Bera mai haske - dan asalin Kudancin Amurka mazaunin. Ana iya kiransa kawai wakilin masarautar bear wanda ya zauna a Kudancin Amurka. A zahiri, wannan beyar ba ta da girma sosai kuma tana da launuka masu ban sha'awa da na musamman na abin rufe bakin, wanda aka yi mata lakabi da "spectacled".
Abun bakin ciki, wadannan beyar ana daukar su da wuya a wannan zamanin, saboda kadan ne daga cikinsu suka rage. Bari muyi ƙoƙari mu gano dalilin da yasa irin wannan mummunan yanayin ya haɓaka tare da adadin wannan beyar mai ban sha'awa kuma muyi nazarin ayyukanta masu mahimmanci.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Haske Bear
Kyakyawan beyar na mallakar dangin beyar ne. Shi kadai ne irinsa daga cikin gidan gajerun fuskoki beyar wanda ya wanzu har zuwa zamaninmu. Masana ilmin namun daji sun yi imanin cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda ikon da yake da shi na hawa dogayen bishiyoyi da ke girma a dazukan Andes.
Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa mafi kusancin dangi na hangen nesa shine babban beyar mai gajeren fuska, wanda ya rayu a lokacin Ice Age kuma ya ɓace kimanin shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata. Abubuwan da aka gano na wannan ƙaton sun nuna cewa nauyin dabbar ya kai tan, kuma haɓakar beyar a tsaye ta kai kusan mita huɗu.
Bidiyo: Haske Bear
Tabbas, beyar mai kyan gani ta ninka ta magabata sau da yawa, nauyinta ya banbanta daga 80 zuwa kilogram 130. Kodayake akwai samfurin da yake da ban sha'awa sosai wanda ke zaune a gidan ajiyar Argentine a cikin garin Buenos Aires. Kamar yadda aka lura a cikin 2014, wannan beyar ya sami nauyin kilogiram 575, hakika, ƙaton gwarzo. Wani burbushin halittu da ke kusa da beyar mai haske ta zamani an samo shi a Arewacin Amurka; ana kiranta beran kogon Florida. Wani dangin babban dangin Andean shine babban panda.
Halin fasali mai ban sha'awa na dusar ƙanƙancin ba wai kawai kasancewar fitattun tabarau masu kera idanu ba, har ma da ɗan gajeren bakin bakin ciki idan aka kwatanta da sauran membobin ƙungiyar beyar. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake kiran wannan beyar mai kyan gani kuma yana cikin thean gidan da ba a takaice ba.
Idan muka yi magana game da nau'ikan beyar mai haske, to ba a san komai game da wannan ba. Masanan kawai sun lura cewa mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan arewacin yankin su sun fi waɗanda ke zaune a kudu girma; ba a lura da sauran manyan abubuwan banbanci tsakanin beran Andean da ke zaune a yankuna daban-daban ba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Dabba mai kyan gani
Mun gano nauyin beyar a baya, amma tsawon jikinsa na iya zama daga mita daya da rabi zuwa cm 180, ba tare da kirga jelar ba, tsawonta bai wuce cm 10 ba. Tsayin beyar a bushe daga 60 zuwa 90 cm Mata sun fi maza ƙanƙan da yawa kuma basu da nauyi. ... Kan beyar yana da kyau, amma yana da ƙarfi, an cika ɗan gajeren bakin, yana da abin rufe fuska mai haske wanda yake kama da tabarau. Kunnen mai farauta kanana ne kuma zagaye, idanun ma kanana ne.
Baya ga launuka masu ban sha'awa masu ban sha'awa a fuska da wuya, sauran launi na gashin gashin diyar mai dorewa mai hade ne, zai iya zama:
- M baki;
- Black-launin ruwan kasa;
- Brownish ja.
