Tsetse tashi Babban kwaro ne wanda yake zaune a mafi yawancin ƙasashen Afirka masu zafi. Maganin m yana cin jinin kashin baya. Anyi nazari mai yawa game da jinjirin saboda rawar da ya taka wajen yada cutar mai hadari. Wadannan kwari suna da matukar tasirin tattalin arziki a kasashen Afirka a matsayinsu na kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halittar trypanosomes wadanda ke haifar da cutar bacci a cikin mutane da kuma trypanosomiasis a cikin dabbobi.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: tsetse tashi
Kalmar tsetse na nufin "tashi" a cikin yaren Tswana da Bantu na kudancin Afirka. An yi imani da cewa tsohuwar nau'in kwari ne, kamar yadda aka samo ƙudajen tsetse burbushin a layin burbushin halittu a cikin Colorado waɗanda aka shimfida kimanin shekaru miliyan 34 da suka gabata. An kuma bayyana wasu nau'in a cikin Larabawa.
A yau kusan ƙudajen tsetse masu rai kusan ana samunsu ne kawai a nahiyar Afirka kudu da Sahara. An gano nau'ikan 23 da kananan kwayoyi 8, amma 6 daga cikinsu an amince dasu a matsayin masu dauke da cutar bacci kuma ana zarginsu da yada cututtukan cututtukan mutum guda biyu.
Bidiyo: Tsetse Fly
Tsetse bai kasance daga yawancin kudanci da gabashin Afirka ba har zuwa lokacin mulkin mallaka. Amma bayan wata annoba daga annoba, wacce ta addabi kusan dukkan dabbobin da ke wadannan sassan Afirka, kuma sakamakon yunwa, galibin mutane sun halaka.
Itacen ƙaya, mai kyau don ƙuda tsetse. Ya girma ne inda akwai wuraren kiwo na dabbobin gida kuma dabbobi masu shayarwa ke rayuwa a ciki. Tsetse da cutar bacci ba da daɗewa ba sun mallaki yankin gaba ɗaya, kusan ban da maido da aikin gona da kiwon dabbobi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Saboda aikin gona ba zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata ba tare da fa'idodin dabbobi ba, ƙwarin tsetse ya zama tushen tushen talauci a Afirka.
Wataƙila ba tare da tashi tsuntsaye ba, Afirka ta yau tana da banbancin ra'ayi. Wasu masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhallin sun kira cutar bacci "mafi kyawun mai kiyaye namun daji a Afirka". Sun yi imani cewa ƙasar da babu mutane, cike da namun daji, ya kasance haka. Julian Huxley ya kira filayen gabashin Afirka "bangaren da ke raye na arzikin duniya kamar yadda yake kafin mutumin zamani."
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Kwarin tsetse tashi
Duk nau'ikan kwari na tsetse ana iya rarrabe su da halaye na gama gari. Kamar sauran kwari, suna da babban jiki wanda ya kunshi sassa daban-daban guda uku: kai + kirji + ciki. Kan yana da manyan idanu, rarrabe a rarrabe a kowane gefe, kuma a bayyane bayyane, proboscis an tura shi gaba a haɗe a ƙasa.
Kejin haƙarƙari yana da girma kuma ya ƙunshi sassa uku da aka haɗu. A haɗe a kirji kafa biyu-biyu, da kuma fukafukai biyu. Ciki gajere ne amma yana da faɗi sosai a yayin ciyarwa. Jimlar tsawon shine 8-14 mm. Jikin ciki yana da kyau kwatankwacin kwari.
Akwai manyan fasali guda huɗu waɗanda ke rarrabe balagaggen tsetse tashi daga wasu nau'ikan kudaje:
- Proboscis. Kwarin na da wani akwati daban, mai dogon tsari da sirari, an haɗe shi zuwa ƙasan kai ana kuma tura ta gaba;
- Folding fuka-fuki A hutawa, kudaje yana ninka fikafikan sa gaba daya akan juna kamar almakashi;
- Shafin gatari akan fuka-fuki. Kwayar reshe ta tsakiya tana da siffar gatari mai kama da juna, wanda ke kamanta allon nama ko gatari;
- Branched hairs - "eriya". Abun baya yana da gashin gashi wanda ya ɓace a ƙarshen.
Bambancin halayyar da ke da ƙudajen Turai ita ce fika-fuka-fukai masu matse ƙarfi da kaifi proboscis wanda ke fitowa daga kai. Tsuntsun Tsetse suna da ban sha'awa, launuka ne daga launin rawaya zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kuma suna da keɓaɓɓen haƙarƙari wanda galibi ke da alamun duhu.
A ina tsetse ke tashi?
