Sterlet daga dangin sturgeon shine ɗayan tsoffin kifaye, wanda bayyanar sa ya kasance ne tun zamanin Silurian. A waje, sterlet yayi kama da jinsin halittu masu dangantaka: sturgeon, stellate sturgeon ko beluga. Yana cikin nau'ikan kifaye masu daraja. Saboda raguwar lambobi, kamun da aka kama a mazaunin sa yana da tsari sosai.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Sterlet
Tarihin jinsin ya faro ne zuwa ƙarshen zamanin Silurian - kimanin shekaru miliyan 395 da suka gabata. Ya kasance a wannan lokacin ne muhimmin canjin canjin ya kasance a cikin ƙwayoyin kamannin kifin da suka gabata: canji a cikin muƙamuƙin da ke gaban tsoffin baka. Da farko, baka reshen reshe, wanda ke da siffa mai siffar zobe, ya sami lafazi wanda zai taimaka masa ninka cikin zobe biyu. Ya zama kamar kamannin kamun kafa. Mataki na gaba shine haɗin kwanyar tare da zoben sama na sama. Wani daga cikinsu (ƙananan ƙanƙan gaba nan gaba) ya riƙe motsirsa.
Sakamakon canje-canjen da suka faru tare da kifin, sun juye zuwa ainihin masu cin nama, abincin su ya zama ya bambanta. Yayinda kakannin sterlets da sauran sturgeons kawai suka wahala plankton. Bayyananniyar tauraron dan adam - wanda suka rayu da shi har zuwa yau, an ƙirƙira shi shekaru miliyan 90-145 da suka gabata. Zamu iya cewa wadannan kifayen zamanin zamanin dinosaur ne. Kawai, ba kamar dabbobi masu rarrafe ba, sun amintar da wasu masifu na duniya kuma sun isa yau ba kusan canzawa ba.
Wannan yana magana ne akan filastik na kimiyyar muhalli, ikon dacewa da yanayin muhalli da kuma amfani da albarkatun da aka sanya ta yanayi zuwa matsakaici. Lokaci mai ban sha'awa na 'yan wasa da sauran tsauraran dabba ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Mesozoic. Sannan an ture kifaye masu ƙwari daga ciki. Koyaya, ba kamar nau'in makamai ba, sturgeon ya rayu cikin nasara.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Sterlet fish
Sterlet na cikin ƙananan ƙananan kayan kifi. Fitowar sikeli tana kama da farantin ƙashi. Fitowa mai madaidaicin launi ta dunƙule an rufe su da su. Halin kifin sturgeon shine cartilaginous notochord, wanda shine asalin kwarangwal. Vertebrae basa nan koda cikin kifin manya. Kwarangwal da kwanyar sterlet masu kwari ne; akwai layi 5 na kashin baya a jiki.
Bakin mai ja da baya ne, mai jiki, haƙori sun ɓace. Asan kashin baya shine mafitsara ta ninkaya, wanda ke haɗe da rijiya. Sterlets da sauran sturgeons suna da spithagus - ramuka da suka faro daga kofofin gill zuwa murfin. Babban farin shark yana da wani abu makamancin haka. Yawan babban gills shine 4. Hasken Branchial baya nan.
Sterlet yana da jiki mai tsayi kuma yana da girma kai tsaye. Hancin hancin sa tsawa ne, mai siffar conical a cikin fasali, leben kasa mai ruɓewa ne. Waɗannan sune siffofin keɓaɓɓu na kifin. A cikin ɓangaren ƙananan hancin akwai wasu raɗaɗɗen raɗaye, waɗanda kuma ana samun su a cikin wasu nau'ikan halittar sturgeon. Akwai nau'ikan sterlet guda 2: mai kaifin-hanci (na gargajiya) da kuma hanci mara daɗi, tare da ɗan hanci zagaye. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, mutane marasa ƙarfi mutane ne waɗanda ba sa iya haifuwa, haka kuma na gida, waɗanda ake yin irinsu. Idon sitiriya kanana ne kuma fitattu.
A saman kan sterlet din, akwai garkuwan kasusuwa wadanda suka girma tare. Jikin an rufe shi da sikiid (mai dauke da wani abu mai kama da enamel) tare da fitowar abubuwa masu kama da kama da hatsi. Wani fasalin da ke bambance 'yar itacen daga mafi yawan sauran kifaye shine dorsal fin da aka sauya zuwa wutsiya. Tsarin wutsiya na hali ne ga sturgeons: lobe na sama ya fi na ƙasa tsayi. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana fentin sterlets launin toka-ruwan kasa, wani lokaci tare da wurare masu launin rawaya. Partasan ƙasa ya fi sauƙi baya a cikin wasu mutane, ciki kusan fari ne.
