Grey kerkolfci - babban wakilin gidan canine. Kyakkyawa, dabba mai ƙarfi, tana da kamanni na waje da gan Makiyayin Europeanan Garkon Yammacin Turai, amma yana da siriri, ya fi jituwa. Dabbobi suna da wayo sosai. Da dabara kuɓuta daga bin kuma saɗa waƙoƙin. Ta hanyar ƙirƙirar biyu, suna kula da zuriyar. Sabili da haka, ban da tsoro, suna haifar da ma'anar girmamawa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Grey kerkolfci
Kerkeci gama gari ko launin toka mai launin toka (daga Latin Canis lupus) na dangin canine ne. Tare da kunkuru, dodo da wasu nau'o'in daban, suna da nau'in kerkeci. A yayin nazarin DNA din su, an bayyana cewa dabbar ita ce kakannin kare na gida, yayin da na biyun kuma ana daukar sa ne a matsayin wani nau'i na kerkeci.
Kakannin dabbar da wataƙila shine Canis lepophagus, canine mai kunkuntar kwanyar da ta wanzu a zamanin Miocene. Bayan dadadden borophages, a yayin cigaban halitta, C. lepophagus yayi girma cikin girma, kuma kwanya ya fadada. Burbushin da aka samo a Arewacin Amurka wataƙila na kakannin duk kerketan zamani ne.
Bidiyo: Grey Wolf
Kerkeci masu launin toka na farko sun fara bayyana a zamanin Pleistocene, kimanin shekaru miliyan biyu da suka gabata. Daga cikin su akwai jinsin Canis priscolatrans, wanda daga baya ya rikide ya zama C. mosbachensis, wanda a zahiri yayi kamanceceniya da kerkeci na yau. Kimanin shekaru dubu 500 da suka gabata, ya samo asali zuwa Canis lupus.
A lokacin Holocene, jinsin sun zauna a Arewacin Amurka, inda mummunan kerkeci ya riga ya rayu. Saboda karancin ganima, mummunan kerkeci ya ɓace kimanin shekaru dubu 8 da suka gabata. Bayyanar kerkeci mai ruwan toka ya haifar da gasa ga ƙaramin dabba mai kama da dabbobi, wanda ya hanzarta aiwatar da halaka.
Jinsin yana da nau'ikan rabe-raben 37 kamar yadda Dabbobin Dabbobin Duniya suke da kuma 38 a cewar Hukumar Ba da Bayanin Haraji ta Taxasa, 13 daga cikinsu sun riga sun mutu. Yawancin mutane da yawa a baya ana ɗauka rabe-raben rabe-rabe, amma daga baya an haɗa su saboda rashin bambancin jinsin.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya kerk grayci mai launin toka yake kama
Siriri mai cin nama, tare da tsarin mulki mai karfi, dogayen kafafu, masu bushewa. Wuya gajere ce kuma mai kauri, baya yana zubewa, kan yana da girma babba tare da faɗuwa mai faɗi, bakinsa gajere ne. Sutura tana da wuya; raƙuman duhu yana gudana tare da dutsen, wanda ya fi bayyana a cikin maza. Launi launin toka ne, tare da launuka masu launin ruwan kasa da ja. A kafafu da ciki, launi ya fi sauƙi.
Fasali na jiki:
- tsawon jiki - 100-160 cm;
- tsawon wutsiya - 30-50 cm;
- tsawo a bushe - 75-90 cm;
- nauyi - 35-70 kg;
- nauyi a cikin shekara 1 - 20-30 kg.
Mata suna da kusan 20% ƙarami da wuta. Girman ya sa dabba ta zama ɗayan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin iyali. Kowane mutum ya kai girma a cikin shekaru 2.5-3. A wannan lokacin, suna da nauyin kilogram 50. Mazaunan Siberia da Alaska sun ɗan fi girma, nauyinsu ya fi kilogram 70.
Dabba tana gudu da kai kasa. Kunnen daya yana jijjiga gaba, dayan baya. Lokacin tafiya, jela ta rataya; lokacin da take gudu, ana daga ta zuwa matakin baya. Hanyoyin waƙoƙin suna kama da kamannin na kare, amma ya fi girma, ɗakunan faratan an fi bayyane. Tsawon waƙar - santimita 10-12. Ba kamar yatsun canine ba, yatsun kerkeci an ajiye su a cikin "ball".
