Nightjar

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Nightjar - yawancin tsuntsayen da ke cin kwari kuma sun fi son rayuwar dare da bacci da rana. Sau da yawa ana ganin mafarki kusa da garken dabbobi kawai. Subsananan raƙuman tsuntsaye guda shida sun bambanta, suna zama masu ƙanƙantar da hankali da gabashin zangon. Duk yawan jama'a suna ƙaura, hunturu a ƙasashen Afirka. Tsuntsaye suna da kyamarar kamala, suna basu damar sake kamanninsu da kyau. Suna da wahalar lura da rana lokacin da suke kwance a kasa ko kuma suna zaune babu motsi tare da reshe.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Nightjar

Bayanin dare ya shiga cikin kashi na 10 na tsarin yanayi ta Karl Linnaeus (1758). Caprimulgus europaeus wani nau'in jinsi ne na Caprimulgus (na dare), wanda, bayan gyaran harajin shekarar 2010, yana da nau'ikan 38, a cewar wuraren kiwon tsuntsayen a Eurasia da Afirka. An kafa ragi shida don nau'ikan nau'ikan mafarkin dare, guda biyu ana samun su a Turai. Bambancin launi, girma da nauyi wani lokaci na asibiti ne kuma wani lokacin ba a cika faɗakarwa ba.

Bidiyo: Nightjar

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An fassara sunan mafarki mai ban tsoro (Caprimulgus) a matsayin "awar awaki" (daga kalmomin Latin capra - akuya, mulgere - zuwa madara). Manufar an aro ta daga masanin kimiyyar Roman Pliny Dattijo daga Tarihin Halitta. Ya yi imani cewa waɗannan tsuntsayen suna shan madarar akuya da dare, kuma a nan gaba za su iya makancewa su mutu daga wannan.

Nightjars sun saba gama gari kusa da dabbobi a wurin kiwo, amma wannan yana iya kasancewa saboda kasantuwar kwari da yawa da ke kewaya dabbobi. Sunan, wanda ya dogara da wata gurbatacciyar ka'ida, ya wanzu a cikin wasu yarukan Turai, gami da na Rasha.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Photo: Nightjar a cikin yanayi

Nightjars sun kai tsayin 26 zuwa 28 cm, tare da fikafikan fika 57 zuwa 64. Suna iya auna daga gram 41 zuwa 101. Matsakaicin launin launi na gangar jikin shine launin toka zuwa ruwan kasa mai launin ja tare da rikitattun alamu na farin, baki, da launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa. Sigar jikin tana kama da falcons tare da dogon fikafikai masu doguwa da doguwar jela. Nightjars suna da bakake masu launin ruwan kasa, bakinsu mai duhu, da ƙafafun launin ruwan kasa.

Manya maza suna da ƙananan ƙananan faranti, sau da yawa ana raba su zuwa yankuna daban-daban guda biyu ta tsattsauran launin toka ko ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa. Fuka-fukan ba su da tsawo ba kaɗan, amma dai kunkuntar Yaren fari mai haske ya bayyana a sulusin ƙarshe na ƙasan reshen. Fuka-fukan waje na doguwar jela suma farare ne, yayin da gashin tsakiyar kuwa launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu. Akwai samfurin fari a gefen babba na sama, amma ba a san da shi sosai. Ainihin, ana iya rarrabe farar fata mai laushi da launi mai haske na zina a yankin makogwaro.

Kusan mata masu kamanceceniya da juna daidai suke da rashin alamun fari a fuka-fuki da jela da kuma makogwaro mai haske. A cikin tsofaffin mata, yankin maƙogwaro ya fi haske a bayyane da layin da ke kewaye, akwai ƙarin launin ja-launin ruwan kasa a wurin. Rigar kajin tana da kamanceceniya da ta mata, amma gabaɗaya ya fi sauƙi kuma ya bambanta da na mata masu girma. A cikin gudu, tsuntsun yana da girma sosai kuma yana kama da sparrowhawk.

Jirgin sama akan fukafukai masu kaifi, sunyi tsit saboda laushin laushinsu kuma mai santsi. Nishi a cikin manya yana faruwa bayan kiwo, yayin ƙaura, aikin ya tsaya, kuma an maye gurbin jela da gashin lokacin rani tuni lokacin sanyi daga Janairu zuwa Maris. Tsuntsayen da ba su balaga ba suna amfani da irin wannan dabarar ta zafin ga manya, sai dai idan sun kasance daga ƙarshen ƙuruciya, a cikin wannan yanayin duk narkakken na iya faruwa a Afirka.

Yanzu kun san lokacin da mafarkin dare ke tashi zuwa farauta. Bari mu bincika inda wannan tsuntsun yake zaune.

A ina ne mafarkin dare yake rayuwa?

