Butterfly kabeji

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Butterfly kabeji - kwaron lepidoptera daga dangin farin Sunanta na biyu, farin kabeji, ana danganta shi da sunan dangi da jinsi. Wannan jinsin - Pieris brassicae ne Linnaeus ya bayyana a cikin 1758, na mace ne.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Photo: Kabeji malam buɗe ido

Sunan, duka Latin da Rashanci, ya nuna cewa babban abincin tsire-tsire na larvae shine kabeji. Fukafukan waɗannan Lepidoptera suna da fari, wanda kuma ya bayyana daga sunan. Kabejin na da wasu dangi na kusa-kusa - juyawa da juyawa, suna kama da juna, amma kabejin ya fi girma. Girmansa za a iya kwatanta shi da na wani farin fenti, kuma jinsin da ke da alaƙa, hawthorn, amma ba shi da alamun baƙi a kansa.

An samo kusan ko'ina cikin Eurasia, a wasu yankuna suna ƙaura. A cikin tsaunukan arewacin, suna zama da yawa sosai a tsakiyar lokacin bazara, saboda ƙaura daga yankunan kudu. Dogayen nesa da jiragen tashi masu ƙaura don wannan nau'in ba su da matsala, tunda akwai wadataccen abinci ko'ina, amma suna iya tafiya har zuwa kilomita 800.

Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: A watan Agusta 1911, Farfesa Oliver ya ziyarci wani karamin tsibiri mai kusan kadada 2 a cikin Norfolk. Dukan sararin samaniya ya rufe da bishiyoyin kabeji da ke kaɗawa. Ganyen itace mai ɗanko na tsire-tsire na sundew ya kama su. Kowane ƙaramin tsire ya kama butterflies 4 zuwa 7. Lokacin da farfesa ya gansu, kusan dukkansu suna raye. Ya kirga cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 6 ne suka shiga cikin tarkon.

Idan namiji ya fara neman budurwa wacce tuni ta hadu da wuri, to nan take sai ta tsunduma cikin ciyawar don buya daga mai ban haushi. Yana rufe fikafikan sa kuma yana tsaye, yana dogara da sake kamannin daga ƙasan. Yawancin lokaci, mai neman aure na iya nemanta, saboda yanayin da aka zubar, yana mai ƙoƙarin tilasta kansa.

Ta fara amsawa ta hanyar karkarwa a hankali daga gefe zuwa gefe. Wannan yana biye da buɗewar ɓangaren fuka-fuki, wanda ke hana haɗuwa. Ta daga ciki a wani kusurwa kusurwa (mai yuwuwa a sake sakin wani abu mai dauke da sinadarai) don nuna watsi da mijinta, kuma namijin ya tashi.

Gaskiya mai Nishadi: Maza suna bayar da wani abu mai kama da na pelargonium.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Photo: Kabeji malam buɗe ido kwari

Kabeji yana da fukafukai farare tare da bakunan baki a gaba. Mata suna da launuka biyu na baƙi a fuka-fukan gaba, suna da haske, akwai kuma baƙaƙen fata mai launin baki mai tsayi tare da gefen gefen gefen fikafikan. A gefen gaba na reshe na farko, wasu ma'aunan suna baƙar fata, wannan yana kama da tsiri mai hayaki. Don haka shawarwarin baƙar fata, kusa da kusurwar fikafikan, sun zama masu haske. Akwai alamar baƙar fata a tsakiyar gefen gefen saman reshen ƙananan, wanda ba a ganuwa lokacin da ƙwarin ke zaune, kamar yadda na gaban ke rufe shi.

Idesasan fukafukan mata fararen kore ne tare da ƙuraren fure mai duhu kuma suna da tabo a gaba. A cikin maza, ƙananan yana da ƙari. Lokacin da fikafikan suka dunkule sai ya zama kyakkyawan sutura. A wannan yanayin, fikafikan baya sun kusan rufe na gaba. Tsawon su yakai cm 5-6.5. Antennae baƙaƙe ne kuma fari a sama. Kan, kirji, da ciki baƙi ne masu fari fari, kuma fari a bayyane.