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin tafiya, musamman lokacin yin tsere, dabba takan taka kan hanya. Feetafusun baya suna bin sawun sawun ƙafafun gaba. Ana shirya alamomi a madaidaiciya.
Kokon kai yana da girma, hancinsa yana da fadi. Akwai hakora masu kaifi 42 a cikin bakin, wanda zai iya jure nauyin kimanin megapascals 10. Rashin hakora ga mai farauta yana mutuwa kuma yana haifar da yunwa. Masana kimiyya sun rarrabe fiye da nau'ikan yanayi guda 10 ta fuskar fuskar dabbar - fushi, fushi, nishaɗi, barazanar, soyayya, faɗakarwa, tsoro, nutsuwa.
A ina ne kerkeci mai launin toka yake rayuwa?
Photo: Grey kerkolfci a cikin gandun daji
Dangane da mazauni, yawan dabbobin da suka gabata sun kasance na biyu bayan mutane. Wannan shine mafi yawan Yankin Arewa. A zamaninmu, wuraren da kyarkeci ke zama sun ragu sosai. A yau, dabbar sananniya ce a yankuna da yawa na Turai, a Arewacin Amurka, Asiya, a kan yankin Indiya.
Iyakar arewacin yankin shine bakin tekun Arctic. Kudu - digiri 16 arewa latitude. Dabbobi suna rayuwa a wurare daban-daban, amma sun bambanta steppes, tundra, Semi-hamada, gandun daji. Ana guje wa yankunan daji da yawa. Ana samun mafi yawan ƙananan raƙuman ruwa a cikin tundra, ƙananan waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan kudu.
A cikin yankuna masu duwatsu, yana zaune wurare daga ƙafa zuwa makiyaya mai tsayi. Sun fi son wuraren budewa. Zasu iya zama kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam. A cikin taiga, ya bazu tare da yankan yanki na yankin taiga. Dabbobi suna yiwa iyakokin makircinsu alamar fitsari da najasa.
Yankin da garke daya ya mamaye kilomita 30-60 ne. A ƙarshen lokacin bazara-farkon lokacin bazara, lokacin da garken ya balle, yankin da aka mamaye shi ma ya rarrabu. Mafi kyawun yanki yana zuwa ga manyan ma'aurata. A cikin steppes da tundra, galibi zaka iya samun mutane suna yawo a bayan garken dabbobin gida ko barewa.
Lokacin da zuriya za ta kewaya, galibi ana amfani da matsuguni na asali - dunkulen bishiyoyi, ramuka a cikin kankara, kogon wasu dabbobi. Wasu lokuta mafarauta sukan tono su da kansu. Bayan yaran sun girma, dangin sun daina amfani da kogon; suna zama a wasu wurare masu aminci don mafaka.
Yanzu kun san inda kerkeci mai launin toka yake rayuwa. Bari muga me wannan mai farauta yake ci.
Menene kerkeci mai launin toka yake ci?
Photo: Grey kerkolfci a cikin hunturu
Kerkerai masu lalata dabbobi ne. Ana samun abinci ta hanyar farauta mai aiki, don bin waɗanda abin ya shafa.
A yankuna daban-daban, kerkeci suna ciyar da dabbobi daban-daban:
- tundra - reindeer;
- bel na daji - boars na daji, muz, barewa, barewa;
- steppes da hamada - dabbobin daji.
Sau da yawa ana iya kama dabbar farautar dabbobi - shanu, tumaki, dawakai, da kuma wani lokacin karnuka. Idan babu babban ganima, an kama hares, beraye, da gophers. A lokacin bazara ba za su kasa lalata gidan tsuntsu ba suna cin abinci a kan ƙwai ko ƙananan kajin. Wasu lokuta suna iya fitar da sandar gida daga garken tumaki.
Ya faru cewa corsacs, foxes, raccoons sun zama ganimar dabba. Musamman mutane masu fama da yunwa na iya hargitsa beyar a cikin kogon. Ba za su raina cin gawar dabbobi ba, dabbobin da ba su da lafiya, wadanda suka raunana ta hanyar fada, wadanda mafarauta suka harbe su. A lokacin yunwa, sukan koma ga ragowar ganimar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai sanannen lamari lokacin da fakitin kyarketai suka kashe wani ɗan ƙaramin bear.