Hoto: Tsuntsun Nightjar

Mazaunin mafarki na dare ya faɗo daga arewa maso yammacin Afirka zuwa kudu maso yammacin Eurasia zuwa gabas zuwa Tafkin Baikal. Speciesasashen Turai kusan kusan yawancinsu suna rayuwa, kuma yana nan akan yawancin tsibirin Bahar Rum. Nightjar bata nan kawai a cikin Iceland, a arewacin Scotland, a arewacin Scandinavia da kuma cikin zurfin arewacin Rasha, kazalika a kudancin Peloponnese. A Tsakiyar Turai, tsuntsu ne wanda ba a san shi ba, wanda aka fi samu a Spain da ƙasashen Gabashin Turai.

Akwai mafarkin dare daga Ireland a yamma zuwa Mongolia da gabashin Rasha a gabas. Auyukan rani sun fara daga Scandinavia da Siberia a arewacin Afirka ta Arewa da Tekun Fasha a kudu. Tsuntsaye suna yin ƙaura don haihuwa a cikin arewacin duniya. Suna hunturu a Afirka, da farko a kudu da gabashin mashigar nahiyar. Tsuntsayen Iberiya da na Bahar Rum suna gida a Afirka ta Yamma a lokacin hunturu, kuma an bayar da rahoton tsuntsayen masu ƙaura a cikin Seychelles.

Nightjar na rayuwa ne a busassun wurare, shimfidar shimfidar wurare tare da wadatattun kwari masu tashi sama. A cikin Turai, wuraren da aka fi so su ne filaye da fadama, kuma hakanan yana iya mallakar gandun dazuzzuka masu yashi tare da manyan sarari. An samo tsuntsun, musamman a kudanci da kudu maso gabashin Turai, a cikin duwatsu masu tsayi da yashi kuma a ƙananan yankuna da ke da ciyawar daji.

Nightjars suna da alaƙa da nau'ikan wuraren zama iri-iri, gami da:

  • fadama;
  • lambuna;
  • dausayi;
  • gandun daji boreal;
  • tuddai;
  • Rum shrubs;
  • ƙananan birches;
  • poplar ko conifers.

Ba sa son gandun daji mai yawa ko tsaunuka masu tsayi, amma sun fi son sarari, makiyaya da sauran buɗaɗɗun wuraren da ba a san su ba, ba tare da hayaniyar rana ba. Allananan ƙananan yankuna suna guje wa yankunan daji. Hamada da babu ciyayi suma basu dace dasu ba. A cikin Asiya, ana samun wannan nau'in a tsawan sama da 3000 m, kuma a yankunan hunturu - har ma a gefen layin dusar ƙanƙara a tsawan kusan 5000 m.

Menene mafarkin dare yake ci?

Hotuna: Grey Nightjar

Nightjars sun fi son farauta da yamma ko kuma da daddare. Suna kama kwari masu yawo da manyan bakunansu tare da gajerun bakuna. Wanda aka kama mafi yawa an kama shi a cikin jirgin. Tsuntsaye suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na farauta, daga salo iri-iri, jirgin neman wayo zuwa hawkish, jirgin farauta mai tsananin fushi. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin kamawa tare da abin farautarsa, mafarki mai ban tsoro ya tsinke bakinsa wanda ya rabu sosai kuma ya kafa raga mai tasiri tare da taimakon ɓatattun ɓatattun ɓoyayyen burodin da ke kewaye da baki. A ƙasa, tsuntsu ba safai yake farauta ba.

Tsuntsayen na cin wasu kwari masu tashi, wadanda suka hada da:

  • tawadar ruwa;
  • Zhukov;
  • mazari;
  • kyankyasai;
  • malam buɗe ido;
  • sauro;
  • matsakaici
  • mayfly;
  • ƙudan zuma da wasps;
  • gizo-gizo;
  • yin addua;
  • kudaje.

A cikin cikin mutanen da masana kimiyya suka bincika, galibi ana samun yashi ko tsakuwa mai kyau. Wanda mafarkin dare ke cinyewa don taimakawa narkar da kayan abincinsa da duk wani kayan shuka da ya samu ba da gangan ba yayin farautar wasu abinci. Wadannan tsuntsayen ba sa farauta ba kawai a yankunansu ba, amma wani lokacin sukan yi dogon jirage don neman abinci. Tsuntsaye suna farauta a cikin buɗaɗɗun wuraren zama, a cikin farin ciki na gandun daji da gefunan gandun daji.