Bidiyo: Kabejin malam buɗe ido

Caterpillars masu launin shuɗi ne masu ratsi huɗu rawaya tare da jiki da baƙin ɗigo. Pupa (2.5 cm) rawaya-kore tare da ɗigon ruwan toka-ruwan kasa. Ana belta da zaren siliki, wanda aka haɗe shi da ganye.

Fari nau'ikan jinsin halitta ne, wanda ke nufin cewa suna da launuka masu gargaɗi waɗanda ke hana masu farauta. Aposematic coloration yana nan a cikin larval, pupal da imago matakan. Sun kuma ƙunshi glycosides mai mustard mai guba daga tsire-tsire na abinci. Man na mustard yana ɗauke da sinadarin sulphur wanda ke ba da ƙamshi mai kamawa ga larvae da digoginsu. Wari mara dadi yana tsoratar da tsuntsaye da kwari da yawa da zasu iya farautar su.

Kwarin yana da ingantattun gabobi na gani da kuma kamshi mai wari. Enauri irin na kuloji a eriya da ƙafafun kafa yana aiki ne kamar gabobin taɓawa. Mace, kafin ta saka ƙwai, ta zauna a kan wani ganye na tsire-tsire, a hankali ta ji shi, ta gwada dacewar, kuma sai bayan hakan ta fara kwanciya.

A ina ne malam buɗe ido yake rayuwa?

Photo: Butterfly belyanka kabeji

An rarraba wannan nau'in na Lepidoptera a ko'ina cikin Turai, gami da tsibirin Bahar Rum da ƙananan yankuna na Scandinavia. Hakanan ana samun kifin kabeji a Marokko, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya da ko'ina cikin Asiya tare da yanayin yanayi mai kyau har zuwa tsaunukan Himalayan. Ba ya faruwa ta dabi'a a waje da waɗannan yankuna, amma ba da gangan aka gabatar da shi zuwa Chile.

An riga an yi rikodin bayyanar kabeji a wasu yankuna na Afirka ta Kudu. Har ila yau, babban damuwa ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an gano waɗannan cututtukan arthropods a 1995 a Australia, da kuma a 2010 a New Zealand. Sau da yawa ana samun wannan kwaro na kayan lambu a arewa maso gabashin Amurka. Yadda malam buɗe ido ya samu a wurin ba a bayyane yake ba; mai yiyuwa ne ya zo ba bisa ƙa'ida ba tare da kaya.

Labarin malam ya dace da ƙaura, ba abu ne mai wahala a gare shi ya sake cika yawan jama'ar tsibirin ba, kamar yadda yake faruwa a Ingila, inda kabeji ke tashi daga yankin. Sau da yawa ana samun su a ƙasar noma, a wuraren shakatawa, a cikin lambunan kayan lambu da gonaki, suna son buɗewa. Zasu iya zama a kan shinge, bishiyoyin bishiyoyi, amma koyaushe inda akwai tushen ƙarfi kusa da tsara mai zuwa. A cikin tsaunuka yana hawa zuwa mita dubu 2.

A ranakun rana, manya suna tashi daga fure zuwa fure, suna cin abincin nectar, kuma a cikin gajimaren yanayi suna zaune a kan ciyawa ko ƙananan bishiyoyi, fikafikansu rabi a buɗe. Don haka suna dumi, wani ɓangare na hasken rana, yana yin tunani daga fukafukai, ya faɗo kan jiki.

Menene malam buɗe baki na kabeji yake ci?

Photo: Kabeji malam buɗe ido

Halittu masu fuka-fukai suna cin abincin nectar na furanni. Don yin wannan, suna da proboscis a ruɗe cikin karkace. Ana iya ganin su akan: dandelion, sivets makiyaya, alfalfa da sauran furanni. Hanyoyin bazara suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da ƙarfi, yayin da lokacin rani ya fi son:

  • sarƙaƙƙiya;
  • furen masara;
  • marjoram;
  • budley;
  • scabiosum;
  • hemp.

