Akwai dabbobi da yawa a cikin yanayi waɗanda suka san yadda ake tono rami a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Koyaya, sanannen mai tonon silsila wanda aka sani tun yarinta shine tawadar Allah... Wannan dabba mai shayarwa yakan kwashe tsawon rayuwarsa a karkashin kasa, wanda tsarin jiki na musamman da karfin kwayar halitta ke taimakawa. Wannan wata halitta ce ta musamman wacce take kawo fa'idodi marasa alaƙa da cutarwa ga mutane.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Mole
Kwayar halitta karamar dabba ce mai ƙananan idanu da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke da ikon kutsawa ta cikin manyan hanyoyin ƙasar. Idanun wasu nau'in moles suna da abin dogara cikin fata. Moles ba su da kunnuwa, suna da sumul, mai laushi mai laushi. Launi na sutturar galibi baki ne, amma kuma akwai dabbobin da ke da launin ruwan toka mai duhu.
Moles na cikin tsarin kwarin kwari, wadanda suke na manya-manyan ajin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Suna daga cikin dangin dangi - lat. Talpidae. Dabbobin sun sami suna ne saboda wani dalili. A zahiri, kalmar "mole" na nufin "digger". Sunan ya fito ne daga kalmar "tono, tono".
Bidiyo: Mole
Wadannan mazaunan karkashin kasa na iya yin shimfidar wurare da tsawon mitoci dari. Arkashin ƙasa, dabbar tana shirya wa kanta wurin kwana, yana yin farfajiyoyi na musamman inda yake farauta. Moles sun gwammace su kwana akan gansakuka, ciyawa ko ganye. Dabbobi ne da suke da hankali, saboda haka a cikin "ɗakin kwana" koyaushe suna ba da hanyar ɓoye don komawa baya idan akwai haɗari. An rufe hanyar wucewa ta shimfiɗa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kullum motsi tare da kunkuntun hanyoyin kasa yana bayyana a cikin sifar dabbar. A hankali, kwayar halittar tana goge gashinta, ya zama baƙon kansa gaba ɗaya. Koyaya, yanayi ya hango komai - sau 3-4 a shekara sabon "gashi mai gashi" yana tsiro a cikin ƙwayoyi.
Hakanan, moles suna ba gidansu da ƙarin hanyoyin zuwa tushen ruwa. Wasu dabbobi suna kirkirar rijiyoyin kansu. Rijiyoyi cike suke da ruwa yayin ruwan sama mai karfi. A cikin hunturu, irin waɗannan dabbobi sun fi son ɓoyewa a cikin ƙasa. A zurfin gaske, duniya tana dumi kuma bata daskarewa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Kwayar dabbobi
Babban fasalin waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi shine rashin hangen nesa. Idan ga mutane da sauran dabbobi rashin hangen nesa lahani ne babba, to ga moles ana ɗaukarsa ƙa'ida ce har ma da larura. Tare da idanu na yau da kullun, waɗannan dabbobin kawai ba za su iya ɗaukar kusan dukkan rayuwarsu a ɓoye ba. Moles suna da idanu, amma a yawancin galibi ana kiyaye su ta wani layin fata.
Ba gabobin gani kawai ake daidaita su gaba ɗaya da rayuwar ɓoye ba. Gabobin ji suma sun dace da shi. Moles ba su da auricles. Wannan ma ba haka kawai aka bayar ta halitta ba. Idan akwai auricles, to matsin lamba da yawa zai iya faruwa a cikinsu. Irin wannan matsi ba zai bar dabbar ta kasance cikin kasa ba.
Masu aikin hakar ƙasa suna da fur mai kyau sosai. Hakanan yana da wasu sifofi, ya bambanta da gashin wasu dabbobi. Murfin fur na moles na iya samun sauƙin dacewa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Wannan kadarorin yana bawa dabbobi damar zamewa cikin ramin karkashin kasa ba tare da wata matsala ba. Launi na Jawo yawanci baƙar fata, launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka mai duhu.
Bayyanar moles na iya bayyana ta waɗannan sigogi masu zuwa:
- Jimlar tsawon dabbar ta kai kimanin santimita goma sha shida. Daga ciki, jiki yana ɗaukar kimanin santimita bakwai, sauran kuma ya faɗi a kan tsawon kai da jela.
