Crossbill - tsuntsaye mai ban mamaki, wanda aka rarrabe shi ta musamman ta hanyoyi da yawa. Da fari dai, wannan baƙon sabon abu ne na baki, abu na biyu, launi mai haske da asali, kuma na uku, zaɓin lokacin da bai dace ba sosai don lokacin bikin aure da kuma samun zuriya. Zamuyi kokarin gano shi a cikin duk wadannan dabaru ta hanyar nazarin dabi'un tsuntsaye, dabi'un su, siffofin waje da kuma wuraren da aka fi so.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Klest
Klesty ƙananan gban tsuntsaye ne waɗanda ke cikin umarnin passerines da dangin finchi. Ana iya kiran Klest tsohuwar tsuntsu, saboda an san cewa kakanninsa sun rayu duniyarmu shekaru miliyan 9 ko 10 da suka wuce. Babban jinsin tsuntsaye an kirkireshi ne a yankunan dazuzzuka da kuma gandun daji na pine wadanda suke a arewacin duniya.
Bidiyo: Klest
An kafa tatsuniyoyi da almara game da gicciye, a cewar ɗayansu ana kiranta tsuntsun Kristi. An yi imani cewa lokacin da aka gicciye Kristi kuma aka azabtar da shi a kan gicciye, gicciyen ne ya yi ƙoƙarin cetonsa, ya cire ƙusoshin daga jikinsa, shi ya sa ya lanƙwasa baki. Karamin tsuntsayen ba su da isasshen ƙarfi, sai dai in baki, gicciyen ya ji rauni, kuma kirjinta ya yi jini da jini.
Ubangiji ya godewa tsuntsun saboda kokarinsa kuma ya bashi kyawawan abubuwa da ban mamaki, wadanda sune:
- a cikin gicciyen gicciye;
- haihuwar "Kirsimeti" zuriya masu fuka-fukai;
- rashin lalacewa daga ƙurar tsuntsaye.
Duk waɗannan baiwar da Allah yayi basu da ban mamaki, suna da alaƙa da rayuwa da kamannin gicciye, wanda zamuyi ƙoƙarin bincikawa dalla-dalla. Gicen gicciye bai bambanta a manyan girma ba, ya ɗan fi girma girma da ɗan tsayi, tsayin jikinsa ya kai santimita 20. Jikin gashin fuka-fukan yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da yawa, kuma jelar tsuntsun gajere ce kuma an raba ta da rabi.
A kan babban babba, wani bakin abu mai ban mamaki da asali na asali ana iya gane shi nan da nan, lanƙwashin halves ɗin sa basu haɗu ba kuma sun haɗu da juna. Wsafafun tsuntsaye suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da ƙwarin gwiwa, don haka gicciye na iya ratayewa daga reshe tare da kansa ƙasa. Maza masu fuka-fukai sun bambanta da mata a cikin kyawawan sutturar su.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya hoton gicciye yake?
Girman giccin yana bayyane, amma nauyinsa ya bambanta daga gram 50 zuwa 60. Duk jikin tsuntsun yana kama da zagaye saboda tsabar adonsa da kuma gajeriyar wuya.
A cikin launi na launukan launuka masu launuka, zaku iya ganin tabarau:
- lemu mai zaki;
- koren launi;
- fari;
- launin rawaya;
- launuka masu launin ja-gardi.
Kamar yadda muka riga muka lura, namiji yana da ban sha'awa da ɓarna, saboda yana da haske mai haske, wanda ya mamaye launuka masu launin ja ko ja-ja-ja, kuma cikinta an lullubeshi da launuka masu launin fari-ja-toka. Mata suna da kyau sosai, tare da gashin tsuntsu masu launin toka da kore waɗanda aka zana tare da iyaka mai rawaya-kore.
Gabaɗaya, masanan kimiyyar halittu sun rarrabe nau'ikan nau'ikan gicciye guda biyar, uku daga cikinsu suna da mazaunin dindindin a yankin ƙasarmu: fure mai fuka-fukai, ƙwallon ƙafa na spruce, pine crossbill. Bari muyi bayanin siffofin waje na wadannan tsuntsayen ta hanyar amfani da misalin wasu jinsunan.
