Haushi

Wataƙila tsuntsu kamar haushi, ba shi da masaniya ga mutane da yawa, amma daga sunan nan da nan ya zama bayyane cewa ihun ta ba sabon abu bane. Bari muyi kokarin gano menene wannan mutumin mai fuka-fukai, a ina yake da mazauni na dindindin, wadanne irin kayan abinci ne abin cin abincinsu ya kunsa, yaya kamanninta yake kuma menene halaye irin na tsuntsaye?

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Haushi yana da alaƙa da dangin heron da kuma tsari na dawakai. Ba shi da wuya a yi tsammani cewa sunan tsuntsu yana da alaƙa da kalmar "kuka", watau don fitar da kururuwa, kuma a wurin masu shan giya hakika baƙon abu ne kuma baƙon abu ne, har ma da ɗan tsoratarwa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsoffin Slav sun ji tsoron kukan haushi, suna la'akari da su a matsayin kukan dukan mugayen ruhohi da 'yan mata. Mutane ba su je ɗaya bayan ɗaya zuwa mummunan yankin dausayi ba, waɗanda ake yi wa lahani. Sannan akwai imani cewa jin kukan abin sha a cikin gulbi yana nuna wani abu mara kyau, kuma ana kiran tsuntsun da kansa alamar munanan abubuwa.

A waje, haushi ba shi da tsoro kamar yadda suke faɗi game da shi, amma ba za a iya kiran shi da fara'a ba. Bayyanar daci na asali ne, ba shakka, a cikin bayyanar akwai fasali kamar na heron, amma tsuntsun yana da asali na asali, da wuya a rude shi da kowane mutum mai fuka-fukai. Bari muyi ƙoƙari mu ɗan bayyana siffofin sifofin wasu nau'ikan ɗaci, zamu ba da bayanin babban bitu a gaba, saboda shi zai zama mafi cikakken bayani.

Bidiyo: Bit

Haushin Amurka yana da girman matsakaici. Ana rarrabe shi da ƙaton wuya da manyan kafafu da gajerun ƙafa, a kan ƙafafun wanda farcen lokacin farin ciki yake bayyane a fili. Babban kewayon zaban wannan tsuntsu mai launin ruwan kasa ne, wanda aka kawata shi da duka launuka iri-iri. Fuka-fuki suna da inuwa mafi duhu, kuma wuya, akasin haka, ya fi haske bango bango. Ciki fari ne mai fari farare da feshin baƙi. Waɗannan tsuntsayen sun zaɓi Kanada da Amurka. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa wannan ɗacin rai ma yana kururuwa, amma ta hanyar sa, wani lokacin ma kaifi ɗaya kuma na dogon lokaci. Mazauna yankin sun yi imanin cewa wannan ihun yana kama da hayaniyar da wani katon famfo ke yi.

Bitaramin ɗaci ba ya bambanta a babban girma, tsawon jikinsa ya kai 36 cm, kuma nauyinsa kusan gram 150 ne. Launukan 'yan mata masu gashin tsuntsu sun bambanta da na matan masu fukafukai. Maza suna da baƙar fata mai launin shuɗi a kawunansu. Caftan nasu yana da fararen kirim mai tsami a baya, fararen faranti suna nan akan gashin da ke ƙasa, kuma suna ocher a gindi. Bakin namiji yana da launin rawaya-kore. Mata suna da rigar ruwan kasa mai launuka iri-iri, a kan wanda yake da launukan launuka masu ɗauke da ocher. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna zaune a Eurasia, Ostiraliya da nahiyar Afirka mai zafi, suma ana samunsu a cikin ƙasarmu.

Amur din da ke juyawa shima yana cikin nau'ikan ɗacin. Wannan karamin fuka-fukan fuka-fukan, tsayin jikinshi bai wuce santimita 39 ba. Bakin bakin da gabobinsa na sama an zana su rawaya. Launin gashin tsuntsu yana da sautin launin ja-launin ruwan kasa, a kan abin da launuka daban-daban da alamu na inuwar duhu ake lura da su. Wadannan mutane masu fuka-fukai suna zaune, galibi, sararin Asiya.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Photo: Yadda daci yake kama

Bari muyi bayanin halaye na waje da sifofi ta amfani da misalin babban daci. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, bayyanar babban ɗaci yana da asali sosai. Shi ya sa yake da girma, saboda tsakanin dukkan sauran nau'ikan, yana da girma, girman nauyi. Mata sun fi na maza masu ƙanƙantar girma, wanda yawansu ya kai kilogram biyu zuwa biyu, kuma maza suna da tsayi zuwa 65 - 70 cm Tsawon fikafikan maza kusan 34 cm ne, na mata kuma - 31 cm Girman fikafikan fikafikan maza yana canzawa a cikin kewayon daga 120 zuwa 130 cm.

