Macijin Yellowbelly - nau'in macizai marasa dafi wanda ya yadu a kudancin Rasha, mallakar siririn macizai. A wasu yankuna ana kiransa macijin mai-ruwan ɗumi ko macijin mai-ruwan ɗorawa. Waɗannan sune manyan macizai a sararin bayan Soviet. Dangane da halin tashin hankali, ba a cika kiyaye ruwan rawaya a cikin filaye ba kuma a matsayin dabbar dabba. Koyaya, macijin Yellowbelly yana amfani da noma saboda yana ciyar da berayen da ke haifar da babbar illa ga amfanin gona. Saboda wadannan fa'idodi, mafi yawan lalacewar gida da cin tsuntsaye da kwai ba komai bane.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Rawaya Ciki Maciji
Macijin mai launin rawaya babban maciji ne, wanda ba da dafi ba daga dangin masu siffa. A da, Colubridae ba ƙungiya ce ta asali ba, saboda yawancin su suna da kusanci da wasu ƙungiyoyin fiye da juna. Wannan tarihi an yi amfani da wannan dangin a matsayin "sharar kwandon shara" don tarkacen macizai daban-daban da ba su dace da sauran rukuni ba. Kodayake, binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da kwayoyin halittar jikin mutum ya daidaita kayyakin macizan "gnarled", da kuma dangin da a yanzu aka ayyana su a matsayin dunkulelen halittu. Koyaya, don fahimtar duk wannan, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike.
Tun bayan bayanin farko na Johann Friedrich Gmelin a cikin 1789, macijin mai launin rawaya ya sami sanannun sunaye a Turai.
An bayar da jerin sunayen a ƙasa:
- C. Caspius Gmelin, 1789;
- C. masu rubutun kalmomi Pallas, 1814;
- C. thermis Pallas, 1814;
- C. jugularis caspius, 1984;
- Hierophis caspius, 1988;
- Dolichophis caspius, 2004
Wannan nau'in ya hada da kananan abubuwa:
- Dolichophis caspius caspius - daga Hungary, Romania, kudu maso gabashin tsohuwar Jamhuriyar Yugoslavia, Albania, Ukraine, Jamhuriyar Moldova, Bulgaria, Girka, yammacin Turkiya, Rasha, yankin Caucasus;
- Dolichophis caspius eiselti - Daga tsibiran Girka na Rhodes, Karpathos da Kasos a cikin Tekun Aegean.
Mafi yawan garnar ba ta da guba ko kuma suna da dafin da ba zai cutar da mutane ba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Macijin rawaya-mai ƙararrawa a cikin yankin Rostov
Macijin mai-ruwan-toka ya kai tsayin jiki na tsawon mita 2.5, kuma ana ɗaukarsa mafi girma a Turai, amma girman da aka saba shi ne mita 1.5-2. Kan yana da oval, mai tsayi, an ɗan rabu da shi daga wuya. Thearshen hanci ya zama m da zagaye. Harshen tsayi sosai kuma yana da kauri kaɗan. Wutsiyar doguwa ce kuma sirara. Matsayin duka na tsawon macijin zuwa tsawon jelar ya kai 2.6-3.5. Idanun manya ne kuma suna da yara zagaye. Manyan hakora ba su da tsari a tsayi, sun fi tsayi a bayan muƙamuƙi, haƙoran hakora biyu na ƙarshe galibi ana raba su da ɗan gajeren tazara.
Bidiyo: Rawaya Ciki Maciji
Bayanai na Biometric a cikin samfuran gwajin sarrafawa sun nuna: jimlar tsawon (kan + akwati + wutsiya) a cikin maza - 1160-1840 mm (matsakaita 1496.6 mm), a cikin mata - 800-1272 mm (matsakaita 1065.8 mm). Tsawon kai da na jiki (daga ƙarshen hancin hanci zuwa gefen gaba na fissure cloacal) a cikin maza ya kai 695-1345 mm (a kan matsakaita 1044 mm); a cikin mata - 655-977 mm (matsakaita 817,6 mm). Tsawon wutsiya: 351-460 mm (matsakaita 409.8 mm) a cikin maza, 268-295 mm (matsakaita 281.4 mm) a cikin mata. Tsawon kai (daga tip zuwa baki): maza - 30 mm, mata - 20 mm. Faɗin kai (wanda aka auna tsakanin kusurwoyin bakin) yakai 22-24 mm ga maza kuma 12 mm ga mata.