Hoto: Tsetse ya tashi a Afirka
An rarraba Glossina akan yawancin saharar Afirka (kusan kilomita 107). Wuraren da ta fi so su ne wuraren da ke da ciyayi mai yawa a gefen kogunan, tabkuna a yankuna masu bushewa, da kuma dazuzzuka, da dazuzzuka masu zafi.
Afirka ta yau, wacce aka gani a cikin shirin rayuwar namun daji, an tsara ta a cikin karni na 19 ta haɗuwa da annoba da ƙudaje. A cikin 1887, Turawan Italiya suka gabatar da kwayar cutar mai saurin bazuwa.
Ya bazu da sauri, yana kaiwa:
- Habasha ta 1888;
- Yankin Atlantic a 1892;
- Afirka ta Kudu ta 1897
Wata annoba daga Asiya ta Tsakiya ta kashe fiye da 90% na dabbobin makiyaya kamar Masai a Gabashin Afirka. An bar makiyaya ba tare da dabbobi da hanyoyin samun kudin shiga ba, kuma an hana manoma dabbobi domin yin shuka da ban ruwa. Annobar ta zama daidai da lokacin fari wanda ya haifar da yunwa mai yawa. Yawan mutanen Afirka ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar sankarau, kwalara, taifot da cututtukan da aka kawo daga Turai. An kiyasta cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na Masai sun mutu a 1891.
Wasasar ta sami 'yanci daga dabbobi da mutane. Rage makiyaya ya haifar da yaduwar bishiyoyi. A cikin fewan shekaru kaɗan, an maye gurbin ciyawar da aka gajarta da ciyawar dazuzzuka da shuke-shuke masu ƙaya, kyakkyawan yanayi na ƙudajen tsetse. Yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa ya karu da sauri, kuma tare da su yawan kwarin tsetse ya karu. Yankunan duwatsu na gabashin Afirka, inda babu wata kwaro mai haɗari a da, sun kasance tare da shi, wanda ke tare da cutar bacci, wanda har yanzu ba a san ta ba a yankin. Miliyoyin mutane sun mutu daga cutar barci a farkon ƙarni na 20.
Mahimmanci! Ci gaba da kasancewar tsuntsayen tsuntsayen zuwa sabbin yankunan noma na kawo cikas ga samar da ingantaccen tsarin samar da dabbobi a kusan 2/3 na kasashen Afirka.
Isasshen murfin ciyayi yana da mahimmanci ga ci gaban ƙuda yayin da yake samar da wuraren kiwo, mafaka a cikin yanayi mara kyau, da wuraren hutawa.
Me tsuntsayen tsetse ke ci?
Hoto: tsuntsaye tsuntsaye masu tashi
Ana samun kwarin a cikin dazuzzuka, kodayake yana iya tashi nesa kaɗan zuwa cikin makiyaya mai buɗe yayin da dabba mai jini da ɗumi ta jawo shi. Duk jinsi biyu suna shan jini kusan kowace rana, amma ayyukan yau da kullun sun bambanta dangane da nau'ikan halittu da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli (misali yanayin zafi).
Wasu nau'ikan suna aiki musamman da safe, yayin da wasu sun fi aiki da hantsi. Gabaɗaya, ayyukan tashi tsetse yana raguwa jim kaɗan bayan faɗuwar rana. A cikin yanayin gandun daji, kudajen tsetse sune sababin mafi yawan hare-hare akan mutane. Mata yawanci suna ciyar da manyan dabbobi. Tare da siririn proboscis, suna huda fatar, allurar miyau da daddawa.
A bayanin kula! Kwari
Arthropods Diptera Glossinidae Tsetse Yana ɓoyewa a cikin daji kuma yana fara bin wata manufa mai motsi, yana mai da martani don tayar da ƙura. Zai iya zama babban dabba ko mota. Sabili da haka, a cikin wuraren da tsetse ya tashi ko'ina, ba da shawarar hawa cikin motar mota ko buɗe tagogi ba.
Cizon yafi a kan dabbobi masu ƙyallen kafa (dabbar daji, bauna). Hakanan kadoji, tsuntsaye, sa ido akan kadangaru, kurege da mutane. Ciki yana da girman da zai iya tsayayya da ƙaruwar girma yayin shan jini yayin da take ɗaukar jinin jini daidai da nauyinta.
Tsuntsun Tsetse an tsara su ta tsarin haraji da muhalli zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku:
- Fusca ko gandun daji (subgenus Austenina);
- Morsitans, ko savannah, rukuni (jinsi Glossina);
- Palpalis, ko rukuni na rukuni (subgenus Nemorhina).
Importantarancin mahimmancin jinsi da ƙananan raƙuman ruwa suna cikin kogin da ƙungiyar shroud. Abubuwa biyu mafiya mahimmanci na cututtukan bacci sune Glossina palpalis, wanda ke faruwa galibi a cikin ciyawar bakin teku, da kuma G. morsitans, wanda ke ciyar da filayen dazuzzuka.
