A Siberia, ana kiran wannan kifin sau da yawa ja Pike, tun kafin a fara haihuwa, babban taimen ya canza launin ruwan toka da ya saba zuwa jan ƙarfe.
Bayanin taimen
Hucho taimen - taimen, ko taimen gama gari (wanda ake kira Siberian) na asalin halittar taimen ne daga dangin salmon kuma ana ɗaukarsa babban wakili na ƙarshen. 'Yan Siberiwa cikin girmamawa suna kiran taimen kamar damisar kogi, krasul da tsar-kifi.
Bayyanar
Taimen na Siberia yana da siririn, mai dunƙulen jiki, mai tsayi, kamar yawancin kifin da ake farautarsa, kuma an rufe shi da ƙananan ma'aunin azurfa. Darkananan wurare masu duhu ana sane a saman kai, a ɓangarorin - mara daidai, mai zagaye ko mai siffa na X. Kan nasa ya ɗan daidaita a saman / a garesu kuma saboda haka ya ɗan yi kama da pike. Bakin bakin taimen yana daukar rabin kai, yana jujjuyawa kusa da guntun ruwa. Muƙamuƙin suna ɗauke da makamai masu kaifi, haƙoran hakora a ciki waɗanda suke girma cikin layuka da yawa.
Godiya ga dorsal, ƙashin ƙugu da ƙwanji, an karkata kusa da wutsiya, taimen yana iyo yana motsawa cikin sauri.
Fananan fuka-fuka da ƙusoshin baya launin toka-launi, ƙwanjin dubura da wutsiya koyaushe ja ne. Matasa suna da ratsi-ratsi, kuma gabaɗaya, launi na taimen ya dogara da wurin da yake zaune. Haske, kusan farin ciki da halayyar halayya a tarnaƙi / baya sun canza, yayin da yanayin yanayin jikin gaba ɗaya, ya dace da filin, ya bambanta daga kore zuwa launin toka har ma da launin ja. A lokacin kiwo, taimen ya zama ja-ja, yana dawowa zuwa launinsa na yau da kullun bayan ya yi fage.
Girman kifi
Da shekaru 6-7 (shekaru masu amfani), taimen na yau da kullun yana da nauyi daga kilo 2 zuwa 4 tare da tsayin 62-71 cm. Masunta galibi suna kama kifi mai mita biyu, suna miƙa kilogiram 60-80: a cikin Kogin Lena (Yakutia) ko ta yaya sun kama wata taimen mai tsawon 2.08.
Amma wannan ba shi ne iyaka ba, in ji Konstantin Andreevich Gipp, wanda ya yi aiki na shekaru da yawa a can arewa mai nisa bayan yakin kuma ya rike a hannunsa wani taimen mai tsayi 2.5-2.7 m.
“Na dauki hoto tare da shi a cikin kwale-kwalen da aka daure a gabar teku, wanda aka daga bakansa kimanin mita daya daga kasa. Na rike taimen a karkashin gindina, kuma kansa ya kai ga cinyata, kuma jelarsa tana birgima a kasa, ”in ji Gipp.
Ya kuma sake jin ta bakin mazauna yankin game da taimen da ya wuce tsawon mita 3, kuma da zarar shi da kansa ya ga (yayin da yake tafiya cikin kwale-kwalen da ke gefen gabar teku) wasu tagwayen na kwance kusa da Yakut dugouts. Kowane taimen ya fi tsayi nesa, in ji Gipp, wanda ke nufin ba zai kasa da mita 3 ba.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Kayan taimen na yau da kullun nau'in jinsin mazauna ne wanda ke rayuwa koyaushe a cikin ruwa ɗaya (kogi mai sauri ko tafki). Wannan kifin kogi ne wanda ya fi son tsafta, wadataccen ruwa mai sanyi, wanda ke iyo a cikin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa a lokacin rani, yana barin hunturu a gadajen manyan koguna da tabkuna. Ba kamar nau'ikan da ba na abinci ba, Silin na taimen yana cikin ramuka masu zurfi kusa da bakin teku.