Cikin rawaya yana da sikeli mai santsi. Ana iya samun layuka goma sha tara na sikeli a cikin tsaka-tsakin, kodayake wani lokacin ana iya samun goma sha bakwai. Sikanin dorsal yana da fossae guda biyu a gefen baya. Sun fi sauƙi a tsakiya fiye da gefuna. Macijin baya-launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa kuma yana da alamomin da ke halayyar samari na macizai, amma suna ɓacewa da shekaru. Gefen bakin ciki rawaya ne mai haske ko fari.
A ina ne macijin mai ɗorawa mai launin rawaya yake rayuwa?
Hoto: Macijin mai-ruwan-ciki
Ana samun macijin mai launin rawaya a yankin Balkan, a wasu sassa na Yammacin Turai zuwa yankin Volga da kuma wani ƙaramin yanki na Asiaaramar Asiya. Ana iya samun sa a buɗe, a cikin steppe da dazukan tsaunuka, a gefunan gandun dajin, a cikin daji kusa da hanyoyi, a cikin hamadar hamada, a cikin rairayi da gangarowa, kusa da rafin dutsen, tsakanin bishiyoyin da aka rufe da ciyayi, duwatsu da duwatsu, a kan gangaren kwari da kwazazzabai , a kan bankunan raƙuman ruwa tare da rafuka da busassun ciyayi.
A cikin Arewacin Caucasus, cikin rawaya mai ratsawa ya shiga cikin yankunan hamada tare da rairayin yashi. A lokacin rani, galibi ana samun sa kusa da gadajen kogi da ma cikin fadama. Sau da yawa rarrafe don neman abinci da wuraren da za a saka ƙwai a cikin kango iri-iri, gami da kango na gidaje, gine-ginen gida ko ma gine-ginen zama, ƙarƙashin ciyawa, a cikin lambuna, a gonakin inabi da sauran wurare makamantansu. A cikin duwatsu, ya hau zuwa tsawan 2000 m. A cikin Caucasus, yana faruwa a tsaunuka daga 1500 zuwa 1600 m.
Ana adana yawan macizan mai launin rawaya a ƙasashe kamar:
- Albaniya;
- Bulgaria;
- Makidoniya;
- Sabiya;
- Turkiyya;
- Kuroshiya;
- Girka;
- Romania;
- a kudancin Slovakia;
- Moldova;
- Montenegro;
- a kudancin Ukraine;
- A Kazakhstan;
- a kudancin Rasha;
- a kudancin Hungary;
- Kogin Urdun.
Ana iya rarraba mazaunin ƙasa a cikin tsaunuka kusa da manyan koguna kamar su Danube da Kogin Olt. A baya an ɗauka cewa macijin mai-ruwan ƙwai ya mutu a Moldova, gabashin Romania da kudancin Ukraine, inda aka san wuraren zama biyu kawai kuma ba a ga macijin tun 1937. Duk da haka, an tattara samfura uku a watan Mayu 2007 a cikin yankin Gala na Romania.
A Hungary, a da ana tunanin Yellowbelly na zaune ne a yankuna biyu kawai, amma wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan game da yankin ya gano yawancin wuraren da ba a san su ba ga wadannan macizai a Kogin Danube. A kudancin Crimea akwai matsakaicin samfurin 1 a kowace kilomita 2², a arewacin Dagestan - macizai 3-4 a kowace km², kuma a kudancin Armenia - a matsakaita samfurin 1 a kowace km².
Yanzu kun san inda macijin mai launin rawaya yake zaune. Bari muga me zata ci.
Menene macijin mai launin fata yake ci?
Photo: Macijin mai launin rawaya
Yana ciyarwa musamman kan kadangaru: duwatsu, nimble, Crimean da yashi. Kadan da yawa, kaji, tsuntsaye da ƙwai. Har ila yau, ta hanyar beraye: squirrels na ƙasa, beraye, beraye, ƙwayoyi, hamsters. Wasu lokuta wasu macizai suna cikin abinci, gami da masu dafi: maciji da yashi mai laushi, wanda dafin macijin mai launin rawaya ba shi da damuwa. Macijin da kyar yake cin abincin amphibians; yana kama kwaɗi a wuraren da ke da ruwa. Hakanan manyan kwari da gizo-gizo na iya zama waɗanda ke cikin cutar rawaya.