Idan muka fasalta yanayin launin tsuntsu, to a kan gashin fuka-fukan fuka-fukan suna da launuka masu launin baki tare da kalar rawaya, launi a kan kai yana kama. Cikin dacin haushi mai kaushi ne, wanda aka kawata shi da kirin din launin ruwan kasa. Ana ganin sautin ruwan kasa mai launin rawaya tare da kayan ado na baƙaƙen fata a yankin wutsiya. Wutsiyar tsuntsu kanta gajere ce kuma an zagaye ta a ƙarshen. Ba don komai ba cewa haushi yana da irin wannan launi, yana ba tsuntsu damar yin kamannin kansa daidai, don haka mai gashin fuka-fukin ba shi da sauƙin lura a cikin daushin ciyawa da ciyayi, wanda, galibi, ke girma a yankunan dausayi.

Launin baki na babban ɗaci mai haske rawaya ne, tare da rikicewar duwatsu masu duwatsu a bayyane bayyane akan sa. Bakin bakin kansa yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da ƙananan ƙira. Idanun tsuntsaye suma rawaya ne ko kuma sun ɗan yi kauri. An zana gabobin haushi a cikin sikeli mai ruwan toka, wanda akan bayyane sautin koren. Birdsananan tsuntsaye suna da launi mai laushi mai haske a kwatankwacin manyan tsuntsaye. Lokacin da ɗacin ya tashi, ana ganin kamanninsa da mujiya.

Yanzu kun san yadda tsuntsu mai haushi yake. Bari muga inda aka samo wannan dabba.

A ina haushi ke rayuwa?

Photo: Haushi a jirgin

Yankin rarraba babban ɗacin yana da faɗi sosai, tsuntsayen yana mamaye yankuna masu zuwa:

• Kasashen Gabashin Turai;
• Fotigal;
• Iran;
• Kudancin Falasdinu;
• Afghanistan;
• Sakhalin;
• Japan;
• Caucasus;
• Transbaikalia;
• Arewa maso Yammacin Mongoliya;
• Bahar Rum;
• Indiya;
• Arewa da Afirka ta Kudu.

Ya kamata a lura cewa haushi ba shi da daidaito na daidaitawa kuma ba ya bambanta da lambobi. Inda canjin yanayi ya kasance mai laushi, ɗaci ba ya zama, kuma a wurare masu tsanani da sanyi yana tashi zuwa hunturu a yankuna masu ɗumi, zuwa nahiyar Afirka, zuwa arewacin Indiya, Burma, Arabiya da kudancin China.

A bayyane yake daga sunan tsuntsayen da Amurka ta zaɓi ɗacin ɗacin Amurka, amma kuma an yi rajista a Kanada. Lokacin da buƙata ta taso (a yanayin sanyi), tsuntsun yakan yi ƙaura, yana matsawa kusa da Amurka ta Tsakiya da Caribbean. Babban Amur yana son buɗewar Asiya.

Aramin ɗacin rai yana rayuwa a yammacin ƙasarmu, ta zaɓi sassa daban-daban na duniya:

• Afirka;
• Ostiraliya;
• Eurasia.

Game da mazaunin haushi, wuraren da ya fi so su ne dausayi, dausayi masu dausayi, da kandami da ya cika da alder da Willow. Tsuntsu yana da sha'awar wuraren da halin yanzu ba ya nan, ko rauni sosai. Tana iya wadatar da gidadojin gidanta a kan ƙananan tsibirai na rafuka masu rauni. Yana son ƙulli mai ɗaci da reed, wanda yake haɗuwa da shi tare da launinsa mai kamanni.

Me mai daci ke ci?

Hoto: Tsuntsu mai ɗaci

A cikin abinci, ɗacin ba shi da daɗi, abincinsa ya bambanta.

Fiye da duka a cikin tsarin tsuntsaye akwai abincin kifi, ba ta ƙin cin abincin:

• karamin pike;
• irin kifi;
• kujeru;
• zoben;
• mayuka.