Da rana, mai farautar yana hutawa a inuwar bishiyoyin da ke lanƙwasa bisa ruwa, yana barin dare da dusar ƙanƙara tare da saurin gudu. Yayinda rana ta fito, taimen zai fara taka leda - don fantsama, farautar kananan kifi. Taimen yana bacci a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, yana tsaye a ƙarƙashin kankara kuma lokaci-lokaci yana nitsewa don “haɗiye” iskar oxygen.
Kamar yadda shaidun gani da ido suka tabbatar, taimaman Siberian na iya yin kuwwa da ƙarfi, kuma ana ɗaukar wannan sautin na tsawon mitoci da yawa.
Ayyukan taimen a lokacin bazara-kaka yana fuskantar canje-canje kuma yana kan ganiyarsa a ƙarshen sikancin (a farkon bazara). Da zuwan zafin rana da dumama ruwa, taimen ya zama mai saurin kasala, wanda kuma bayanin hakora mai raɗaɗi ya bayyana. Ana kiyaye farfaɗowa a ƙarshen watan Agusta, kuma tuni a watan Satumba, zhor na kaka ya fara, wanda ya kasance har zuwa daskarewa.
Masana ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere sun koka da yadda har yanzu ba a yi nazarin isasshen taimen a cikin koguna ba. Sananne ne cewa tsawon lokaci suna barin filayen shuka don kauce wa gasar cin abinci tare da yara masu nuna yanki. A lokacin balaga (daga shekara 2 zuwa 7), taimin Siberian bai zama yanki ba kuma yana ɓace cikin garken dozin da yawa, yana ƙaura daga babban taimen. Bayan sun sami ayyukan haifuwa, taimen "tuna" game da yanki kuma daga ƙarshe sun mallaki wani yanki na sirri inda suke rayuwa har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsu.
Har yaushe taimen yana rayuwa
An yi imanin cewa taimen na yau da kullun yana rayuwa fiye da duk salmonids kuma yana iya yin bikin cika shekaru rabin karni. A bayyane yake cewa rikodin tsawon rai yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da abinci mai kyau da sauran yanayi masu kyau.
Abin sha'awa. A cikin 1944, a cikin Yenisei (kusa da Krasnoyarsk), an kama babban taimen, wanda shekarunsa suka kai kimanin shekaru 55.
Hakanan akwai bayanin abubuwan da suka shafi kamen taimen, wanda shekarunsa suka kai kimanin shekaru 30. Matsakaicin rayuwar Siberian taimen, gwargwadon lissafin masana ilimin kimiya, shekaru 20 ne.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Ana samun taimen na kowa a cikin dukkan kogunan Siberia - Yenisei, Ob, Pyasina, Anabar, Khatanga, Olenek, Omolon, Lena, Khroma da Yana. Rayuwa a cikin kogunan Uda da Tugur wadanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Okhotsk, a cikin ruwan Amur (yankunan kudu da arewa), a cikin kogin Ussuri da Sungari, a cikin manyan kogunan (da suka hada da Onon, Argun, Shilka, kasan Ingoda da Nerchu), da kuma cikin koguna yana kwarara zuwa cikin tashar Amur. Taimen ya zauna a cikin tabkuna:
- Zaysan;
- Baikal;
- Teletskoe.
An ga Taimen a cikin kogin. Sob (masarautar Ob), a cikin kogin Khadytayakha da Seyakha (Yamal). Da zarar an zauna cikin kwarjin Ural na Ural da raƙuman ruwa na Middle Volga, kuma kafin bayyanar madatsun ruwa ya shiga cikin Volga daga Kama, yana gangarowa zuwa Stavropol.
Iyakar yammacin yankin ta isa yankin Kama, Pechora da Vyatka. Yanzu a cikin bashin Pechora kusan ba a taɓa samun sa ba, amma ana samun sa a cikin raƙuman ruwa na tsaunuka (Shchugor, Ilych da Usa).
A Mongolia, taimen na yau da kullun yana zaune a cikin manyan kogunan tekun Selenga (mafi yawan a cikin Orkhon da Tula), a cikin tafkunan yankin Khubsugul da baƙin cikin Darkhat, da kuma a gabashin kogin Kerulen, Onon, Khalkhin-Gol da Lake Buir-Nur. A yankin ƙasar China, taimen yana rayuwa a cikin rafin Amur (Sungari da Ussuri).