Butterflies suna kwan ƙwai a kan tsire-tsire masu gicciye, musamman nau'ikan kabeji daban-daban. Shuke-shuke tare da mustard man glucosides suna da mahimmanci ga abinci mai gina jiki. Waɗannan abubuwa suna ba wa farin kabeji farin ƙamshi wanda ke tsoratar da abokan gaba.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bincike ya nuna cewa nau'ikan shukar da aka dasa shi ya samo asali ne daga abinda ya faru a baya na kwaron. Lokacin da aka zaɓa, suna jagorantar da tabarau na kore.

Caterpillars suna ciyarwa tare, suna saurin shayar da ganye, suna barin jijiyoyi kawai, sa'annan su koma zuwa shuke-shuke makwabta. Su ne ɗayan manyan kwari kuma suna haifar da babbar illa ga dangin kabeji da suka girma a cikin gonaki da lambuna masu zaman kansu.

Waɗannan nau'ikan iri-iri ne daban-daban na kabeji, musamman ma Brussels sprouts, farin kabeji, kohlrabi, kazalika da mustard, fyade, jimlar nau'ikan 79 na tsire-tsire masu giciye, gami da kwari, zerushnik, radish. Caterpillars suna matukar son kyawawan ganyen nasturtium da mignonette.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Photo: Kabejin kwari

Farin kabeji na ɗaya daga cikin farkon bayyana da zarar ya ƙara ɗumi. Koda a ranakun giragizai, yayin da sauran sauran kwari kuma, ana iya ganinsu suna shawagi a sararin kore. Suna da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfi, ba tare da izini ba, kuma kan matsaloli kamar bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi, gine-gine, a sauƙaƙe suna tashi daga sama ko motsawa tsakanin su.

Da zaran farin kabeji ya isa inda akwai furanni, sai su zauna a can na wasu kwanaki. A lokacin rana, suna yin gajeren jirgin sama amma na yau da kullun, suna tsayawa a takaice kowane secondsan daƙiƙoƙi don shan tsirrai a kan furannin furanni.

Generationsarnoni biyu na malam buɗe ido suna girma yayin kakar. A cikin yankunan kudanci, ƙarni na farko a cikin watan Afrilu-Mayu, a arewa - wata ɗaya daga baya. A karo na biyu, yawancin mutane sun bayyana, ya faɗi a rabin rabin bazara. Wani ƙarni na iya haɓaka a kudu.

Duk da cewa tsutsotsi masu tsutsu na rayuwa a kan shukar da suke ciyarwa, ana iya samun puppy na waɗannan kwari a jikin bishiyoyin, shinge, bango, a ɗan nesa da shukar mai masaukin. Wani lokacin pupation yana faruwa a kan akwati ko ganyen shukar. Mafi sau da yawa, ana haɗa pupa tare da zaren a tsaye.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Waɗannan pupae ɗin da suka yi girma a kan akwati ko ganyen tsire-tsire masu ɗorewa kore ne, yayin da waɗanda ke kan ginshiƙan keɓaɓɓun launuka ne rawaya, farat ɗaya da ƙananan baƙaƙe da rawaya.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hoto: Farin Kabeji

Fari yana da aure fiye da daya, amma yawancin mata suna da abokin tarayya ɗaya. Kwanaki 2-3 bayan an gama su, butterflies suna sanya manyan ƙwai-kamar ƙwai masu haƙoran launuka masu launin rawaya rawaya (kimanin guda 100.). A ranar farko, sun zama rawaya mai haske kuma suna sane da ganyen koren ganye. Kwanaki goma kafin tsutsa ta fito daga garesu, ƙwai yayi duhu kuma kwasfa ya zama mai haske.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan rubabbun tsintsaye sun ga cewa sauran mata sun sa ƙwai a kan shuka, to, ba za su ƙara yin nasu a wurin ba.