A bakin gabar teku, suna cin abinci a kan gawarwakin matattun tambarin da aka wanke a gabar ruwa. Dabba mai jin yunwa ba tare da jinkiri ba zata afkawa kwado, kadangaru, maciji ko babban ƙwaro. Mazaunan Kudancin sun hada da 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itatuwa, da kuma wani lokacin namomin kaza a cikin abincin su. A cikin matattakalar, suna shirya hare-hare kan kankana da kankana don shayar da ƙishirwa, suna azabtar da su a cikin yanayi mai zafi. Haka kuma, ba sa cin kankana na farko da suka ci karo da shi, amma suna gurnani har sai sun sami cikakke.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Grey kerkolfci
Masu farauta ba dare ba rana. Suna ihu da babbar murya don alamar kasancewar su. Tare da taimakon sa, mutane suna sadarwa da juna a nesa mai nisa, ihu yana ba ku damar fahimtar juna, neman haƙƙoƙin abubuwan da suka mallaka, da kula da abokin zamansu na gaba.
Lokacin farauta, kerkeci suna nuna nutsuwa, ba tare da yin sautin da ba dole ba. Daga dukkan hankulan halittu a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, ji shine mafi ci gaba, sai kuma jin ƙamshi, hangen nesa - a matsayi na uku. Abubuwan hankali da ayyukan tunani suna da haɓaka kuma suna haɗe da ƙarfin aiki, ƙarfi, gudu da sauran bayanan da ke ƙaruwa da damar rayuwa.
Wolves ba kawai kururuwa za su yi ba, amma har da gurnani, yashi, squeal, haushi. A cikin fakitin, jagoran ne ke bayar da siginar kai hari. Sauran suna tare da shi. Wannan sautin yana kama da hayaniyar kare mai fushi mai shirin caji. Ana yawan jin ihu da yamma ko da daddare, amma ba kowace rana ba. Haɗa baki ɗaya yana nuni da alamar kasancewa cikin al'umma.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Marubucin masanin kimiyyar halittu F. Mowet ya sadu a cikin Kanada tundra tare da Eskimo mai suna Utek, wanda ya fahimci saƙonnin murya da kerkeci ke aikawa juna.
Smanshi yana ba halittu damar jin dabba mai nisan kilomita 3 nesa. Hancinsu ya ninka na mutum sau 14, amma kamshinsu ya ninka sau 100. Mutane sun banbanta tabarau miliyan 5, yayin da kerkeci ya banbanta miliyan 200. Yawancin bayanai ga dabba suna zuwa ta wari.
Mafarauta ba sa farauta kusa da kogon su. Don neman ganima, suna tafiya kilomita 8-10 daga gida. Dabbobi suna da saurin gudu daga 50-60 km / h. A cikin dare, suna iya tafiya kilomita 70-80. Don hanzartawa, suna buƙatar mita 4 don tsere cikin cikakken gudu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Kerkeci mai launin toka
Golf Wolves suna da aure. Suna da tsarin rayuwar iyali. Garken zai iya ƙunsar mutane 3 zuwa 40. Ya ƙunshi alpha male, alpha mace, yaransu da danginsu. Ma'aurata zasu wanzu har sai dayan ya mutu. Kubiyoyin zinare ɗaya ba sa yin aure; ilhami yana sa su nemi abokiyar aure a wata garken.
Lokacin kiwo yana cikin Janairu-Afrilu. Yayinda abokan haɗin alpha suke kare juna da ƙarfi daga wasu mutane, rikice-rikice suna gudana a cikin jaka. Maza suna kewaye da kerkeci. Sau da yawa akan yi faɗa don mata, galibi tare da sakamako na mutuwa.
Da zaran an ƙirƙiri ma'aurata, abokan haɗin kai tsaye suna neman wuri mai dacewa don zuriyar ta gaba. A wannan lokacin, namiji da mace suna yin lalata da juna, suna shafa gefensu. Da zaran kerkeci na cikin zafi, ana fitar da pheromones da fitsarinta, wanda ke alamanta namiji ya sadu.
Ciki yana dauke da kimanin watanni 2. A wani lokaci, ana haihuwar jarirai daga 3 zuwa 13. Bayan sati biyu, sai suka fara gani. Na farko, thea thean suna ciyar da madarar mahaifiyarsu, sannan iyayen sun sake maimaita musu nama. Sannan aka kawo wadanda aka kashe. Dukan garken suna cikin wannan aikin.