Sterlet shine mafi ƙarancin dukkan kifin sturgeon. Tsawancin manya ba safai ya wuce mita 1.2-1.3 ba. Mafi yawa daga masu guringuntsi sun ma fi ƙasa da - 0.3-0.4 m. Sterlets ba su da dimorphism na jima'i. Maza da mata sun kasance daidai da launi da girman su. Nau'in sikeli suma kusan basa bambanta.
A ina ne sterlet din yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Menene sterlet yayi kama?
Mazaunin sitirika shine kogunan da suke kwarara zuwa tekuna: Black, Caspian da Azov. Hakanan ana samun wannan kifin a Arewacin Dvina. Daga kogin Siberia - zuwa Ob, Yenisei. Har ila yau, zangon 'yar tsaka-tsakin ya fadada zuwa kogunan da ke yankin tafkuna: Onega da Ladoga. Wadannan kifin sun zauna a Oka, Nemunas (Neman) da wasu wuraren ajiyar ruwa. A cikin dalla-dalla - game da yanayin rayuwa a cikin manyan tafkunan ruwa.
- Arewa da Yammacin Dvina - sterlets suna da haɓaka ta wucin gadi don kiyaye nau'in.
- Ob. An rubuta yawancin jama'a kusa da bakin Kogin Barnaulka.
- Enisey. Ana samun Sterlet, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, a ƙarƙashin bakin Angara, haka kuma a cikin raƙuman ruwa na kogin.
- Nemunas (Neman), Pechora, Oka, Amur - an kawo kifin ta hanun mutum.
- Don, Ural - sterlets suna da wuya, a zahiri samfuran samfuran.
- Surar. Tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, yawan jama'a, waɗanda a baya suke da yawa, ya zama ba su da yawa sosai.
- Kama. Yawan sterlet ya karu sosai, saboda raguwar sare dazuzzuka da kuma cewa ruwan kogin ya zama mai tsafta sosai.
- Kuban. Anyi la'akari da mafi ƙarancin kudu na kewayon sterlet. Yawan sterlet karami ne, amma a hankali yana ƙaruwa.
- Irtysh. Ana samun garken tumaki da yawa a tsakiyar kogin.
Sterlet yana rayuwa ne kawai a cikin jikin ruwa mai tsabta, ya fi son ƙasa da aka rufe da yashi ko tsakuwa. Mata suna tsayawa kusa da kasan tafkin, yayin da maza suka fi aiki kuma suna cinye mafi yawan lokacinsu a cikin layin ruwan.
Menene sterlet ke ci?
Photo: Sterlet a cikin daji
Sterlet mahaukaci ne. Abincinta ya dogara ne akan ƙananan invertebrates. Galibi, yana ciyar da dabbobi masu lanƙwasa: ƙananan ɓawon burodi, ƙwayoyin halitta masu laushi, tsutsotsi, ƙwayoyin kwari. Suna jin daɗin ɗanɗano da sauran kifin. Manya manyan mutane suna ciyarwa akan ƙananan kifi, suna guje wa manyan ganima.
Tunda mata suna tsayawa a ƙasan, kuma maza yawanci suna iyo a cikin ruwa, abincin su ya ɗan bambanta. Mafi kyawun lokacin farautar sterlet shine da daddare. Abincin yara da toya shine ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da plankton. Yayinda kifin ke tsiro, “menu” nasa ya zama daban-daban.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Sterlet
Sterlet mahaukaci ne wanda ke sauka ne kawai a cikin koguna masu tsabta. Wasu lokuta 'yan tsalle-tsalle suna iyo cikin teku, amma a lokaci guda suna tsayawa kusa da bakin kogin. A lokacin bazara, sterlet yakan tsaya a ƙananan ruwa, matasa suna shiga ƙananan tashoshi ko ɓoye kusa da bakin. Da farkon yanayin sanyi na kaka, kifin ya shiga cikin zurfin, yana neman ramin da ake kira. Ta yi amfani da su don ɓarna. A lokacin sanyi, 'yan wasa ba sa aiki, ba sa cin komai, kada ku yi farauta. Bayan kogin ya buɗe, kifin ya bar wurare masu zurfin zurfafawa ya ruga zuwa saman kogin don yin fage.
Sterletter, kamar sauran uran tsubbu, doguwar tafiya ce tsakanin kifi. Tsawon rayuwarsu ya kai shekaru 30. Koyaya, ba za a iya kiran ta zakara a tsawon rayuwar tsakanin uran majagaba ba. Lake sturgeon ya rayu sama da shekaru 80.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Sterlet fish
Yawancin kifin sturgeon su kadai ne. A wannan yanayin, sterlet banda ne ga ƙa'idar. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa shine kifin kifi zuwa manyan makarantu. Har ma tana yin hirar ba ita kaɗai ba, amma tare da 'yan'uwa da yawa. Ana auna adadin sterlets da ke jiran sanyi a cikin ramin ƙasa a ɗaruruwan. Suna matsawa da juna sosai don haka da kyar suke motsa fincinsu da gill.