- Matsakaicin nauyin dabba gram goma sha biyar. Koyaya, an san wakilan dangi a cikin manyan girma. Misali, masana kimiyya sun hadu da Ussuri Moguera, tsawonsa yakai santimita ashirin da daya.
- Siffar jikin wannan dabba mai shayarwa murabba'i ce. Moles suna da kankanin kai da wuyan da ba za a iya gani ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin yawancin membobin gidan ba su ci gaba ba, yayin da a wasu ƙananan ƙanana ne, an rufe su da gashi. Hakanan, dabbobi suna da hanci a siffar karamar proboscis. Yana da gashi mai laushi. Hancin hancin yayi gaba.
- Wsafafun dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da yatsu biyar. Su ne babban kayan aikin tono dogayen ramuka. Afafu masu ƙarfi, masu kausasa. Goga suna kama da shebur, tare da tafin hannu suna fuskantar waje. Kwayar halittar tana tono rami tare da kafafunta na gaba, kafafuwan baya basu da karfi. Suna da sirara sosai kuma suna kama da ƙafafun beraye.
A ina kwayar halittar take rayuwa?
Photo: ƙasa dabba tawadar Allah
Membobin dangin sunada yawa. Suna zaune ko'ina cikin Eurasia, Arewacin Amurka. Moles ba su nan gaba ɗaya a Kudancin Amurka. Masana kimiyya sun kammala cewa waɗannan dabbobin sun zauna ne a Arewacin Amurka lokacin da aka raba shi da Kogin Kudu. Moles musamman suna rayuwa cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin Rasha, Belarus, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, Moldavia.
Musamman, jinsunan kwayoyi guda huɗu suna rayuwa a cikin Rasha:
- Makaho. An rarraba shi daga Ciscaucasia zuwa Transcaucasia. Ana iya samun wakilan wannan nau'in a cikin Turkiyya har ma da arewacin Iran. Dabbar tana rayuwa a cikin tsaunuka, daji mai tsayi, wani lokacin ana samun ta a cikin dazuzzukan shimfidar wurare. Don rayuwa, makauniyar moles suna zaɓar sako-sako, ƙasa mai danshi. Wasu lokuta waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa tare tare da jinsin Caucasian;
- Caucasian. Yana zaune a tsakiyar, sassan yamma na Caucasus, kuma ana samunsa a wasu yankuna na Turkiya waɗanda suke dab da bakin Bahar Maliya. Moles na Caucasian galibi suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu daɗaɗɗu, amma ana samun su da ƙananan lambobi a cikin ciyawar tsaunukan tsaunuka Don neman abinci, irin waɗannan dabbobi na iya zuwa zurfin mita ɗaya. Manyan hanyoyin suna kusa da farfajiya - nesa da santimita biyar;
- Altaic. Yana da launi na monochromatic gashi, a kan ciki mayafin ya zama mara kyau. Bayyanar gatan Altai yayi daidai da kwayar halitta. Jikin dabba yana da girma, zagaye;
- Talakawa. Wannan rukuni ne na mafi yawan sankara. Ana iya samun wakilan ta a wurare daban-daban: daga dazuzzuka zuwa tsaunuka.
Don rayuwa ta yau da kullun, moles na kiwo suna buƙatar yanayi na musamman. Saboda wannan dalili, sun zaɓi yanki mai ƙasa mai ƙanshi. Ya fi dacewa da rami. Yankin yankin na iya zama kusan kowane. Dabbobin sun fi son sauyin yanayi.
Menene tawadar Allah ke ci?
Photo: Mole kwari
Moles, kodayake karami ne, dabbobi ne masu yawan gaske. Suna aiki ba dare ba rana, amma suna farauta sau da yawa da yamma. Dabbobi suna da babban kuzari. A lokacin rani, moles suna cin abinci da yawa, kuma a lokacin hunturu, abincin da adadin da ake ci ya ɗan ragu. Dabbobi sun fi son rayuwa da farauta su kadai, amma wani lokacin akan sami wakilan dangin da ke zaune cikin rukuni.