Nightjars suna bin abincinsu cikin haske, iska mai tashi, da abin sha, suna nitsewa zuwa saman ruwa yayin jirgin. Kwari ne ke jawo musu hankali wadanda suke maida hankali kan hasken wucin gadi, kusa da dabbobin gona, ko kuma kan ruwan da yake tsaye. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna tafiya kimanin kilomita 3.1 daga gidajensu zuwa abinci. Kaji na iya cin najasa. Tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura suna rayuwa a kan ajiyar mai. Saboda haka, kitse yakan taru kafin hijira don taimakawa tsuntsayen akan tafiyarsu kudu.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hotuna: Nightjar a Rasha

Nightjars ba su da ma'amala musamman. Suna rayuwa bibbiyu yayin lokacin saduwa kuma suna iya yin ƙaura cikin rukuni na 20 ko fiye. Garken jinsi guda na iya kafawa a Afirka a lokacin hunturu. Maza suna yankuna ne kuma zasuyi amfani da karfi wajen kare gidajen su na fada ta hanyar fada da wasu mazan a sama ko a kasa. Da rana, tsuntsaye suna hutawa, sukan zauna suna fuskantar rana don rage bambancin inuwa daga jiki.

Lokacin aiki na dare yana farawa jim kaɗan bayan faɗuwar rana kuma ya ƙare zuwa wayewar gari. Idan wadatar abinci ta wadatar, za a dauki karin lokaci ana hutawa da tsaftacewa a tsakar dare. Tsuntsu yana yin kwana yana hutawa a ƙasa, a kan kututture ko a kan rassa. A yankin kiwo, galibi ana yin hutu iri ɗaya. Lokacin da haɗari ya gabato, mafarkin dare yakan kasance ba motsi na dogon lokaci. Sai kawai lokacin da mai kutse ya kusanci tazara mafi nisa, sai tsuntsu ya tashi sama, amma bayan mita 20-40 sai ya huce. Yayin tashin jirgin, ana jin kararrawa da fuka-fukai.

Gaskiya mai nishadi: A cikin yanayin sanyi da rashin kyawun yanayi, wasu nau'ikan mafarki na dare zasu iya rage saurin kuzarinsu kuma zasu kula da wannan jihar tsawon makonni. A cikin bauta, ana lura da shi ta hanyar mafarki mai ban tsoro, wanda zai iya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin suma har tsawon kwanaki takwas ba tare da cutar da jikinsa ba.

Jirgin na iya zama mai sauri, kamar falconry, wani lokacin kuma mai santsi, kamar malam buɗe ido. A ƙasa, gashin fuka-fuki yana motsawa, tuntuɓe, jiki yana ja da baya da baya. Yana son yin rana da yin wanka ƙura. Kamar sauran tsuntsaye kamar swifts da haɗiya, jakar dare suna saurin nitsewa cikin ruwa suna wanka da kansu. Suna da tsari mai kama da haƙori irin na haƙoran hannu a kan ɗan yatsan tsakiya, wanda ake amfani da shi don tsabtace fata kuma wataƙila cire ƙwayoyin cuta.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hotuna: Nightjar chick

Maimaitawa yana faruwa daga ƙarshen Mayu zuwa Agusta, amma na iya faruwa da wuri sosai a arewa maso yammacin Afirka ko yammacin Pakistan. Maza da suka dawo suna zuwa kusan makonni biyu kafin mata su rarraba yankuna, suna bin masu kutse, suna buɗe fikafikansu da kuma yin sautunan tsoro. Za a iya yin faɗa a cikin jirgin sama ko a ƙasa.

Nunin jirgin sama na namiji ya hada da irin yanayin jikin mutum tare da yawan fuka-fukai yayin da yake bin mace a karkace. Idan mace ta faɗi, namiji yana ci gaba da shawagi, yana jujjuyawa da jujjuyawa, har sai abokin ya shimfida fikafikanta da jelarsa don tarawa. Yin jima'i a wasu lokuta yana faruwa akan tsawa maimakon a ƙasa. A cikin kyakkyawan mazaunin, ana iya samun nau'i-nau'i 20 a kowace km².

Rawar dare ta Bature tsuntsu ne da ke auren mace daya. Ba ya gina gida, kuma ana kwan ƙwai a ƙasa tsakanin tsirrai ko tushen itaciya. Shafukan na iya zama ƙasa mara kyau, ganyen da suka faɗi, ko allurar Pine. An yi amfani da wannan wurin tsawon shekaru. Cikakken ya ƙunshi, a matsayin mai mulkin, ɗaya ko biyu ƙwai masu fari waɗanda suke da tabo na launin ruwan kasa da ruwan toka. Qwai suna matsakaita 32mm x 22mm kuma suna da nauyin 8.4g, wanda 6% suna cikin harsashi.

Gaskiya mai Nishadi: Yawancin nau'ikan mafarki na dare ana saran kwayayensu makonni biyu kafin cikar wata, mai yiwuwa saboda kwari sun fi saukin kamuwa da wata. Bincike ya nuna cewa lokacin watan wata aba ce ga tsuntsayen da ke yin kwai a watan Yuni, amma ba na waɗanda suke yi a baya ba. Wannan dabarar tana nufin cewa ɗayan na biyu a watan Yuli suma zasu sami kyakkyawan yanayin wata.