Macijin na iya motsawa ta cikin burbushin beraye ya lalata su. Don neman abinci tana hawa bishiyoyi, inda take lalata gidajen tsuntsayen da basa zama masu tsayi sosai, amma galibi suna farautar tsuntsayen da suke gida a ƙasa. A cikin Crimea, abincin da macizai suka fi so shi ne kadangaru, macizai da dabbobi masu shayarwa - squirrels, shrews, voles, beice, and hamsters.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin yankin Astrakhan, mummunan maciji a cikin yankuna na hamada yana cin ciyawar kadangaru da kuma saurin cutar baki da kafa (31.5%), mai saurin lizard (22.5%), wani fili da kuma babban lark da aka toshe, da kuma launin toka (13.5%), omelet (9%), squirrels ƙasa (31.7%), gerbils (18.1%), beraye (13.5%), hamsters (17.8%) da kwari da gizo-gizo.
A cikin kamewa, yara sun fi son kadangaru, manya suna cin abinci mai kyau akan beraye da fararen beraye. Wannan macijin mai sauri da ƙarfi yana ɗaukar ganima da saurin ban mamaki. Preananan ganima yana haɗiye da rai ta cikin rawaya, ba tare da shaƙe shi ba. Ana kashe manyan dabbobi da suka yi tsayayya ta hanyar latsa su da ƙarfi ko, kama su ta baki da wuƙaƙe su, suna sa kansu cikin zobe a kusa da wanda aka azabtar.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Rawaya Ciki Maciji
Macizan masu launin rawaya suna ɓoye a cikin ɓoyayyun burbushin da sauran mafaka na ƙasa. Tashin ciki yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni shida. Don hutun hunturu, mutane sama da goma galibi sukan taru wuri ɗaya. Cikin rawaya ya bar mafaka a ƙarshen Afrilu - farkon Mayu, kuma ya fara nuna aiki a cikin Fabrairu - Maris, gwargwadon yankin, har zuwa Satumba-Oktoba. A cikin Crimea da Arewacin Caucasus, macijin ya bayyana a saman bayan rashin nutsuwa a ƙarshen Maris - farkon Afrilu, a kudancin Ukraine - a tsakiyar Afrilu da Transcaucasia a ƙarshen Fabrairu.
Macijin mai launin rawaya-maciji ne wanda ba ya da dafi a cikin rana, wanda wani ɓangaren inuwa ya yi masa inuwa, kuma ya ɓuya don jiran ƙadangare. A lokacin bazara da kaka, macijin yana aiki da rana, kuma a lokacin rani, a lokacin mafi tsananin rana, yana hutawa, kuma yana aiki safe da yamma. Wannan macijin shi ne mafi sauri a cikin dabbobinmu, yana tafiya da sauri don ba za a iya ganin sa ba. Gudun motsi yana bawa ciki mai launin rawaya damar kamawa ko da saurin ganima.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Babban halayen mummunan halayyar macijin mai launin rawaya zalunci ne mai ban mamaki. Daga cikin macizan da muke da su, wadannan macizan (musamman mazan maza) sune mafiya karfi da cutarwa. Ba ya kokarin buya lokacin da mutum ya kusanto, kamar yadda sauran macizai ke yi, amma yana dunkulewa a cikin zobe, kamar yadda macizai masu guba suke yi, kuma suna jifa da mita 1.4-2, suna ƙoƙari su doke fuska.
