karfi kuma mafi tsananin kerkeci ba zai iya kai hari ga dabbobi masu jinkiri ba. Hakanan zamantakewar jama'a ta rinjayi takamammen farautar - wannan abin da ke cikin mummunan kerkeci an bayyana shi daban da na wolf Wolves.
Wataƙila, su, kamar kyankyaso na Arewacin Amurka, suna zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin dangi, kuma basu tsara manyan garken tumaki ba, kamar kerkeci masu ruwan toka. Kuma sun tafi farauta rukuni-rukuni na mutane 4-5. Pairaya biyu da kyarketai matasa sune "belayers". Wannan halayyar ta kasance mai ma'ana - ya isa ya ba da tabbataccen sakamako (koda bison da aka fi sani shi kaɗai ba zai iya jure wa masu kai hare-hare biyar a lokaci guda ba), kuma ba za a buƙatar raba ganimar zuwa da yawa ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin 2009, an gabatar da wani abin birgewa akan fuskokin silima, babban halayensu shine kerkeci. Kuma fim din an lakafta shi ne bayan mai farautar tarihi - mai ma'ana. Tushen makircin ya faɗi kan gaskiyar cewa masana kimiyya na Amurka sun sami nasarar haɗa DNA ta mutum tare da DNA na ƙyamar wolf da aka ciro daga kwarangwal - wanda ke da ƙarancin jini wanda ya mamaye lokacin kankara. Sakamakon irin waɗannan gwaje-gwajen da ba a saba gani ba ya kasance mummunan haɗari. A dabi'ance, irin wannan dabbar ta ƙi jinin zama beran dakin gwaje-gwaje, don haka ya sami hanyar fita ya fara neman abinci.
Abokan gaba na kyarkyamai
Hotuna: Yaya kerkeci yayi kama
Babban masu gasa don cin naman manyan dabbobi yayin wanzuwar kerkeci sun kasance murmushi da baƙon Amurka. Wadannan mahautan uku sun raba yawan bison, rakuman yamma, mambobin Columbus, da mastodons. Bugu da ƙari, yanayin canjin yanayin da ke canzawa ya haifar da haɓakar gasa tsakanin waɗannan maƙarƙan.
Sakamakon canjin yanayi da ya faru a lokacin tsananin tsananin sanyi, raƙuma da bison sun ƙaura daga makiyaya da makiyaya musamman zuwa gandun daji-steppe, don cin abincin conifers. La'akari da cewa matsakaicin kashi na mummunan kerkeci (kamar duka masu fafatawa) a cikin "menu" ya kasance ne daga dawakai (dawakai na daji), kuma ramuka, bison, mastodons da raƙuma sun kasance ba za su iya kasancewa cikin waɗannan masu cin abincin ba "don abincin rana", yawan masu cin abincin suna raguwa cikin sauri ... Ganyen ciyawar da aka lissafa a sama yana da ƙarami kaɗan don haka ba za su iya "ciyar da" masu cin abincin kiwo ba.
Koyaya, farautar farauta da halayyar zamantakewa na kerkeci ya ba su damar yin nasara tare da abokan gaba na halitta, waɗanda suka fi ƙarfin halaye na zahiri, amma sun fi son yin "aiki" shi kaɗai. Kammalawa - Smilodons da zakokin Amurka sun ɓace da wuri sosai fiye da kerkeci. Amma menene a can - su da kansu galibi sukan zama ganimar fakitin kerkeci.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Dire kyarketai
Mazaunin yawan jama'ar shine yankin Amurka kusan shekaru 115,000-9340 da suka wuce, lokacin marigayi Pleistocene da farkon Holocene. Wannan nau'in ya samo asali ne daga kakanninsa - Canis armbrusteri, wanda ya rayu a cikin wannan yanki wuri kusan shekaru miliyan 1.8 - shekaru dubu 300 da suka gabata. Yankin mafi girman duka kerketai sun faɗaɗa zuwa digiri 42 a arewacin latitude (iyakarta ta kasance shinge na halitta a cikin fasalin manyan ƙanƙara). Matsakaicin matsakaicin da ke sama wanda aka gano ragowar kerkeci yakai mita 2255. Masu farauta sun rayu a wurare daban-daban - a cikin filaye da makiyaya, a cikin duwatsu dazuzzuka da kuma savannas na Kudancin Amurka.
Extarshen Canis dirus nau'in ya faru a lokacin Ice Age. Abubuwa da yawa sun ba da gudummawa ga wannan lamarin. Na farko, mutanen da suka fara hankalta sun fara zuwa yankin da yawancin kerkeci ke mamaye da su, wadanda fatar kerkeci da aka kashe masu dumi ne da sutura. Abu na biyu, canjin yanayi ya yi wasa mai ban dariya tare da kyarkeci (a zahiri, kamar yadda yake da sauran dabbobin zamanin Pleistocene).
A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na zamanin Ice, wani ɗumi mai ɗumi ya fara, yawancin manyan shuke-shuke, waɗanda suka zama babban abincin cin kerkeci, sun ɓace gaba ɗaya ko suka tafi arewa. Tare da ɗan gajeren fuska, wannan maƙarƙashiyar ba ta da saurin aiki da sauri. Powerfularfi da ƙwan baya wanda ya tabbatar da mamayar waɗannan dabbobi har zuwa yanzu ya zama nauyi wanda bai basu damar saba da sababbin yanayin muhalli ba. Kuma mummunan kerkeci bai iya sake fasalin "abubuwan da yake so na gastronomic" ba.
Inarshen mummunan kerkeci ya faru a matsayin ɓangare na ɗumbin nau'ikan jinsin da ya faru a Quaternary. Yawancin jinsunan dabbobi sun kasa daidaitawa zuwa canjin yanayi mai tsanani da kuma yanayin ɗan adam wanda ya shigo fagen. Sabili da haka, bai cancanci faɗi cewa mutane masu ƙarfi da mugunta suna daidaita mafi kyau ba - galibi juriya, ikon jira, kuma mafi mahimmanci, zamantakewar jama'a, tsarin halayya sun fi mahimmanci.
Haka ne, manyan mutane na zamanin da masu cin duri sun kai tsawon bushewa na kimanin cm 97, tsayin jikinsu ya kai cm 180. Tsawon kokon kai ya kai 310 mm, haka nan kuma kasusuwa masu fadi da karfi sun tabbatar da kame ganima mai karfi. Amma gajerun kafafu ba su ba da izinin kyarkeci ya yi sauri kamar zakaru ko kerkeci masu launin toka ba. Kammalawa - an maye gurbin manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan karni daga masu fafatawa waɗanda zasu iya daidaitawa da sauyin yanayin muhalli.
Kerkeci mai duhu - dabba mai ban mamaki. Fakitin kerkeci masu launin toka da tosai da gishiri a duniya ta zamani, kuma ana iya ganin burbushin kerkecin da masana binciken burbushin halittu suka gano a matsayin kyawawan abubuwa a cikin Rancho Labrey Museum (wanda ke Los Angeles, California).
Ranar bugawa: 08/10/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 da 12:57