Qwai ana dagewa a tsakanin awanni 36-48 kuma ana hada su ne akasari daga mace, farawa da kwan farko. Namiji na iya yin ciki na ɗan gajeren lokaci, musamman da safe ko magariba. Idan mace ta rikice a lokacin kiwo, sai ta gudu daga gida, tana nuna kamar ta ji rauni a fukafukai, har sai ta dauke hankalin mai shigowa. Kowane ƙwai ya ƙyanƙyashe bayan kwanaki 17-21. Furowa tana faruwa ne a cikin kwanaki 16-17, kuma kajin sun zama masu cin gashin kansu daga manya kwanaki 32 bayan ƙyanƙyashe. Na biyu za a iya ɗaukaka ta farkon kiwo, idan mace ta bar ta farko tun kwanaki da yawa kafin su tashi da kansu. Duk iyayen sun ciyar da samari da kwallayen kwari.

Makiyan makiya na nightjars

Launin ban mamaki na wannan jinsin yana bawa tsuntsayen damar boye kansu da rana tsaka, suna motsi ba tare da motsi ba akan reshe ko dutse. A lokacin da suke cikin haɗari, mafarkai suna nuna kamar rauni ne don ya ɗauke hankali ko yaudarar masu farautar su daga gidajen su. Mata wani lokacin sukan yi kwance marasa motsi na dogon lokaci.

Sau da yawa, lokacin da ake tunkude harin maharin, ana amfani da girgizar shimfiɗa ko ɗaga fuka-fuki a yayin kuka ko kuwwa. Lokacin da kaji masu firgita suka bude bakinsu masu haske da duri, yana iya yiwuwa cewa maciji ne ko wata halitta mai haɗari. Yayin da suka girma, kajin kuma sukan yada fikafikansu don su ba da alama sun fi girma.

Sanannen mai cincin dare ya hada da:

  • maciji na yau da kullun (V. berus);
  • foxes (V. Vulpes);
  • Eurasian jays (G. glandarius);
  • bushiya (E. europaeus);
  • falconiformes (Falconiformes);
  • hankaka (Corvus);
  • karnukan daji;
  • owls (Strigiformes).

Kwancen dare da kajin suna fuskantar farauta ta jan Fox, da martens, da bushiya, da weasels da karnukan cikin gida, da tsuntsaye, gami da hankaka, Eurasia jays da owls. Macizai ma na iya washe gida. Manya da tsuntsaye masu cin nama sun far wa manya, gami da karnukan arewa, sparrowhawks, ungulu na gama gari, falgalin peregrine da tsuntsaye. Bugu da kari, tsuntsayen ba shi da kwari a kan jikinsu. Waɗannan kwarkwata ne da ake samu a fikafikan su, ƙarancin gashin tsuntsu da aka samu kawai a kan fuka-fukan fuka-fukai.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hoto: Tsuntsun Nightjar

Ididdigar yawan mutanen dare na Turai sun tashi daga 470,000 zuwa sama da miliyan 1, wanda ke nuna jimillar mutanen duniya miliyan 2 zuwa 6. Kodayake an sami raguwa a cikin jimillar jama'a, ba ta da sauri da za ta sa waɗannan tsuntsaye masu rauni. Babban yankin kiwo na nufin wannan jinsin ya kasance cikin hadari wanda Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa ta Hadari da shi.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana samun yawancin yawan kiwo a Rasha (har zuwa nau'i-nau'i 500,000), Spain (nau'i-nau'i 112,000) da Belarus (nau'i-nau'i 60,000). Wasu raguwa a cikin jama'a an ga yawancin zangon, amma musamman a arewa maso yammacin Turai.

Rashin kwari daga amfani da magungunan ƙwari, haɗe da haɗarin abin hawa da asarar muhalli, sun ba da gudummawa ga raguwar mutane. Kamar tsuntsayen da ke shewa a ƙasa mafarkin dare mai saukin kamuwa da haɗari daga karnukan gida waɗanda zasu iya lalata gidan. Nasarar kiwo ta fi girma a cikin yankuna masu nisa. Inda aka ba da izinin shiga, kuma musamman ma inda masu karnuka ke ba dabbobinsu damar gudanar da su cikin yardar kaina, nests masu nasara ba su da nisa da tafiya ko wuraren zama na mutane.

Ranar bugawa: 12.07.2019

Ranar sabuntawa: 20.06.2020 a 22:58

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Kalli bidiyon: Baby Nightjar Appears From Under Mother. Kruger National Park (Nuwamba 2024).