A cikin yankunan daji da bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, suna tashi da sauri har sai sun ɓace a cikin ganyayyaki a wani babban hawa (har zuwa 5-7 m). Irin wannan sauƙin yana bayyana kanta lokacin motsawa tsakanin duwatsu da rami. Kodayake macijin mai-ruwan-toho maciji ne mara dafi, babban cizon yana da zafi, zub da jini, wani lokacin kuma yana kamuwa, amma yawanci baya cutarwa ga lafiyar mutum.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Yananan Rawan Yellow
Ciki mai rawaya ya kai ga balagar jima'i shekaru 3-4 bayan haihuwa. A wannan lokacin, tsayin macijin yakai cm 65-70. Girman jinsi a cikin wannan nau'in a bayyane yake: mazan da suka manyanta sun fi mata girma, kawunansu sun fi girma sosai. Yayin wasannin daddawa, macizai suna haɗuwa bibbiyu. A cikin wasu yankunan arewacin na kewayon, saduwa tana faruwa a ƙarshen Mayu, kuma a yankunan kudanci, misali, a cikin Crimea, daga tsakiyar Afrilu zuwa tsakiyar Mayu.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Al'aurar macijin ba ta wajen jiki a gindin wutsiyar ba, yayin da suke buya a cikin aljihu a gindin wutsiyar, wanda ake kira cloaca, wanda shi ma yana dauke da ruwa da kuma tsarin sharar su. Al'aura namiji - masu kwazo - sun kunshi azzakarin mahada guda biyu, kowannensu yana hade da kwayar halittar kwaya daya, yana bashi kwatankwacin fasali.
Namijin macijin mai launin ruwan-to yana da ƙarfi a wuyan mace tare da muƙamuƙinsa kuma yana motsa ta, yana nade wutsiyarsa a kanta, sannan kuma sai kwaro ya faru. Yayin saduwa, macijin mai launin rawaya ya daina yin aikinsa na yau da kullun. Da zarar macizan sun gama mu'amala, sai su watse.
Bayan makonni 4-6, mace zata fara yin ƙwai a wurin da aka zaɓa washegarin ranar. Clutch ya ƙunshi ƙwai 5-12 (iyakar 20) tare da matsakaita girman 22 x 45 mm. Ana sanya ƙwai a ɓoyayyun wurare: a cikin kogon halitta a cikin ƙasa, wani lokacin a cikin kututturan ko fashewar kututtukan bishiyoyi. Bananan raƙuman raƙuman ciki sun ƙyanƙyashe a farkon rabin Satumba kuma sun kai 22-23 cm (ba tare da wutsiya ba) lokacin ƙyanƙyashe. Akwai rahotanni game da nau'in kiwo a cikin fursuna. Tsammani na rayuwar rawaya mai ciki shekaru 8-10 ne.
Abokan gaba na macijin yellowbelly
Hoto: Macijin rawaya-mai iska a cikin Rasha
A matsayin matsuguni, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna amfani da fasa a cikin ƙasa, ramuka na ɓoyayyiyar rami, ramuka a duwatsu masu yawa, da duwatsu a cikin kwari, bishiyoyi, ramuka kusa da tushen bishiyoyi da ramuka. Lokacin yin karo da abokin gaba ko kuma lokacin da ya kusanto, macijin mai launin rawaya ba ya ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa, yana gudu, akasin haka, yana ɗaukar barazanar, yana murɗawa cikin zobba da ɗaga ɓangaren gaba na jiki, kamar macizai masu dafi, suna ta da buɗewa baki da ƙarfi, suna saurin fusata ga abokan gaba tare da dogon tsalle da ƙoƙari su buge makiyi.
Manyan kwatancen macizai na iya yin tsalle a nesa da mita 1.5-2. Wannan halayyar tsoratarwa da nufin tsoratar da abokin gaba, haifar da jinkiri ga macijin ya tsere. Halin tashin hankali na rawaya mai ciki na iya ma tsoratar da babbar dabba, har ma da doki. Idan aka kama macijin mai launin rawaya, yana da matukar tashin hankali kuma yana yin sautin haushi, yana ƙoƙarin cizon fuska ko hannun maharin.
Ya faru cewa macizai masu ƙarancin rawaya suna faɗawa cikin manyan tsuntsaye, martens, Fox. Hakanan suna mutuwa a ƙarƙashin ƙafafun mota: mota ba doki ba ce, ba za a iya firgita da ihu da ƙarar tsere ba.
Parasites na wannan macijin yana kawo lahani ga rawaya rawaya:
- gamasid mites;
- masu shara;
- kifin ganye;
- nematodes;
- trematodes;
- cestodes.