Mafi sau da yawa, ana yin kwanciya a bayan ganye, don haka bayyane ga masu farauta, ba batun larurar hasken rana ko hazo ba.

Yayin lokacin ci gaba, tsutsar tsutsar ta wuce ta sau biyar ta matakai huɗu na narkewar ruwa:

  1. Na farko ana nuna shi da gaskiyar cewa ƙwayoyin suna fitowa daga ƙwai mai launin rawaya mai haske tare da laushi, jiki mai ƙyama da kai mai duhu.
  2. A cikin shekaru na biyu, tarin fuka ya zama sananne a jiki, wanda akan gashi yake girma.
  3. A shekaru na uku, suna aiki sosai, launin rawaya-koren launi mai ɗigo-dige kuma tuni sun haifar da lahani mai yawa.
  4. Tsarin na huɗu yayi kama da na uku, amma kwari sun riga sun fi girma, sun fi aiki, launin jiki launin shuɗi-shuɗi ne.
  5. A shekara ta biyar, sun zama manya (40-50 mm), tare da jiki mai tsayi, da launi mai haske. A wannan lokacin, samar da abinci yana da mahimmanci.

Idan tsutsa ba su sami mafi kyawun abinci ba cikin ƙima, suna iya mutuwa kafin su zama butterflies. A cikin matakin yara, mutanen bazara basa daukar lokaci mai tsawo, kuma bayan makonni 2-3 sai aka sami sabon samfurin mai fuka-fukai. Idan pupation ya auku a ƙarshen bazara ko kaka, to suna hunturu har zuwa bazara.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bincike ya nuna cewa kabejin mata za su iya cin abincin a kan itacen sarƙaƙƙiya da buddela. Idan ƙwayayen ƙwai sun fi yawa a cikin abincin su, to tsutsa ba ta rayuwa, tunda waɗannan albarkatun ba su da abubuwan gina jiki da ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban su.

Halittan makiya na kabeji malam buɗe ido

Photo: Farin kabeji

Kimanin kashi 80 cikin 100 na tsutsa ne da damfar ta Apanteles, Apanteles glomeratus, wacce ke saka ƙwayayenta a ciki. Wannan na faruwa yayin da kwari suka yi ƙanana. Tsutsar tsuntsaye masu farautar sun kyankyashe cikin jikin mai gidan, kuma a hankali suke cinye ta, amma kabejin na ci gaba da rayuwa da cin abinci. Lokacin da tsutsa mai hawan mahaya suka girma, suna cin mahimman gabobin maigidan kuma su kashe shi kuma su fashe ta cikin fata.

Wani lokaci zaka iya ganin busassun ɓarnar kwari a kan ganyen kabeji, wanda ke tattare da tarin har zuwa ƙananan ƙananan koko masu laushi rawaya 80. A bazara mai zuwa, mahaya sun fito daga kwakwalensu suna tashi don neman sabbin kwari na kabejin da ake dasu. Bayan samun abin farauta, mace mai hawa tana jin sa tare da eriyarta don kimanta girmanta.

Girman tsutsa ya kamata ya zama cewa offspringa offspringan da zasu bunkasa ciki zasu sami wadataccen abinci. Ya tsufa mutum na iya juyawa zuwa ja kafin larvae na ƙwarin kwari ya ci gaba a wurin. Mahaya suna huda mamacin da ovipositor kuma suna sakin kwai ɗaya a wurin. Mace na iya yin irin wannan allura sau da yawa a cikin kwari guda.

Yawancin pupae, lokacin da suka kirkiri kuma murfinsu har yanzu yake da laushi, mahaukaciyar cutar shan inna mai suna Pteromalus puparum ta auka musu. Tana kwance qwai acan. Har zuwa 200 masu cutar dabbobi na iya ciwa a cikin jan ja. A cikin makonni uku, larvae suna ci gaba a cikin pupa na kabeji. Idan wannan ya faru a lokacin rani, to suna fitowa daga gare ta azaman kwari masu girma, a cikin kaka, suna ci gaba da zama cikin ciki.