Gabaɗaya, gashin gashin Andean bear yana da kauri sosai, mara nauyi, doguwar suma, masu ƙyalƙyali a rana. Beran da ake gani da kansa yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi, yana da ɗan gajeren murji, gaɓoɓinsa ba su da tsayi, amma ƙarfi da tsugune. Wani goge mai kayatarwa yana tafiya, yana taka dunduniyar sa. Legsafafun gaba sun fi kafafu na baya tsayi, don haka beyar tana da kyau wajen hawa ba wai kawai bishiyoyi ba, har ma da hawa duwatsu.
Wani fasali mai kayatarwa na kwarangwal din beran mai kyan gani shine cewa yana da haƙarƙari goma sha uku, sauran bear ɗin yana da nau'i goma sha huɗu. Da yake magana game da haske mai launin shuɗi ko kuma kaɗan mai launin rawaya a fuska da wuyan beyar, yana da kyau a lura cewa wasu mutane ba su da wannan ƙawancen, yayin da wasu mutane ba sa kiyaye shi kwata-kwata, watau beyar tana da cikakkiyar launi mai ɗaurewa.
A ina ne goge mai ido?
Hoto: Kyakkyawan beyar daga Kudancin Amurka
A yankin Kudancin Amurka, beza daya ne ke raye - wannan shi ne na kallo.
Ana iya ganinsa a cikin jihohi daban-daban na wannan nahiyar:
- A gabashin Panama;
- A yammacin kasar Colombia;
- A Venezuela;
- Peru;
- Ecuador;
- Bolivia;
- Argentina (a arewa maso yammacin kasar).
Gwanin mai ban sha'awa ya ɗauki kyan gani zuwa gandun daji na tsaunuka waɗanda ke gefen tsaunin Andean na yamma. Beran yana jin dadi a tsawan sama da kilomita uku, saboda yana tafiya daidai tare da duwatsu masu tsauri, yana da karfin gaba da karfi. Ba daidai ba ne a yi tunanin cewa beyar tana da izinin zama na dindindin kawai a wuraren da ke kan tsaunuka, za ta iya zama a cikin sarari na makiyaya, savannas, mai farauta kuma yana rayuwa cikin ci gaba mai yawa na kowane irin daji.
An hango Bears suna zaune a filayen inda ciyayi ke da karanci kuma basu da banbanci sosai, kuma an ga mutanen da ke zaune a wuraren dausayi. Babban yanayin don zaɓar wurin zama na dindindin don beyar ba shimfidar wuri da yanayi ba, amma samuwar abinci da samuwarta a wuri ɗaya ko wani.
Duk da haka, yana da kyau a lura cewa beran mai kyan gani ya fi son gandun daji masu tsananin danshi, yana guje wa yankunan gandun daji marasa bushewa. Beyar tana ƙoƙari ta kasance kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. Mazaunin masu farautar farauta ya kai fiye da kilomita 4.5 a tsayi kuma kilomita 200 zuwa 650 ne kawai a faɗi. Yana farawa daga dutsen Sierra de Perija wanda yake a arewa kuma ya isa gabashin gabashin Cordillera a kudancin Bolivia. A baya can, mazaunin waɗannan beyar sun fi yawa kuma sun bazu zuwa wasu yankuna na Andes.
Menene Andean bear ya ci?
Hotuna: Spectacled Bear Red Book
Beyar mai kayatarwa tana da matsayi na biyu mai daraja a cin abincin tsire-tsire. A farkon wurin ginshikin shine katuwar Panda. Ba daidai ba ga mai farauta, menu na wannan beyar yana da kashi 95 cikin ɗari na tsirrai, tare da ragowar kashi biyar cikin ɗari na abincin dabbobi.
Ga yawancin masu cin abincin, abincin tsire yana da wahala a cikin cikinsu, wanda ke rikitar da tsarin narkewar, amma bears masu kyan gani suna cikin tsari tare da wannan. Abincin su galibi ya ƙunshi kowane irin 'ya'yan itace, ganyaye, rhizomes da tubers, ƙarancin samari na tsire-tsire iri-iri. Bears na iya hawa dogayen tafin hannu, ya katse rassan su masu ƙarfi kuma ya ci ganyaye a ƙasa. Ba su da tsoron hawa ko da manyan bishiyoyi na kakkulle don tsinke 'ya'yan itacen su.