Klest-elovik (na kowa) yana da tsayin jiki na tsawon 17 zuwa 20. Namiji yana da halaye masu launin ja-kaho-ja-ja da farin ciki-fari-fat. Matan da suka shuɗe suna da launin toka-kore da launuka masu launin rawaya. Siririn bakin ba ya lankwasawa sosai kuma yana da ɗan kunnawa. Kan tsuntsayen suna da girma ƙwarai, kuma nauyinsu ya kai daga gram 43 zuwa 55.
Pine crossbill a launi shi ne kama da na baya iri-iri. Ana bambanta shi ta hanyar bugun katako mai kauri da kuma kauri, mai ɗan kaɗan a ƙarshen. Tsawon tsuntsun shine 16 - 18 cm, kuma nauyin yana kusan gram 50.
Farin-fuka-fuki ya bambanta a launuka na fuka-fuki, wanda ke da farar fata mai siffar ratsi ko speck, ana ganin sa nan take kan asalin baƙar fata. A cikin leda na namiji, ruwan lemo, kodan da jan tabarau suna bayyane, kuma mace tana da launin rawaya-toka. Tsawon wannan giciye yana da kusan 16 cm, kuma nauyinsa ya bambanta daga gram 43 zuwa 50.
Gicciyen Scotland yana da matukar damuwa ga Burtaniya. Girmansa ma ƙananan ne, tsayin tsuntsun ya kai daga 15 zuwa 17 cm, kuma yana da nauyin gram 50.
A ina giciye yake zaune?
Hotuna: Klest a Rasha
Gicciye suna da fuka-fukai mazaunan dazuzzuka masu danshi a arewacin duniya. Sun fi son gandun daji masu cakuda da gauraye, ta hanyar keta itacen al'ul. Lokacin da aka tambaya ko gicciye ko ƙaura ce, mutum na iya amsa cewa makiyaya ne. Tsuntsu yana yin motsi koyaushe don neman abinci, ba tare da an ayyana cikakken wuri ba. Inda akwai yalwar amfanin gona na bishiyun coniferous, kuma akwai ɗimbin yawa na gicciye. Bayan wani lokaci, mai yiwuwa ba za a sami rubutun kalmomi ba a inda akwai 'yan watanni da yawa da suka gabata.
Ta hanyar sunan wasu nau'ikan wadannan tsuntsayen, a bayyane yake irin nau'in gandun dajin da ke zoben ya zaba don zama. Klest-elovik, da farko dai, yana da sha'awar gandun daji na spruce, amma yana rayuwa a cikin gandun daji da aka gauraya. Wannan nau'in yana zaune a Turai, nahiyar Afirka, Philippines, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Arewa da Amurka ta Tsakiya.
Itacen bishiyar Pine yana son gandun daji, kuma mazauninsa yana cikin Scandinavia da arewa maso gabashin Turai. Ba shi da yawa fiye da na kowa fiye da na spruce crossbill. Farin-fuka-fukai masu launin fuka-fuka sun mamaye yankunan taiga ta Rasha, yankin Arewacin Amurka da Scandinavia, inda galibi take zaune a wuraren da larch ke girma. A bayyane yake cewa gicciyen ɗan asalin Scotland yana zaune a Burtaniya kuma yana da haɗari.
Kullun gicciye suna ƙaura koyaushe zuwa wuraren wadataccen abinci, su, ban da gandun daji, ana iya samun su a cikin yankuna:
- tundra;
- steppes;
- jerin tsaunuka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyya sun gano wasu gicciye, waɗanda masana kimiyyar halittu suka yi taho, kilomita 3500 daga tsoffin wuraren zamansu.
Menene daji yake ci?
Hotuna: dungiyar Bird
Mutum zai ga yadda gicciye yake lanƙwasa mizanin ma'auni na mazugi kuma ya fitar da thea seedsan daga ƙarƙashinsu, nan da nan ya bayyana a sarari dalilin da yasa aka bashi irin wannan baƙin gicciyen. Fewararrun ƙafafun gashin tsuntsaye suna riƙe rassa sosai kuma suna taimakawa ƙwanƙwasa a kan mazugun, suna rataye juye.