Ba safai ake ajiye macizai masu launin rawaya a cikin ɗakunan ajiya ba saboda halayensu na tashin hankali.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Macijin mai-ruwan-ciki
Lalacewa, lalatawa da kuma rarrabuwar muhalli, fadada noma da kiwo, sare bishiyoyi, yawon bude ido da birane, amfani da magungunan kwari da takin noma, lalata mutanen gari kai tsaye, tara doka da zirga-zirga su ne manyan dalilan raguwar adadin macijin Yellowbelly.
Halin halin rashin kirki na rawaya yana haifar da ƙyamar ƙima a cikin mutane. Wannan yana karawa jama'a rai da kuma girma kuma yana haifar da lalata macijin akai-akai. Kamar sauran mazauna filaye da shimfidar wurare, jinsunan suna fama da nau'ikan ayyukan tattalin arziki. Saboda haka, adadin macijin mai-ruwan-ciki yana saurin faduwa, amma macijin baya yin barazanar bacewa a nan gaba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: dumamar yanayi na daya daga cikin mahimmancin barazanar dake tattare da halittu. Kwayoyin halitta kamar amphibians da dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da rauni musamman saboda yanayin yanayi yana da tasiri kai tsaye akansu.
Bayanai game da matsayin kiyayewa na macijin mai-ruwan rawaya kusan babu shi a yankuna da yawa. Kodayake sanannen abu ne na yau da kullun a yankin Dobruja, amma ba safai ba kuma ake fuskantar barazana a wasu yankuna. Macizan da aka kashe a kan hanya "abin gani ne" ga mazauna yankin. Mutuwar da ke da nasaba da zirga-zirga na iya zama sanadin raguwar mutane. Rashin muhalli yana haifar da nau'ikan raguwa a Turai. A cikin Ukraine, macijin mai launin rawaya yana zaune a wuraren shakatawa na yanki da abokan ciniki (a yawancin mazauna ana ɗaukarsa jinsi ne na kowa).
Mai tsaron maciji
Hoto: Macijin rawaya ne daga cikin Littafin Ja
A cikin Lissafin IUCN na Duniya na Matsayin Kariya na Bature masu rarrafe, macijin mai rawaya mai laushi an lasafta shi azaman nau'in LC da ba shi da haɗari - wato, wanda ba shi da damuwa. Amma har yanzu yana da wahalar tantance yawan mutane a duniya baki daya da kuma tantance yadda aka tsara jinsin halittu masu hadari. Wannan macijin mai-ruwan-ciki an sanya shi a cikin Shafi na littafin Red Book na Rasha da Krasnodar Territory (2002).
A cikin Littafin Rubutun Bayanai na Romania, wannan jinsin ana ɗaukarsa mai rauni (VU). Hakanan an saka Dolichophis caspius a cikin Red Data Book of Ukraine a matsayin jinsin masu rauni (VU), a cikin littafin Red Data na Jamhuriyar Moldova da Kazakhstan. A Romania, an kiyaye macijin mai launin rawaya da Doka mai lamba 13 ta 1993. An kare jinsin daga Yarjejeniyar Berne (Shafi II), tare da Dokar Turai 92/43 / EEC na Europeanungiyar Turai (Shafi na IV).
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yellowbelly ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar dokar gwamnati ta musamman game da tsarin kare shimfidar wurare, kiyaye muhallin halittu, shuke-shuken daji da dabbobi, wanda aka yarda da shi tare da ƙarin canje-canje da ƙari, ana ɗaukarsu masu rauni ne da ke buƙatar kariya.
Yankunan da ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi kamar steppes, gandun daji-gandun daji da gandun daji, waɗanda sune ƙauyukan Caspian da aka fi so Macizai masu launin shuɗisuna da rauni musamman kuma suna fuskantar canje-canje na amfani da ƙasa saboda ƙimar su a matsayin gonakin noma da kiwo. Bugu da kari, wadannan yankuna suna da matukar damuwa ga kananan canjin yanayi a yanayin zafi da zafin jiki, wato, sakamakon sauyin yanayi. A cikin kasashe masu tasowa, ana aiwatar da matakan kiyayewa a hankali kuma mai yuwuwa ba shine fifiko ba.
Ranar bugawa: 06/26/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/23/2019 a 21:44