Waɗannan dabbobin ma suna iya cin bawon bishiyoyi masu tsananin wuya, saboda suna da kayan aiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin kayan ajiyar su. A wasu yankuna, Bears gonakin masara ne masu halakarwa, waɗanda suke son su ci abinci a kai. Baya ga masara, dawa da zuma daga ƙudan zuma, abinci ne na cin abinci a gare su, saboda a ɗabi'ar su manyan haƙori ne masu daɗi.
Idan muka yi magana game da menu na beyar na asalin dabbobi, to ya haɗa da: sanduna daban-daban, ƙananan barewa, vicunas, guanacos, kurege, wasu tsuntsaye har ma da maɓuɓɓuka. Beyar ba ta kyamar gwada ƙwai tsuntsaye, don haka ba ya baƙo ko kaɗan don lalata gidansu.
Wani abin sha'awa, kyan gani mai kyan gani yana da dogon harshe, wanda yake amfani da shi wajen cin kwarkwata da tururuwa, tare da wulakanta gidajensu. A cikin mawuyacin lokaci, lokacin da ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne samun abinci, dabbobi na iya mamaye makiyayan dabbobi, amma irin waɗannan al'amuran ba su da yawa, beyar da ke da kyan gani a lokacin yunwa sun fi so su wadatu da gawar da ta rage daga cin abincin wasu masu farautar. Anan ga irin abincin da ke da ban sha'awa da ban mamaki ga waɗannan wakilan bear.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Dabba mai kama da beyar
Bears masu kyan gani sun fi son wanzuwar kaɗaici, suna samun biyun ne kawai a lokacin saduwa. Kodayake wani lokacin a wuraren da akwai yalwar abinci iri-iri, bear da yawa na iya zama tare a yanki ɗaya lokaci ɗaya. Har yanzu, yawanci masu farauta suna rayuwa ne akan rukunin yanar gizon su, wanda ke da alamar hankali. Bearaƙƙarfan beyar yana da kyakkyawar ɗabi'a kuma ba zai kawo hari ba kuma zai haifar da rikici saboda ƙananan abubuwa. Ko da wani baƙo ya zo yankinsa, sai ya takaita da gargaɗi kawai don ya yi wa mai laifin rakiya.
Wadannan bears suna kai hari ne kawai a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, lokacin da babu sauran zabi. Yawancin lokaci suna nesa da gamuwa da ba'a so (misali, tare da mutum) ta hanyar hawa dogayen bishiyoyi. A can, a saman rawanin (kimanin mita 30), bears suna gina wani abu kamar dandamali ga kansu, inda suke hutawa da adana kayan abincinsu. Iyaye masu zuriya, waɗanda suke shirye su yi komai don kare offspringa offspringan su mara hankali, na iya zama masu zafin rai.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa waɗannan beyar suna aiki da kuzari daidai lokacin hasken rana, wanda ba irin na masu farauta bane. Yawanci suna farauta kuma suna samun abinci da safe da yamma. Hibaura don wannan nau'in beyar ba al'ada ba ce, kuma ba kasafai suke shirya tsauni ba. Wasu lokuta a cikin manyan daji, suna yin wani abu kamar gida, wanda suke rufe shi da gwaninta, don haka ba abu ne mai sauƙi a lura da shi ba.
Idan akwai wadataccen abinci a yankin beyar, to mai farautar mai kyan gani ba ya matsawa gaba daga gidanta sama da rabin kilomita. A lokutan yunwa, beyar neman abinci na iya tafiyar kimanin kilomita shida a kowace rana. Kamshi yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen sadarwa tsakanin dangin beyar, sautuna suna dushewa a bango. Mafi sau da yawa, uwa mai ɗauke da mama tana sadarwa tare da ɗiyan ta amfani da wasu sigina na sauti.