Ba zaku ga da yawa iri-iri akan menu na crossbill ba. Dangane da abincin su, ana iya kiran waɗannan tsuntsayen kwararru na musamman a cin kwayar coniferous, waɗanda sune asalin abincin tsuntsaye. Sau da yawa, ana cin abincin gicciye tare da ƙwayoyin sunflower, amma kwari akan menu ana samun su ne kawai lokaci-lokaci, galibi tsuntsaye suna cin aphids.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin bazara mai raɗaɗi, masu gicciye suna farin cikin ɗora ƙwayoyin ciyawar daji, kuma galibi a irin wannan lokacin na yunwa, garken tsuntsaye gaba ɗaya suna afkawa gonakin da aka shuka da tsire-tsire.
Yawancin lokaci, lokacin cin tsaba daga mazugi, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na su ne kaɗai, gicciye ba ya ƙoƙarin fitar da hatsi da ba ya bayarwa sosai, ya fi sauƙi a gare shi ya fara ɗorawa wani mazugi. Ba a cika cin cones ɗin da ba a ci ba, ana jefa su a ƙasa, gicciye yana ciyar da beraye, ɓarna da sauran masu son irin wannan abincin. Crossbills suna cin spruce da pine buds, resin tare da bawon itacen. Tsuntsayen ba za su ƙi daga maple, ash, fir da kuma tsaba larch. Crossbills, suna rayuwa cikin kamammu, cikin farin ciki suna cin tokar dutsen, oatmeal, kwandunan abinci, gero, hemp, kwayoyi da sunflowers.
Yanzu kun san abin da za ku ciyar da gicciye. Bari muga yadda tsuntsu yake rayuwa a cikin daji.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Klest a cikin yanayi
Klesty makiyaya ne na gaske, koyaushe suna motsawa zuwa inda akwai wadataccen abincin da suke buƙata. Don yin wannan, suna tara garken mutane 20 ko 30. Ba za a iya kiran su ko dai ƙaura masu ƙaura ko marasa ƙarfi ba. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna aiki da rana, suna ciyar da lokaci mai yawa a cikin kambin itace, inda suke neman abinci. Tsuntsayen da kyar suke sauka kasa, sun fi son zama manya a rassan. Klest yana da hannu sosai kuma yana saurin tashi, yana tashi sama-sama, hanyar tashi galibi galibi tana tashi. Waɗannan ƙananan tsuntsayen ba sa jin tsoron sanyi kwata-kwata, saboda haka suna zaune a yankunan da ke da yanayi mai kyau.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Farin-fuka-fuka-fuka-fuki yana jin daɗi, koda kuwa yanayin zafin waje yana da kusan digiri 50 tare da alamar debewa. Tsuntsayen na ci gaba da abubuwan da take so duk da irin wannan sanyi.
Kar a manta cewa giciye yana waƙa. Amma yana raira waƙa, galibi, lokacin da yake gudu. Don ganin yadda gicciye ke zaune a cikin rassa kuma yana raira waƙoƙi abu ne mai wuya; yayin zaune, yawanci yakan yi shiru, yana yin kuwwa tare da sauran tsuntsaye kawai yayin jirage. Waƙar gicciye tana kama da rawar murɗawa tare da babbar murya, ana jin manyan bayanan sirri nan da nan.
Yanayin gashin fuka-fukin ana iya hukunta shi ta mutanen da ke rayuwa cikin bauta. Masoyan tsuntsaye suna ba da tabbaci cewa giciye suna da kyakkyawar mu'amala, abokantaka da aminci. Tsuntsaye suna da sauƙin hora kuma suna da basira, ana iya koya musu wasu umarni masu sauƙi. Klest na iya kwaikwayon muryoyin wasu tsuntsayen, tare da haɓaka fasahar su tare da su.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Songbird crossbill
Bambancin gicciye shine ana iya haifan zuriyarsu a lokacin sanyin hunturu, ba don komai ba ana kiransu tsuntsayen Kirsimeti, saboda a wannan babban hutun ne suke samun kajin. A tsakiyar Rasha, gicciye suna fara sheƙatawa a cikin Maris. Lokaci mai maimaitawa yana faruwa a ƙarshen bazara ko a farkon lokacin kaka, lokacin da tsaba ke yin bishiyoyin bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi. Inda yawan 'ya'yan itacen coniferous yake da wadata sosai, tsuntsaye suna yin gida gida har ma a lokacin ƙarancin lokacin sanyi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin bikin aure na gicciye bai dogara da takamaiman lokacin shekara ba, yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da amfanin itacen coniferous.