Yana son shan ruwa don yin liyafa a kwadi, yana cin tarko, ƙaramin berayen ruwa, ƙananan beraye, tsutsotsi, mayflies, kowane irin kwari na cikin ruwa da tsutsa. Gabaɗaya, kowane mai rai da ke rayuwa a cikin gulbin ya dace da abun ciye-ciye tare da ɗan abinci mara ƙima.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin mawuyacin lokaci, lokacin da abubuwa suka kasance cikin matsi da abinci, haushin haushi, suna lalata gidajen wasu mutane na tsuntsayen ruwa, daga inda suke satar ƙwai da cin kaji. Tsuntsayen suna kula da ɗiyar da ta haifa da tudu.

Haushi yana farauta da yamma. A wannan lokacin, tana kama da baƙin ciki kuma ba ta da daɗi, tana tari koyaushe, amma a cikin farautar tana nuna lalaci, himma, dabarun iya aiki da kaifi. Haushin yana ɗaukar matakai da yawa, sa'annan a daskare a wurin, yana neman abin farauta, sa'annan ya yi hanzarin hanzari, ya kama ɗan'uwan talaka da bakinsa, wanda yake da dauriya wanda zai iya ɗaukar ƙyallen ƙyalli mai sauƙi. Ko da, shiga cikin fushin farauta, haushi baya mantawa game da haɗarin, don haka koyaushe yana cikin faɗakarwa, yana mai da taka tsantsan da taka tsantsan.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hoto: Bit daga littafin Ja

Dadi yana ga tsuntsayen da ke yin kaura; yana komawa yankin kasarmu daga yankuna masu dumi a bazara daga Maris zuwa Mayu, duk ya dogara da yanayin wani yanki da aka yiwa rijistar rajista. Kuma masu fukafukai suna yin ƙaura zuwa kudu tuni a watan Satumba. Dadi ne mai kaɗaici, saboda haka ta tashi don hunturu kwata-kwata, ba tare da kamfani ba. A wasu ƙasashen Turai, akwai tsuntsayen da ba za su iya tsayawa ba da za su iya mutuwa a lokacin sanyi idan magudanan wurin zamansu sun lulluɓe da kankara.

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ruwaito, ɗacin yakan yi aiki da hantsi, kuma da rana yawanci yakan daskare a cikin sandar rami ko reed. Tsaye yake mara motsi, tsuntsun ya sake fiskanta, yayi dariya mai ban al'ajabi sannan ya danne kafa daya wanda bai jingina kansa ba. Haushi abu ne mai kama da sutura, yana da wuya a bincika shi a cikin ƙananan abubuwa, yana kama da tushe mai haɗa juna. Lokacin da mai fuka fukai ya hango wata barazana, nan da nan sai ya miqe, kan sa ya xaga sama domin gaba dayan adadi ya fara kama da reed.

Akwai mummunan labari game da raɗaɗin haushi, ana iya jin su daga nisan kilomita da yawa, ana jin su musamman a lokacin bikin aure. Albarkacin kukan tsuntsayen, an lakafta dacin "boogey", kuma ana kiran tsuntsun "booze". Sautin ana iya kwatanta shi da raɗawar iska da ke kadawa cikin bututu ko ƙyallen saniya na sa. Tsuntsu yana yin irin wannan sautukan ne tare da kumburin hancinta, wanda yake sakewa da asali.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin shahararren aikin K. Doyle game da kare na Baskervilles, maganganun maraice masu ban tsoro waɗanda ke tsoratar da jarumawan adabi suna cikin haushi.

Tsarin narkar da ɗaci yakan faru sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma yana farawa daga watan Agusta zuwa farkon Janairu. Tsuntsaye suna yin nau'i-nau'i a lokacin bazara, sannan kuma suna zama tare da kajin, kuma sauran lokutan sun fi son cikakken keɓewa. Ana iya kiran ɗaci mai ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunarta wacce ba ta son zama a cikin al'umma, yana jagorantar rayuwarta ta ɓoye, cikin sirri.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hoto: Kaza mai ɗaci

Haushin ya girma yayin da ta cika shekara ɗaya da haihuwa. Ma'aurata sun fi son rayuwar dangi, ba tare da danginsu ba. Mun riga mun faɗi yadda matan angon fuka-fukan abokan hulɗa ke kira tare da taimakon sautin sautin su. Sau da yawa yakan faru cewa maza suna neman wanda suka zaɓa na dogon lokaci, suna yawo a cikin dausayi da dausayin. Sau da yawa akan sami rikice-rikice da fada tsakanin maza.