Maza suna dauke da balaga a cikin shekaru 4-5 da haihuwa. Balaga a cikin mata zai fara ne daga shekaru 7-8. A cikin shekaru 1-2 bayan haihuwa, mace ta sake shirya don kiwo. Wannan shine lokacin da kifaye ke buƙatar murmurewa daga aikin ɓarkewar haihuwa. Lokacin kiwo na sterlet yana faɗuwa a ƙarshen bazara ko farkon bazara, galibi daga tsakiyar zuwa ƙarshen Mayu, lokacin da aka saita zafin ruwan kogin a digiri 7-20. Mafi kyawun tsarin yanayin zafin jiki don yawo daga jeri 10 zuwa 15. Lokacin ɓatancin na iya zama a baya ko daga baya, ya danganta da yanayin zafin ruwa da matakinsa.
Volga sterlets ba sa haihuwa a lokaci guda. Haɓakawa a cikin mutanen da ke zaune a saman kogin ya fara da wuri. Dalili kuwa shine kogin yayi ambaliya a wadannan wurare a baya. Kifi ya ɓata a wurare masu tsabta tare da saurin gudu, ƙasa tare da pebbles. Adadin kwayayen da mace ta saka a lokaci daya ya wuce dubu 16. Qwai ne oblong, duhu a launi. An lulluɓe su da wani abu mai ɗaci, wanda ake haɗa shi da duwatsu da shi. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, toya ƙyanƙyashe. Jakar kwai a cikin dabbobi dabbobi ya ɓace kusan kwana goma. A wannan lokacin, samari sun kai tsawon 15 mm. Haihuwar mutum ya dogara da shekarunta. Aramin ɗan tsako, ƙananan ƙwai da yake sakawa. Kifin da ya haura shekaru 15 yana da ƙwai kimanin dubu 60.
Bayyanar soya ta bambanta da ta manya. Kan an rufe shi da ƙananan ƙafa. Bakin karami ne, mai ratsawa. Launin launi ya fi na kifin girma. Wutsiya tana da inuwa musamman mai duhu. 'Ya'yan samari suna girma a wuri ɗaya da suka kyankyashe daga ƙwai. Sai lokacin kaka 11-25 cm girma ya ruga zuwa bakin kogin.
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa: sterlet na iya haɗuwa tare da sauran kifin sturgeon: beluga (matasan - bester), stellate sturgeon ko sturgeon Rasha. Masu kyauta suna girma cikin sauri kuma suna samun nauyi. A lokaci guda, bala'in jima'in na waɗanda suka fi kyautatawa, kamar ɗigo, na faruwa da sauri, wanda ya sa waɗannan kifaye ke da amfani don kiwo.
Abokan gaba na sterlet
Hotuna: Menene sterlet yayi kama?
Tunda sterlet ya fi son kasancewa kusa da kasan tafkin, ba shi da abokan gaba. Kuma ko da sun tsoratar ba manya ba, amma soya da ƙwai. Misali, beluga da kifin kifi ba sa son yin biki a kan caviar na sterlet. Effectivewararrun masanan da ke halakar da soyayyar yara da stan tsana sune zander, burbot da pike.
A cikin yanayin rayuwa mara kyau, kifi galibi yana rashin lafiya.
Mafi yawan cututtuka:
- gill necrosis;
- cututtukan kumfa na gas;
- saprolegniosis;
- rashin jin daɗi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Sterlet a cikin daji
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an yi la'akari da sittin a matsayin wadataccen wadataccen nau'in. Koyaya, yanayi mara kyau na muhalli, gurbatar ruwa daga kwararar ruwa, da kuma kamun kifi wanda ba a sarrafa shi ba ya haifar da raguwar adadin jinsunan. Saboda haka, wannan kifin ya sami matsayin nau'ikan halittu masu rauni bisa ga rarrabuwa na duniya. Kari akan haka, an jera sterlet din a cikin Littafin Ja a cikin yanayin hadadden jinsin halittu.