Don haka, kyan gani mai kyan gani dabba ce mai nutsuwa wacce ba ta da zalunci kuma ba ta da saurin rikici. Yanayin mafarautan yana da nutsuwa da nutsuwa, beyar tana gujewa mutane, tana zabar yankuna masu nisa da keɓantattu don rayuwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: San beyar 'yan kallo
Kamar yadda ya juya, bears masu kyan gani suna rayuwa su kaɗai, amma wani lokacin mutane da yawa na iya zama tare cikin lumana tare da ƙasa mai arzikin abinci. Mata na balaga a cikin shekaru uku da maza zuwa shekaru shida. Lokacin saduwa, lokacin da dabbobin ke yin nau'i-nau'i, yana farawa daga farkon bazara zuwa tsakiyar kaka. Hadin gwiwar dabbobi masu jinsi biyu ya wanzu ne kawai 'yan makonni kadan, sannan abokan huldar sun watse har abada.
Lokacin ɗaukar sasa a cikin bea mai ban sha'awa yana da tsayi sosai, yana ɗaukar watanni 8. Wannan saboda cikin yana da lattin jinkiri don haihuwar yara a lokacin da akwai wadataccen abinci. Akwai daga sa onea ɗaya zuwa uku a cikin ɗayan. An haife su da baƙin gashi, amma sun makance gaba ɗaya kuma nauyin su kawai gram 300 ne. Kusa da shekara daya da haihuwa, jarirai suna fara gani sosai kuma a lokaci guda suna fara barin mahallansu. Kubiyu suna girma da sauri sosai, kuma suna da watanni shida nauyinsu yakai 10 kg.
A Thean suna tare da mahaifiyarsu mai kulawa a ko'ina, waɗanda ke koya musu dukkan ƙwarewar da suka dace don rayuwa: tana koya musu farauta, neman abinci mai daɗi da lafiya, da kuma samar da tsarin abincinsu daidai. Mahaifiyar tana kare zuriyarta da suka girma har na tsawon lokaci, wadanda yawanci suna tare da ita har zuwa shekaru biyu, sannan kuma su je neman yankinsu, inda suke ci gaba da rayuwarsu ta kashin kai. A cikin daji, tsawon rayuwar beyar mai haske kwata kwata ne, kuma a cikin fursunoni akwai samfuran da suka rayu har zuwa shekaru 36.
Abokan gaba na kyan gani
Hotuna: Spectacled Bear Kudancin Amurka
A cikin daji, yanayi na asali, sabbin newlyan da aka haifa da ƙananan dabbobi marasa ƙwarewa suna cikin haɗari. Irin wadannan manyan dabbobin masu cin karensu ba babbaka kamar su cougars da jaguars suna yin barazana a gare su, haka nan kuma bera masu kyan gani, waɗanda galibi ke kai wa samari rauni, su ma suna da haɗari ga ɗiyan beyar.
Duk irin dacin da za a iya fahimta, amma mafi tsananin hatsari da rashin tausayi maƙiyin ɗan kirinjin mutum ne, saboda ayyukansa yawan waɗannan dabbobin da ba a sani ba suna gab da ƙarewa, kuma da zarar waɗannan dabbobin sun bazu. Mutane sun hallaka adadi mai yawa saboda sun afkawa dabbobi, sun lalata gonakin masara. A cikin ƙasar ta Peru, naman wannan maƙarƙancin koyaushe ana cin shi. Ba wai kawai fata na beyar yana da daraja sosai ba, har ma da kitse da gabobin ciki, waɗanda ake amfani da su a magani.
Baya ga gaskiyar cewa mutum da gangan ya kashe beyar masu haske, ya kuma lalata su kai tsaye, ya mamaye mazauninsu na dindindin don bukatunsa, sare gandun daji, gina manyan hanyoyi. Duk wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa beyar ta kusan ɓacewa gaba ɗaya. Yanzu wannan jinsin an lasafta shi a cikin Littafin Ja, an haramta farautar sa, amma har yanzu ana farautar farauta. Yanzu adadin wadannan maharan suna da kwarjini, amma kadan ne a adadi, saboda haka aka gano jinsin yana cikin hatsari.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Haske Bear
Yawan bea masu kyan gani ya ragu sosai saboda ayyukan mutane waɗanda, a wasu lokuta, suke tunanin fa'idodin kansu kawai, suna mantawa cewa zasu iya cutar da ƙananan brothersan uwansu. Aikin ɗan adam mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi, gami da nome ƙasa, shimfida tituna, gina fannoni daban-daban, hakar ma'adanai, share fili don makiyaya, ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa akwai ƙananan wuraren da ba a taɓa su ba inda beyar mai ido za ta iya rayuwa kyauta.