Kifin kifin kabeji ba shi da takamaiman rukuni na masu farauta. Tsuntsaye daban-daban suna farautar su. Wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa suna cinye su, da wuya dabbobi masu rarrafe, tsire-tsire masu cin nama.

Su iya abinci ne ga wasu:

  • hymenoptera;
  • hemiptera;
  • coleoptera;
  • Diptera;
  • arachnids.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Photo: Kabeji malam buɗe ido

Waɗannan Lepidoptera suna da yanki mai yawa kuma suna da ƙwarin guiwar giciye. Idan baku yaƙe su ba, to kabeji na iya haifar da asarar 100% na yawan amfanin ƙasa na nau'ikan kabeji, zai iya cin radishes, turnips, rutabagas, rapeseed. Kasancewar manya suna da saurin yin kaura yana yin barazana ga wuraren da a da basu da yawa ko kuma ba a taba haduwa dasu ba.

Lalacewa daga farin farin zai iya haifar da raguwar ƙimar darajar amfanin gona. A waje, kawunan kabejin zai yi kyau, amma a ciki galibi yakan lalata su. Caterpillars sukan ɓuya a cikin farin kabeji, wanda hakan ke rage ƙimarta. Babban ma'anar larvae yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa ɗayan ɗayan yana cinye shuka ga kwarangwal, kuma ya wuce zuwa wani.

Wannan kwaro ya gamu da hanyoyin lalata abubuwa. A cikin ƙananan yankuna, ana girbe kwari da ƙwai da hannu. Kodayake mutane suna kulawa tare da sarrafa su koyaushe, ana ɗaukar ƙwarin a matsayin ƙwari a yawancin ƙasashen Turai, a cikin China, Turkey, India, Nepal da Russia, inda ake samun asara mai yawa ta kowace shekara akan yawan kayan lambu.

A cikin 2010, an fara gano malam buɗe ido a New Zealand. A tsawon shekaru uku, ya ninka kuma ya zama an kimanta shi azaman kwaro mai cutarwa da rashin buƙata.

Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: Don ƙarfafa yara su shiga yunƙurin kawar da kabeji, Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya ta New Zealand ta ba wa 'yan makaranta tukuicin NZ $ 10 ga kowane malam buɗe ido da aka kama a lokacin hutun makaranta. An kawo kwafi 134 a cikin makonni biyu. Ma’aikatan sashen sun kama manya 3,000, puppy, caterpillars da kuma gungu na kwai.

Baya ga hanyoyin sunadarai da na injina, an kuma yi amfani da hanyoyin nazarin halittu don magance farin kabeji. An saki wasps na musamman na farauta a cikin filayen. An kammala wannan kamfen na magance kwari cikin nasara. Wannan nasarar ta kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa an tayar da ƙararrawa nan da nan kuma an ɗauki matakan yaƙi da kabeji a matakan farko. Amma a Ostiraliya da Amurka, waɗannan Lepidoptera suna ci gaba da kiwo da yaɗuwa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mata masu fararen fata sun guji yin ƙwai a inda suke ganin wasu dangi. Don yaudarar su, yana yiwuwa a sanya farin "tutoci" da aka yi da yarn mai haske a kan turaku ko waya a tsakanin shuka, wanda zai kwaikwayi masu fafatawa da kwaro.

Butterfly kabeji iya cika shafin ka da sauri. Don hana kiwo na kabeji, kuna buƙatar yin yaƙi da ciyawar gicciye, share ko itacen icen farar fata, shinge a cikin kaka da bazara don cire pupae. A lokacin kakar, ya zama dole a bincika tsire-tsire a hankali kuma tattara kwari, kwan kwan. Ba a son amfani da hanyoyin kariya na sinadarai da za su iya kashe kwari masu amfani. Amfani da magungunan mutane ya fi dacewa: infusions na ɗaci mai yawa, taba, chamomile, da dai sauransu.

Ranar bugawa: 08.03.2019

Ranar sabuntawa: 17.09.2019 a 19:45

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