Lokacin da aka halicci ma'aurata, mace za ta fara samar da wurin zama, wanda ke cikin gadajen tsini da kan kumburi. A cikin babban daci, gida yana da siffar zagaye, ya kai rabin mita a diamita, kuma bangarorinsa sun fi sama da cm 25. A wani bangare, bangon gurkin ya dan tsinke an taka shi, saboda yayi aiki a matsayin mafita ga tsuntsaye. Lokacin da kajin suka girma, a hankali gida yakan fara nitsewa cikin ruwa, amma iyaye masu kulawa suna gini akansa.

Ba a sanya ƙwai a lokaci ɗaya, amma a hankali, a tsakanin tazarar kwanaki da yawa, saboda haka ana haihuwar jarirai a lokuta daban-daban. Yawancin lokaci a cikin haɗuwa da haushi, akwai ƙwai shida (watakila daga 3 zuwa 8 guda), wanda dole ne mace ta haɗu, kuma mahaifin na gaba yana kusa, yana karewa da taimakawa zaɓaɓɓensa lokacin da take buƙatar maye gurbinsa. Kwan ƙwai yana da launi mara laushi.

Lokacin shiryawa yana ɗaukar kimanin makonni huɗu. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, kajin suna kyankyashe a hankali, kuma jariri na ƙarshe da aka haifa, galibi, yakan mutu. An rufe cuban fuka-fukai tare da ɗamarar jan ciki mai launin ja, kuma an bayyane ɗan kore a ƙafafu, kai da baki. Tuni a cikin makonni uku, jariran suna ƙoƙari su fita daga cikin gida don bincika yankin da ke kewaye. Iyaye ba sa barin ciyar da jarirai har zuwa wata daya da rabi. Kusa da wata biyu, kajin sun fara yin jirgin su na jinkiri.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Chickan kaji masu ɗaci kusan daga haihuwa sun fara fitar da kirari na ban mamaki da baƙon abu, kwatankwacin gurguntar ruwa.

A lokacin bazara, masu daci suna yin kama daya, kuma idan ma'aurata suka cika aikinsu na iyaye, kuma yara sun balaga, haɗin manyan tsuntsaye ya rabu, saboda shekara mai zuwa suna neman sabon sha'awar kansu. Tsawon rayuwa, wanda aka auna da ɗacin rai, yana da tsayi sosai, tsuntsayen suna iya rayuwa na kimanin shekaru 15, a cikin wannan ana taimaka musu ta hanyar taka tsantsan da ƙwarewar da ba za a samu ba don sake kamanni.

Makiyan makiya masu daci

Photo: Sha a lokacin hunturu

Haushi yana rayuwa a wuraren da wahalar gaske ake samu inda masu cinye dabbobi ke da wahalar kaiwa. Amma, duk da haka, tana da abokan gaba, waɗanda suka haɗa da irin waɗannan tsuntsaye masu farauta kamar mujiya, mujiya na gaggafa, da mahariyar marsh. Waɗannan illan ba da fata, da farko, suna ƙoƙari su afka wa ƙananan dabbobi marasa ƙwarewa da ƙananan kajin. Uwa mai daci tana da karfin hali, saboda haka, saboda 'ya'yanta, a shirye take da komai, ta himmatu ta kare gidanta, ba tare da jin tsoron ma manya da ma masu saurin fusata ba.

Kada ku raina ɓoye ɓacin rai da ya ceci rayuka masu fuka-fukai da yawa. Lokacin da tsuntsu ya ga haɗari, sai ya miƙa wuyansa, ya ɗaga kansa sama, ya zama ba shi da kyau kuma yana kama da reed. Haushin har yana hucewa don doke layuka na ciyayi. Idan har wani ya gano kuma ya auka wa tsuntsu mai fuka-fukai, to yana da nasa hanyoyin kariya. Haushin yana ɗaga abincin da aka ci ga abokan gaba, sannan kuma cikin hanzari kuma a tsaye yake tashi.