Ana shirya gicciyen gicciye a kan ruɓaɓɓu, suna amfani da pines ƙasa da sau da yawa, suna iya zama a tsayin mita 2 zuwa 10. A waje, ana yin sheƙan daga shuke-shuke na bakin ciki; a ciki, siraran siraran da kankara na gansakuka, lichen, gashinsa, gashin dabbobi. A diamita na gida ne game 13 cm, da tsayi ne daga 8 zuwa 10 cm.
Hannun giciyen yana ɗauke da fararen ƙwai uku zuwa biyar tare da ɗan ƙaramar launin shuɗi, wanda aka yi wa kwalliyar sa ado da burgundy streaks. Lokacin shiryawa yana ɗaukar makonni biyu. Duk wannan lokacin, mace tana ɗaukar zuriya, kuma uba na gaba zai kula da abincin ta. Yaran da aka kyankyasar an rufe su da ruwan toka mai kauri da kuma kauri. Kwanaki da yawa, mahaifiya mai fuka-fukai tana dumama kajin da jikinta, sannan, tare da maza, suna zuwa neman abincin yaransu.
Tuni a cikin makonni uku da haihuwa, kajin sun fara yin zirga-zirgar su na farko, amma ba sa yin nesa mai nisa daga gidan da suke kwana da kwana a ciki. Ya kamata a lura cewa ana haihuwar kajin da madaidaicin baki, don haka a cikin fewan watannin farko, iyaye masu kulawa masu fuka-fuka suna ciyar dasu. Jarirai jarirai suna farawa da kyau suna yanke mazugun, kuma bakinsu yana zama, kamar na manyan dangi. Kusa da shekara daya, yawan dabbobin samari ya zama iri daya da na manyan tsuntsaye. Ya kamata a lura cewa a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayin ƙaura, gicciye suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10; a cikin daji, rayuwarsu ta fi taƙaita.
Abokan gaba na giciye
Hotuna: dungiyar Bird
Klest yayi matukar sa'a saboda bashi da makiyi a zahiri. Abinda yakamata shine ga sauran dabbobi da manyan tsuntsayen kuli-kuli ba abun sha'awa bane na gastronomic, saboda yana da ɗaci da ɗanɗano saboda gaskiyar cewa yana ciyar da ƙwaya masu yaɗuwa koyaushe. Saboda takamaiman abincin tsuntsaye, kwayoyin halittar giciye suna ƙunshe da babban ƙwaro na resiferous resins, saboda haka, gicciye yana shafa kanta yayin rayuwarta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bayan mutuwa, jikin gicciyen ba ya narkewa, amma yana juyawa zuwa mummy, duk saboda irin wannan ƙwanƙwan da yake cike da jikinsa. Wannan ya tabbatar da almara game da rashin lalacewar jikin tsuntsu, wanda Ubangiji da kansa ya bashi gicciyen.
Ana iya danganta abokan gaba da gicciye ga mutumin da ba ya halakar da tsuntsu kai tsaye, amma yana matukar shafar rayuwarta kai tsaye a kaikaice, yana yin katsalandan tare da abubuwan da ke rayuwa, yanke bishiyoyin daji, yana lalata yanayin muhalli gaba ɗaya. Ci gaba, tattalin arziki, ayyukan ɗan adam yana da illa ga yawan tsuntsayen, wanda yawansu ke raguwa a hankali. Klestam bai damu da tsananin sanyi da rayuwa mai wahala a cikin dajin daji na daji ba. Tsuntsayen ba ta tsoron masu farauta masu hadari, kawai ayyukan ɗan adam na da babbar barazana ga tsuntsayen.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Don ciyar da kajin, gicciye yana tausasa kwayar da ke cikin goer, don haka ya fi sauƙi ga jarirai su haɗiye su kuma narke su.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya hoton gicciye yake?