Babban ɓangare na rage cin abinci na moles yana mamaye duniya. Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna cin su a lokacin bazara kuma suna kwanciya dasu lokacin sanyi, suna cizon kawunan tsutsotsi, suna gurgunta su. Moles kuma suna cin tsutsa na tsutsar ciki, tsutsa na narkar da ƙwaro, May beetles da sauran nau'o'in ƙwaro. Sau da yawa, kudaje, kwari, slugs shiga cikin abinci na tawadar Allah.
Mafi yawan wakilai daga dangin tawadar, Mogers, sun fi son ciyarwa akan katuwar malam buɗe ido. Kifi mai tauraro yana cin ƙananan mazaunan ruwa. Zasu iya cin crustaceans, kananan kifi da kwari. Shrews na Amurka sun haɗa da abincin shuke-shuke a cikin abincin su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: moleananan kwayar halitta na iya cin abinci da yawa a rana. Dabbar tana shan abinci, wanda nauyinsa daidai yake da na dabbar kanta. Hakanan, waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da tsari sosai. Mole a cikin gidansa na iya adana kusan kilogram biyu na abinci don ruwan sama yau.
A rana guda, yawan abinci na iya kaiwa sau shida. Bayan kowane abinci mai dadi, dan kwayayen yakanyi bacci mai dadi. Barci yakan zama awanni huɗu. A wannan lokacin ne abincin ke da lokacin narkewa gaba ɗaya. Dabbobin ba su saba da yunwa ba. Ba tare da abinci ba, ba za su iya rayuwa tsawon sa'o'i goma sha bakwai ba.
Domin neman wani sabon abinci. dole ne moles su binciko sababbin wurare kowane lokaci. Suna samun abinci a tsofaffin ramuka, waɗanda tsutsotsi ke yawo da kansu. Dumi da kamshin musamman na al'aura ne ke jawo tsutsotsi. A lokacin hunturu, ba dole bane dangi su kwana da yunwa. Tsutsotsi na duniya ba su da ƙasa da aiki. Suna iya yin motsi koda a cikin daskararren ƙasa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Kwayar halitta
Kusan duk rayuwar kwayar halitta tana wucewa cikin duhu. Suna gina labyrinth masu ban mamaki inda suke rayuwa da farauta. Labyrinth na iya kwance a zurfin ruwa a ƙasa. Yin digging yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don dabba. A saman hanyoyin, waɗanda suke kusa da farfajiyar ƙasa, koyaushe kuna iya ganin halayyar halayya. Zurfin labyrinths ya dogara da nau'in ƙasa. Idan yana kwance, rigar, ana yin motsawa a zurfin zurfin; a cikin ƙasa mai bushe, ana haƙa tashoshi a zurfin santimita ashirin.
Dabbobi suna sare rami mafi zurfin rami a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin daji. Gidajen kuma ana samunsu a zurfin gaske. A kan matsakaici, mata shirya gida a zurfin mita 1.5. Gida a hankali an lullube shi da ciyawa da ganye. Dabbobi na iya yawo lokaci-lokaci a shafin da suke zaune. A lokacin rani suna gangarowa zuwa kwari, a lokacin bazara zuwa tsaunuka. A lokacin bazara, ƙwayoyin halittar maza na iya faɗaɗa kayansu sau da yawa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda binciken da ake yi wa mace don kiwo.
Halin moles yana sabani. Suna da rigima, masu rikici. Da wuya ƙwarai, dabbobi suna rayuwa cikin rukuni. Suna haɗuwa biyu-biyu ne kawai idan lokacin almara ya zo. Moles suna nuna abokantaka kawai a lokacin ƙuruciya. Matasa suna shafawa juna. Amma tare da tsarin girma, ba halaye mafi kyau sun fara bayyana ba - gwaiwa, ƙyamar juna.
Manya sukan shirya faɗa idan sun haɗu da juna a hanya. Suna iya ɓatar da ɗan hamayya da rashin jinƙai. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa a cikin zaman talala, wakilan dangi suna cin naman danginsu tare da tsananin sha'awar ci. Hakanan, alloli basu da tausayi. Idan maƙwabcinsu ya sami matsala ko ya mutu, to ba za su iya jiran taimako ba. Moles da sauri sun hau rami na dabbar da ta mutu kuma suna amfani da shi don amfanin kansu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Mole daji dabba
Membobin gidan sun kasance suna yin kiwo sau ɗaya a shekara.