Babban makiyin tsuntsu da ba a iya cin nasara shi ne mutumin da ya mamaye mazaunin tsuntsaye, ya malale filayen fadama, ya dauke su don bukatun kansa, saboda kasar da ke can tana da matukar amfani, ta haka tana korar haushi daga wuraren da mutane ke zaune, wanda hakan ke shafar karancin yawan jama'arta. Shekaru da yawa a jere, mutane sun yi ta farautar wannan tsuntsun da ke yawo, suna cin abinci a kan naman sa, wanda kuma ya haifar da raguwar yawan haushi.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Photo: Yadda daci yake kama

Kodayake mazaunin haushi yana da fadi sosai, amma ba za a iya kiran yawan wannan tsuntsaye da yawa ba. Inda yawanci ɗacin rai yake rayuwa, ana samunta ne a cikin samfuran guda ɗaya ko kuma biyu-biyu, tsuntsaye ba sa taɓa yin manyan gungu. Akwai shaidar cewa daga tsuntsaye dubu 10 zuwa 12 ne suke rayuwa a Turai, a Burtaniya saura 20 ne kacal suka rage. A kan yankin jiharmu, bisa ga majiyoyi daban-daban, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun kasance daga nau'i-nau'i 10 zuwa 30,000. A Turkiya, ana daukar haushi a matsayin raar, akwai daga 400 zuwa 500 na wadannan tsuntsayen da suka rage.

Adadin haushi yana raguwa kusan a ko'ina, a wasu yankuna wadannan tsuntsayen suna zama kanana da bala'i, manyan haushin kuma abune mai wuya a kasashe daban-daban, saboda haka suna karkashin kariya ta musamman. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ayyukan rashin tunani da mutum yayi, wanda ya tunzura irin wannan halin game da yawan tsuntsayen. Da farko dai, bushewar dausayi da sauran ruwa, gurbatar su ya kai ga mutuwar adadi mai yawa na tsuntsaye.

Yawancin tsuntsayen da ke zaune a yankin Turai sun mutu a lokacin mawuyacin lokacin hunturu, lokacin da jikin ruwa ya daskare gaba ɗaya. Don haka, yawan haushi ya ragu sosai kuma wannan ci gaba yana ci gaba har zuwa yau, tsuntsun yana cikin hadari na bacewa gaba daya, wanda ba zai iya damuwa da kungiyoyin kare muhalli ba.

Guardaci Mai Tsaro

Hoto: Bit daga littafin Ja

Daga abin da ke sama, ya bayyana sarai cewa haushi yana buƙatar matakan kariya na musamman, saboda lambarta a wasu yankuna ba ta da yawa ƙwarai. A Burtaniya, an kiyaye wannan tsuntsu sama da shekaru 40. A cikin yankin Belarus, an lasafta haushi a cikin Littafin Ja. Game da ƙasarmu, an jera tsuntsu a cikin Red Book of Moscow tun 2001, kuma a cikin Moscow an kiyaye shi tun 1978. Haushi yana cikin jerin sunayen ja na Jamhuriyar Komi, Bashkortostan, yankin Kirov.

Kusan ko'ina, mahimman abubuwan iyakance sun haɗa da:

• lalacewar yanayin muhalli na jikkunan ruwa;
• rage yawan kifaye;
• magudanan ruwa na marshy da sauran wuraren ruwa;
• farautar tsuntsaye;
• rani mai ƙonewa na busassun reeds;
• sanya tarko don kamawa muskrat.

Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna rage girman yawan ɗacin rai; sabili da haka, waɗannan matakan kariya suna da mahimmanci kuma ana ɗaukarsu:

• shigar da wuraren zaman tsuntsaye na dindindin a cikin jerin wuraren kariya;
• dakatar da kona ciyayin bakin teku da na ruwa;
• karuwa cikin tarar kuɗi don reeds reeds;
• hana farauta;
• da daukar matakan tallatawa da gudanar da ilimin muhalli a tsakanin jama'a;
• saka idanu akai-akai na gidajen yanar gizo;
• hana kamun kifi a wuraren da haushi yake.

A ƙarshe, Ina so in ƙara wannan aƙalla haushi a cikin bayyanar da rashin mallaka, dan kadan ne, ba zai iya rabuwa ba, yana rayuwa kamar sake sakewa, amma ita asali ce, mai ban sha'awa da ban mamaki. Yin tunani game da ɗaci babban rashi ne da kuma sa'a, amma jin ihun da aka yi da kuma tsoratarwa zai yiwu. Kuma koda an kirkiro sihiri, munanan almara game dasu, Namiji bai damu da hakan ba, kawai yana son yayi laya ne tare da jawo abokin zama mai fuka-fukai.

Ranar bugawa: 04.08.2019 shekara

Ranar sabuntawa: 07/05/2020 da karfe 11:10

Kalli bidiyon: Kalli Abubuwan ban mamaki da ban haushi da suka faru a wannan makon (Nuwamba 2024).