G. palpalis shine babban mai daukar nauyin cutar parasite ta Trypanosoma gambiense, wanda ke haifar da cutar bacci a duk Yammacin Afirka ta Tsakiya. G. morsitans shine babban jigilar T. brucei rhodesiense, wanda ke haifar da cutar bacci a cikin tsaunukan gabashin Afirka. morsitans kuma suna ɗaukar trypanosomes wanda ke haifar da kamuwa da cuta.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Tsuntsun tsuntsaye na Afirka
An kira tashi da tsetse daidai "mai kisan shiru" saboda yana saurin tashi, amma shiru. Yana aiki a matsayin tafki don ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Manya daga cikin jinsin na iya rayuwa tsawon makonni biyu zuwa uku, kuma mata na tsawon wata daya zuwa hudu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Yawancin ƙudajen tsetse suna da tauri sosai. Ana iya sauƙaƙe kashe su ta hanyar flyan tashi, amma yana buƙatar ƙoƙari sosai don murƙushe su.
Daga Sahara zuwa Kalahari, ƙwarin tsetse ya addabi manoman Afirka na ƙarnuka. A can baya, wannan ƙaramar ƙwaron kwarin ta hana manoma yin amfani da dabbobin gida don noma ƙasar, ta iyakance samarwa, yawan amfanin ƙasa da samun kuɗi. Tasirin tattalin arziƙin tsuntsayen tsuntsaye akan Afirka an kiyasta dala biliyan 4.5.
Ganin kwayar cutar trypanosomiasis ya hada da kwayoyin halittu masu mu'amala da juna guda hudu: mai gida, mai dauke da kwaro, kwayar cutar, da kuma tafki. Abun goge goge masu tasiri kuma suna da alhakin ɗaure waɗannan ƙwayoyin, kuma duk wani raguwa a cikin lambobin su ya haifar da raguwar watsawa sosai saboda haka yana taimakawa kawar da HAT da ɗorewar ƙoƙarin sarrafawa.
Lokacin da tsutse ya sare shi, ƙwayoyin cuta masu yaduwa (trypanosomes) suna haifar da cututtukan bacci a cikin mutane da nagana (ɗanyen dabba na Afirka) a cikin dabbobi - galibi shanu, dawakai, jakuna da aladu. Parasites yana haifar da rikicewa, rikicewar hankali da rashin daidaituwa a cikin mutane, da zazzabi, rauni, da karancin jini a cikin dabbobi. Dukansu na iya yin kisa idan ba a kula da su ba.
Nazarin farko na Nahiyar game da rarraba kwarin tsetse an gudanar da shi a cikin 1970s. Kwanan kwanan nan, an shirya taswira don FAO wanda ke nuna wuraren da aka zata waɗanda suka dace da ƙudajen tsetse.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Tsetse Fly Madagascar
Tsetse - yana samar da ƙuruciya 8-10 a rayuwa. Matan tsetse sau ɗaya kawai. Bayan kwana 7 zuwa 9, sai ta samar da kwai daya hadu, wanda take ajiyewa a mahaifar ta. Tsutsa na tasowa da girma ta hanyar amfani da sinadarai masu juna biyu kafin a sakasu cikin muhalli.
Mace tana buƙatar samfuran jini har zuwa uku don ci gaban cikin mahaifa. Duk rashin samun abinci na jini na iya haifar da zubar da ciki. Bayan kamar kwana tara, mace na haifar da tsutsa, wanda nan take ake binne ta a cikin ƙasa, inda take pupates. Laryamar da aka ƙyanƙyashe ta haifar da layin waje mai wuya - puparium. Kuma mace na ci gaba da samar da tsutsa guda a kusan tazarar kwana tara a tsawon rayuwarta.
Matsayin ɗaliban ya ɗauki kimanin makonni 3. A waje, fatar molar (exuvium) na pupa din tana kama da karama, tare da harsashi mai kauri, mai tsawo tare da halayya biyu masu kananan duhu a cikin kwayar (numfashi) ta ƙarshen abu mai rai. Pufin bai fi cm tsayi 1.0 ba. A cikin ɗalibin ɗaliban, kuda ya kammala matakai biyu na ƙarshe. Wani balagaggen ɗan tashi ya fito daga jaririn a cikin ƙasa bayan kimanin kwanaki 30.
A tsakanin kwanaki 12-14, sabon tashi tashi, sa'annan ya sadu, kuma idan mace ce, sai ya fara tsutsa. Don haka, kwanaki 50 sun shude tsakanin bayyanuwar mace ɗaya da bayyanuwar ɗiyanta na farko.