Koyaya, yawan moles da lokacin kiwo sun banbanta ga jinsuna daban-daban:
- Siberian ta haɗu a watan Yuni. Koyaya, zuriyar ta bayyana shekara ɗaya kawai daga baya, a cikin bazara. A matsakaici, ɗaukar ciki na kusan kwanaki ɗari biyu da saba'in. Mace ba ta haihuwa fiye da ɗiya shida a lokaci guda;
- Caucasian ya fi son yin aure a watan Fabrairu, kuma andan kwayayen suna bayyana a cikin Maris. Ba za ku sami 'ya'ya uku ba a lokaci guda. Tsintsin ya zama mai cin gashin kansa cikin kwana arba'in bayan haihuwa. Wakilan wannan nau'in suna ninka lambobinsu cikin sauri, saboda zuriyarsu sun bayyana a karkashin kasa sosai. Ba abin da ke yi masa barazana;
- Ma'auratan Turai a cikin bazara - a tsakanin Maris da Afrilu. Kwana arba'in bayan haduwarsu da namiji, mace takan haifa da kwayar halitta - kusan mutum tara a lokaci guda. Nauyin maraƙi ɗaya, a ƙa’ida, bai wuce gram biyu ba;
- Makaho. Jinsi a cikin Fabrairu tare da wata ɗaya tsoffin ƙyanƙyashewa. A wani lokaci, mace na haihuwar kusan mutane biyar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsawan rayuwar kwayar halitta ya dogara da nau'ikan halittarta. A matsakaici, dangin suna rayuwa daga shekaru uku zuwa biyar.
Maƙiyan makiya na moles
Photo: Mole karkashin kasa dabba
Wakilan dangin dangi suna da 'yan makiya na gaba. Ba za su iya wahala kawai daga tsuntsaye na ganima, dabbobin daji, badgers, martens. Irin waɗannan dabbobin sukan mutu daga yanayi mai ƙanƙanci, tsananin ɗanshi, ko daga hannun mutum da kansa. Mutane na kashe dabbobi da gangan ko bisa kuskure. Wasu suna kokarin kama kwayar halittar kuma su sanya ta cikin gida. Amma irin wannan aikin shima ya ƙare da mutuwar dabbar.
Hakanan, ƙaramin adadi na manya suna mutuwa daga ƙafafun danginsu. Yankunan manya suna da rikici da rikici, don haka faɗa tsakanin su ba sabon abu bane. Yaƙe-yaƙe galibi yana ƙare da mutuwar ɗayan mayaƙan.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Moles ba shi da abokan gaba na duniya kawai a cikin ƙasa. Idan dabbar ba ta hau zuwa saman duniya ba, to babu abin da ke yi mata barazana.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Mole
Moles suna yaduwa ko'ina. Ba a sanya su a matsayin jinsin kariya. Yawan waɗannan dabbobi shine mafi ƙarancin damuwa. Moles yana kawo fa'ida da cutarwa ga mutane. Suna canza tsarin duniya da kyau, suna yin takin, suna sanya tsarin ƙasar ya kwance. Hakanan, dabbobi yadda ya kamata suna kashe kwari masu cutarwa.
A gefe guda kuma, moles kwari ne na lambu da noman lambu. Suna yawan lalata tushen tsarin shuke-shuke. A saboda wannan dalili, an tilasta wa mutum ya yi yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta tare da taimakon guba, abubuwan da ke hana sauti da sauran hanyoyi.
Wakilan dangin dangi suna da yawa a cikin Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka. Wadannan dabbobin suna rayuwa a cikin kasa, inda suke rayuwa, suna ciyarwa kuma suna haihuwa. Yawan wadannan dabbobi a halin yanzu yana da karko, tawadar Allah baya haifar da damuwa tsakanin masana kimiyya.
Ranar bugawa: 03.03.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 15.09.2019 da 19:00