Har zuwa tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata, waɗannan kifin suna kama sosai. A halin yanzu, kame sterlet yana da iyakantaccen iyakancewa. Koyaya, kifi galibi yana fitowa akan siyarwa a cikin kyafaffen, gishiri, gwangwani, sabo ko kuma daskararre. Dalilin haka shi ne cewa sterlet yana da ƙwazo sosai a cikin fursuna, akan gonaki na musamman. Da farko dai, an dauki wadannan matakan ne don adana halittu masu rai. Bayan haka, tare da ƙaruwar yawan kifaye da ke cikin bauta, farfaɗo da al'adun tsohuwar girkin Rasha ta fara.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don girma sterlet a cikin gonakin keji:
- Mazaunin manyan kifaye a cikin keji.
- Girma soya Da farko, ana ciyar da yara da ɓawon burodi, kuma, yayin da suka girma, suna rarraba abinci tare da ɗanyen kifi da abinci mai gauraya.
- Shiryawa da ƙwai - kiyaye su a cikin yanayi na musamman, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar soya.
Tabbas, sterlets da aka girma akan gonaki basu da ƙarancin dandano ga kifin da aka girma a cikin yanayin su na asali. Kuma farashin su yayi yawa. Koyaya, ci gaban gonakin kifi wata dama ce mai kyau ba kawai don rayuwar sitiriya a matsayin jinsin halitta ba, har ma don komawa matsayin kasuwancin ta. Pretarfafawa ga abinci yana sa ya sami damar haɓaka kifi cikin yanayin wucin gadi. Hakanan yana da fa'ida don kiwata sabbin nau'in sturgeon - iri daya.
Abubuwan da ke tattare da matasan shi ne cewa yana haɗuwa da fa'idodi na nau'ikan "iyaye": haɓaka cikin sauri da riba mai nauyi - daga beluga, balaga da wuri, kamar a cikin zane-zane. Wannan ya ba da damar saurin haifuwa cikin zuriya a cikin yanayin gona. Matsalar da ta fi wahala ita ce horar da kifi don ciyarwa. Idan kun ƙirƙira musu yanayi mai kyau, to a tsakanin watanni 9-10 zaku iya shuka samfurin da ake buƙata na kayan masarufi daga gram biyar, wanda nauyin sa shine 0.4-0.5 kg.
Kariyar Sterlet
Hotuna: Sterlet
Matsalar raguwar yawan sterlet galibi ba ta da alaƙa da sauyin yanayi, amma tare da aikin ɗan adam.
- Zubar da abin sha cikin jikin ruwa. Sterlet ba za su iya rayuwa cikin gurɓataccen ruwa ba. Fitar mahaɗan sinadarai da lalata sharar cikin kogi yana da mummunan tasiri akan yawan kifin.
- Gina cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki akan manyan koguna. Misali, bayan ƙirƙirar tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Volzhskaya, kusan kashi 90% na filayen da aka haifa, an lalata su, tunda kifin ba zai iya shawo kan shingen wucin gadi da aka yi da kankare ba. Foodaramar abinci don kifi a cikin Volga ta sama ya haifar da kiba da nakasa aikin haihuwa na sterlets. Kuma a cikin ƙananan kogin, caviar ya mutu daga rashin oxygen.
- Kamawa ba da izini Kama siterti tare da raga ya haifar da raguwar lambar su.
A cikin Rasha akwai shirin ƙasa da nufin kiyaye nau'in. Ofaya daga cikin matakan da suka yi nasara shine sake shigar da kifin a cikin jikin ruwa. An kayyade dokokin kamun kifin Sturgeon sosai. Samun lasisi na musamman yana ba ku damar kama wani adadi na manyan kifaye. Nau'in abin da aka halatta shine zakidushki (guda 5) ko, a matsayin zaɓi, raga-raga sau 2. Adadin da aka halatta na kifin da aka kama a ƙarƙashin lasisin lokaci-lokaci shi ne inji mai kwakwalwa 10,, Watanni - 100 inji mai kwakwalwa.
Hakanan an tsara nauyi da girman kifin:
- Length - daga 300 mm.
- Weight - daga 250 g.
Lokacin da aka ba da izinin kamun kifi daga Yuli zuwa Satumba. Yawan lasisi yana da iyaka, don haka waɗanda suke so su kula da rajistar tasu a gaba.
Abin farin ciki, sterlets sune jinsin filastik na muhalli. Don dawo da adadin wannan kifin, kawai kuna buƙatar: ƙirƙirar yanayin rayuwa mai kyau, kariya daga filayen haihuwa da ƙuntatawa akan kamun kifi. Mahimmin ma'anar ita ce hadewar sturgeon, wanda ke ba da damar samin ingantattun siffofin juriya. Don ceton batter bukata. Thearshen halittar halittu babu makawa ya haifar da take hakkin tsarin muhalli, wanda ke shafar mummunan tasiri, tsakanin sauran abubuwa, mutane.
Ranar bugawa: 30.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 18.09.2019 a 21:29