Mahimmanci! Wannan sake zagayowar rayuwar ƙarancin haihuwa da ƙokarin iyaye shine misali mai ban mamaki ga irin wannan kwari.
Manya sun fi girma ƙudaje, tsayinsu yakai 0.5-1.5 cm, tare da sanannen fasalin da zai sa a iya rarrabe su da sauran ƙudaje.
Abokan gaba na tsetse sun tashi
Photo: tsetse tashi
Tsetse bashi da abokan gaba a mazaunin sa na asali. Wasu ƙananan tsuntsaye na iya kama su don abinci, amma ba tsari ba. Babban makiyin kuda shine mutum wanda yake tsananin fusata ya ruguza shi saboda dalilai na zahiri. Kwaron yana da hannu a cikin tsarin sadarwar halittu na cututtukan cututtukan Afirka, wadanda sune ke haifar da cutar bacci a cikin mutane da dabbobin gida.
A lokacin haihuwa, kuda tsetse baya kamuwa da cutar. Kamuwa da cuta mai cutarwa na faruwa ne bayan mutum ya sha jinin dabbar daji mai cutar. Fiye da shekaru 80, an kirkira da amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na yaƙi da kwaro mafi haɗari a Duniya. Yawancin ci gaba a cikin dabarun bait sun samo asali ne daga kyakkyawar fahimtar halayyar tashi.
An san mahimmancin abubuwan gani a cikin jawo kwari tsetse zuwa abubuwa masu haske. Koyaya, ya daɗe sosai don fahimtar mahimmancin ƙamshi a cikin hanyoyin jan hankali. Bait na tsetse na wucin gadi suna aiki ta hanyar kwaikwayon wasu sifofin halittar jiki, kuma ana amfani da shanu azaman “kyakkyawan” samfurin don gwaji.
A bayanin kula! A yankuna inda ake amfani da bait don kare jama'ar gari ko dabbobinsu daga hare-haren tsuntsaye, ya kamata a sanya tarkuna a ƙauyuka da gonaki don yin tasiri.
Hanya mafi inganci don kawar da tsetse shine ta hanyar nisantar namiji. Ya kunshi sarrafa iska mai aiki da iska. Bayan haifuwa, ana sake mazajen da suka rasa ayyukansu na haihuwa zuwa wuraren da yawancin mata masu lafiya ke tattare da su. Bayan jima'i, karin haifuwa bashi yiwuwa.
Wannan zumar ta fi inganci a wuraren da ruwa ya ware. A wasu yankuna kuma, yana bada 'ya'ya, amma na ɗan lokaci kawai yana rage haifuwar kwari.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Tsutsar tashi kwari
Titin tsetse yana rayuwa kusan kusan 10,000,000 km2, galibi a dazuzzuka na wurare masu zafi, kuma yawancin ɓangarorin wannan babban yanki ƙasa ce mai ni'ima wacce har yanzu ba a noma ta ba - wanda ake kira koren hamada, wanda mutane da dabbobin ba sa amfani da shi. Yawancin ƙasashe 39 waɗanda ƙwarin tsetse ya shafa talakawa ne, bashi ne kuma ba su ci gaba ba.
Kasancewar kwari tsetse da trypanosomiasis suna hana:
- Yin amfani da dabbobin da ba su da amfani ko kuma ketare;
- Ya danne girma kuma ya shafi rabon dabbobi;
- Rage yuwuwar kiwon dabbobi da noman amfanin gona.
Tsuntsayen Tsetse suna watsa irin wannan cuta ga mutane, wanda ake kira African trypanosomiasis, ko cutar bacci. Kimanin mutane miliyan 70 a cikin ƙasashe 20 suna cikin matakan haɗari daban-daban, tare da mutane miliyan 3-4 ne kawai ke cikin sa ido mai aiki. Saboda cutar tana son ta shafi manya masu ƙarfin tattalin arziki, iyalai da yawa sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci.
Yana da mahimmanci! Fadada muhimmin ilimin yadda tsutse ke mu'amala da microbiota zai ba da damar sabbin dabarun sarrafa sabbin dabaru don rage yawan tsetse.
Shekaru da yawa, Shirin Haɗin gwiwa yana haɓaka SIT a kan mafi mahimmancin ƙirar tsetse. Ana amfani dashi yadda yakamata inda yawan mutane ya ragu ta hanyar tarkuna, abubuwan da aka sanyawa maganin kwari, magungunan dabbobi, da dabarun aerosol a jere.
Yaɗuwar mazajen da ba su da ƙwazo a cikin kowane yanki a ƙarnin ƙarni da yawa na ƙila zai iya kawar da yawan kudajen tsetse.
Ranar bugawa: 10.04.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 19.09.2019 a 16:11