Game da girman yawan giciye, ba shi yiwuwa a ce ba tare da shakka ba a wane matsayi yake. Gaskiyar ita ce kusan dukkanin nau'ikan wadannan tsuntsayen suna ta kai-kawo daga yanki zuwa yanki domin neman wuraren da ke da wadataccen abinci mai fuka-fukai. Ya faru cewa inda akwai gicciye da yawa, bayan 'yan watanni sai suka ɓace gaba ɗaya, suna ƙaura zuwa sababbin shafuka, kuma sun bayyana inda ba a lura da su da yawa ba. An lura cewa yawan dabbobi daga shekara zuwa shekara a yankuna daban-daban yana canzawa koyaushe. A bayyane, wannan ya dogara da yawan amfanin ƙasa na conifers.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin zamanin da, masu zane-zane da mawaƙa masu yawo sun haɗu da gicciye waɗanda suka san yadda ake samun tikiti irin na caca da bakunansu kuma suna cikin halaye daban-daban, suna yin dabaru.
Sauye-sauye a lambobi galibi halaye ne na spruce crossbill, irin waɗannan tsalle ba a lura da su a cikin itacen pine, ana ɗaukarsa jinsin da ba shi da yawa, duk da cewa waɗannan nau'ikan iri biyu suna rayuwa tare cikin lumana. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, yawancin gicciye a yankuna da yawa suna fama da ayyukan ɗan adam na yau da kullun, suna raba tsuntsaye daga wuraren zama da sanannun wuraren. Lalata dazuzzuka dazuzzuka na da mummunan tasiri a rayuwar waɗannan tsuntsaye. A wasu yankuna, crossbill ba shi da yawa kuma ba shi da yawa, wanda ke haifar da damuwa ga masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhalli, saboda haka aka bullo da matakai na musamman na kariya a irin wadannan yankuna don inganta rayuwar tsuntsaye mai dadi da farin ciki.
Kariyar Crossbill
Hotuna: dungiyar Bird
An lura a baya cewa yawan gicciye a wasu yankuna yana tafiya ne a hankali, amma yana raguwa, akwai wuraren da ake ɗaukar tsuntsu a matsayin mai wuya. Duk wannan galibi saboda aikin ɗan adam ne mai aiki, wanda, a wasu lokuta, ba a yin tunanin sa kuma yana da lahani ga yawancin wakilan dabbobin daji, gami da gicciye.
An saka klest-elovik a cikin Red Book of Moscow tun a shekarar 2001, tsuntsun na cikin rukuni na biyu kuma ana ganin shi ba safai a wannan yankin. Babban abin da ke iyakancewa shine karamin yanki na dazuzzuka da raguwarta a hankali sanadiyyar lalacewar yankuna ko bunkasar gandun daji. Elks yana lalata ƙananan bishiyoyin Kirsimeti, don haka samarin conifers basa maye gurbin tsofaffin spruces.
Baya ga sanya shi a cikin Littafin Ja, ana ba da shawarar matakan tsaro masu zuwa kuma ana aiwatar da su:
- shigar da yankuna na tsuntsayen gida na dindindin a cikin jerin abubuwa na halitta masu kariya na musamman;
- fadada takamaiman shiri don kara yankin dazuzzuka da kiyayewa ta yadda yakamata ya kasance akwai dazuzzuka da ake da su;
- rage yawan jejin zuwa matakin aminci ga sauran mazaunan gandun daji da tsire-tsire;
- haramcin ingantawa da noman gandun daji masu tsire-tsire da kiyaye su a yanayinsu, kyawawan dabi'unsu.
Takaitawa, ya rage don ƙara hakan giciye kwarai da gaske, tsuntsu mai ban sha'awa. Kamar yadda aka gano, asalinsu bai ta'allaka da kayan waje kawai ba, harma da sifar rayuwar tsuntsaye mai ban mamaki. Yayin da kake nazarin bayanai game da wadannan tsuntsayen daki-daki, ba za ka daina mamakin iyawarsu da baiwarsu ba. Wani lokaci har ma tambaya mai ma'ana takan taso: "Wataƙila Ubangiji da kansa ya ba da gicciye da irin waɗannan abubuwa masu ban al'ajabi da ba na yau da kullun ba don sauran siffofin fuka-fuki?"
Ranar bugawa: 07/27/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/30/2019 a 18:24