Farautar farautar Andean, wacce har zuwa yanzun nan take aiki ƙwarai, ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa waɗannan raye-raye masu ban dariya da baƙon abu sun kusan tafi. Mutane suna amfani da ba kawai nama da fata ba, amma mai, gabobin ciki da bile na bears. Ana amfani da kitsen Bear wajen maganin cututtuka irin su rheumatism da amosanin gabbai, kuma kullum ana amfani da gallbladder a maganin Sinawa.
A cewar bayanan hukuma, masanan kimiyyar dabbobi sun tabbatar da cewa a halin yanzu yawan dabbobi masu kyan gani suna daga dabbobi 2 zuwa 2, dabbobi dubu 4, wadanda doka ta basu kariya. Yanzu akwai kwanciyar hankali a cikin jama'a. Babu wani ƙaruwa mai kaifi da mahimmanci da za'a iya ganowa, duk da matakan da aka ɗauka, amma ba a lura da koma bayan tattalin arziki mai ƙarfi ba kwanan nan.
Mai hangen nesa Bear
Hotuna: bearan kallo mai haske daga Littafin Ja
An jera mai daukar hoton mai daukar ido a cikin Littafin Ja na Unionungiyar forasashen Duniya don Kare Halitta, lambar wannan dabbar ba ta da yawa sosai. Yanayin jama'a ya kasance abin ƙyama ne. Farauta don farautar wannan beyar yanzu an haramta shi sosai, amma har yanzu yana ci gaba ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, a zahiri, ba a kan sikelin da ba. Tabbas, ƙananan hukumomi suna yaƙi da ɓarnar, amma ba a sami damar kawar da ita kwata-kwata ba.
Baya ga duk sauran matakan kariya, ana kirkirar wuraren kariya, amma yankunansu basu isa beyar ta ji kwata-kwata ba. Akwai tabbacin cewa har yanzu bears 200 ana hallaka su kowace shekara a yankuna daban-daban na Kudancin Amurka. Wasu mazauna karkara na daukar wannan kyankyasar beyar a matsayin wata barazana ga dabbobi, don haka suke kokarin kashe mai kafar-kafar, duk da cewa haramtacce ne.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, adadin beyar masu kyan gani kusan kwafi 2, 4 ne kacal, kuma a cewar wasu rahotanni, har ma da kasa. Abin takaici ne cewa mutane galibi sukan fara tunani game da kariya daga dabbobi iri ɗaya ko wata, lokacin da halin da yawan mutane ya kai wani mawuyacin hali kuma ya zama bala'i kawai.Ya rage a sa rai cewa duk waɗannan matakan zasu kawo sakamako mai kyau kuma, idan ba su daɗa ƙaruwa sosai ba, to aƙalla su hana raguwar, hakan ya sa lambar ta zama mai daidaituwa.
A ƙarshe, Ina so in ƙara hakan bear mai haske sabon abu sosai kuma ba mutane da yawa sun sani ba. An ba da kyawunsu ta abin rufe fuskarsu mai ban dariya a fuska. Sunyi mamakin ba kawai ta hanyar abincin su ba, wanda ba irin na dabbobi masu farauta bane, har ma da halaye masu kyau, nutsuwa da tawali'u. Ya zama wajibi a hana su halaka, domin ba su kaɗai ba ne wakilan beyar ba, waɗanda aka yi wa rajista a Kudancin Amurka, amma har da ƙafafun kafa masu gajeriyar fuska da suka rayu har zuwa yau.
Ranar bugawa: 08.04.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 19.09.2019 a 15:36