A ƙarshen bazara, sasan fara farauta. Kodayake iyaye suna kishin yaransu da himma, har zuwa kashi 80% na zuriyarsu suna mutuwa a shekarar farko. Mata na balaga a cikin shekaru 2, maza a 3. tsufa yana farawa daga shekaru 10-12. Matsakaicin tsawon rai shine shekaru 15.
Abokan gaba na wolf wolf
Hotuna: Yaya kerk grayci mai launin toka yake kama
Umarnin gandun daji yanada kadan daga abokan gaba. Rikici na iya faruwa tsakanin kerkeci da lynxes, bears. Wasu lokuta yayin farauta, farauta, dawakai, dawakai na iya cutar da su sosai. Yunwa na daga cikin manyan makiya. Manya da puan kwikwiyo sun mutu daga gare ta.
Amma babbar barazanar ta fito ne daga mutane. A baya can, mutane na tsoron masu farauta saboda rashin kare kansu a gabansu. Amma yanzu, a zamanin ci gaban wayewa, kerkeci sun kasance a waje da doka. Suna kai hari ga mutane da wuya, ban da cututtukan zazzaɓi, amma su ne masu cin abincin kai tsaye na mutane, wani lokacin sukan far wa dabbobi.
A karkashin hujja ta kariya, mutane suna farautar dabba ta hanyoyi daban-daban wadanda 'yan Adam ba su bambanta su ba. Ana aiwatar da farauta don fun, tare da shigarwar hound, greyhound, gaggafa zinariya, tare da taimakon tarko, kamawa tare da yaudara, bin hanyoyin, tare da bindiga.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana kiran dabbobi masu shayarwa da umarnin daji. Saboda kashe su, barkewar annoba tsakanin sauran dabbobi galibi kan faru.
A yawancin ƙasashe, dabbobi suna da mummunan hoto. A tsakiyar zamanai, an yi imani da kerkeci suna yi wa shaidan hidima. Tun zamanin da, masu farauta sun kasance jarumai ne na tatsuniyoyi. Wadannan maganganun ana amfani dasu koyaushe don kashe dabbobi. A zahiri, halakar tana da adalci ne kawai idan kerkeci ya kamu da ciwon hauka.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Grey kerkolfci
A wasu ƙasashe, ana barazanar kashe kerkeci mai launin toka. Yawancin wannan ya faru ne saboda tsoron ɗan adam na asarar dabbobi. Mai cutarwa yana daɗaɗa guba kuma an harbe shi. Wadannan ayyuka sun haifar da raguwar yawan halittu, don haka a yankuna da yawa, alal misali, a Minnesota, da daɗewa ana ɗaukar kerkeci a matsayin nau'in haɗari.
Canza shimfidar wurare yana haifar da raguwar jama'a. A cikin Kanada, Girka, Finland, Italia, Poland, Alaska, Gabas ta Tsakiya, yanayin yawan lambobin ana tantance su kamar masu kwanciyar hankali. Mafarauta da lalata mazauna suna barazanar rage yawan mutane a Hungary, Portugal, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, Slovakia, Romania.
Ba a san yawan nau'in ba. A bayyane yake cewa yana raguwa cikin sauri. Kodayake ana ɗaukar raƙuman raƙuman ruwa da yawa sun mutu, amma yawancin mutane ba sa yiwuwa a ƙara jinsin a cikin Littafin Ja. Haka kuma, yawancin jama'a suna samun kariya ta Rataye na II na Yarjejeniyar CITES.
An gudanar da lissafin ƙarshe a cikin 1998. A Alaska, an sami daidaitaccen yanayin yawan jama'a - mutane dubu 6-8. Kimanin kyarketai masu launin shuɗi dubu 60 suna zaune a Kanada. A Rasha, mutane 30,000 sun yi rajista, a Belarus - 2,000, China - 6,000, Indiya - 1,600, Estonia - 500, Latvia - 900, Kazakhstan - 9,000, da dai sauransu.
Grey kerkolfci yana da matukar juriya da ikon daidaitawa da kowane mazaunin. Yawancin tatsuniyoyi game da kerk makeci sun sanya shi shugaban da ba a musanta shi a cikin masarautar dabbobi.
Ranar bugawa: 08/06/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/28/2019 da 22:33