Abincin abinci na yau da kullun
Taimen yana cin abinci duk tsawon shekara, har ma a lokacin hunturu, yana fama da yunwa kamar yawancin kifi yayin da ake tausayawa. Bayanin sake zuriya na Yuni zhor yana ba da dama ga yanayin rani sannan zuwa ciyarwar kaka, lokacin da taimen ya cika da kitse. Launin mai yana tabbatar da rayuwar kifi a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da wadatar abinci ta yi karanci.
Dogaro da jikin ruwa, kifin kifi, kifi ko kifi mai toka ya zama tushen abincin. Matasa taimen cin ƙananan ƙwayoyi, gami da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Yeananan yara masu shekaru suna ƙoƙari su farautar ƙananan kifi, suna sauyawa gaba ɗaya zuwa menu na kifi daga shekara ta uku ta rayuwa.
Abincin na taimen na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kifi, gami da waɗannan nau'ikan:
- gudgeon da chebak;
- mai ɗaci da ƙarami;
- roach and dace;
- farin kifi da perch;
- furfura da burbot;
- lenok da sassaka.
Taimenes suna yin zunubi tare da cin naman mutane, suna cinye younga youngansu periodan lokaci-lokaci. Idan taimen yana jin yunwa, zai iya kai hari kan kwado, kaza, bera, kurege (wanda ke iyo a kogin) har ma da manya-manyan tsuntsaye masu ruwa irin su geese da agwagwa. Hakanan an sami jemagu a cikin cikin taimen.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A lokacin bazara, taimen yana hawa koguna, yana shiga mashigansu na sama da ƙananan raƙuman ruwa masu sauri don tsiro a wurin. Kifin Tsar sau da yawa yana haifarda nau'i biyu, amma wani lokacin ana lura da fifikon maza (2-3) na maza. Mace na yin ramin gida tare da diamita daga 1.5 zuwa 10 a cikin ƙasa mai ƙyalƙyali, tana ɓoyewa a can lokacin da namiji ya kusanto. Spaaddamarwar rabo yana ɗaukar kimanin dakika 20, bayan haka namiji yakan saki madara don takin ƙwai.
Abin sha'awa. Mace a hankali tana binne ƙwai da jelarta kuma tana daskarewa a kusa da gida na tsawon mintuna uku, bayan haka sai kuma maimaita shara da hadi.
Taimako na yau da kullun, kamar yawancin salmonids, ya kasance a ƙasa don kusan makonni 2, yana kare gidanta da zuriyarsa ta nan gaba. Taimen yana haifar da kowace bazara, ban da yawan mutanen arewa, waɗanda ke taɓo a tsawan lokaci na shekara. Caviar na taimen na yau da kullun yana da girma, wanda yake na al'ada ne da yawancin kifin kifi, kuma ya kai 0.6 cm a diamita. Hatching daga ƙwai ya dogara da zafin jiki na ruwa, amma, a matsayin mai mulkin, yana faruwa kwanaki 28-38 bayan spawning. Wasu makonni biyu, tsutsar tsutsar tana cikin ƙasa, bayan haka suka fara zama a cikin ruwan.
Yaran da ke girma suna tsayawa kusa da filayen shuka na dogon lokaci kuma ba su da doguwar tafiya. Balagagge na jima'i (da haihuwa) na taimen na yau da kullun ba'a ƙaddara ta yawan shekarunsa da nauyinta, wanda yawan abincin yake shafar. Abubuwan haifuwa suna bayyana lokacin da kifin ya girma zuwa 55-60 cm, yana samun 1 kg (maza) ko 2 kg (mata). Wasu taimen sun kai irin wannan girman da shekaru 2, wasu kuma basu wuce shekaru 5-7 ba.
Makiya na halitta
Fishananan kifin masu farauta suna farautar matasa, tare da wakilan jinsinsu. Lokacin da kifin tsar ya tashi zuwa ɓata, a sauƙaƙe ya faɗa cikin hannun beyar, wanda ana iya ɗauka kusan maƙiyansa ne kawai. Gaskiya ne, kada mu manta game da mutumin da farautarsa ke haifar da lalacewar da ba za a iya gyara ta ga yawan taimakon taimen ba.
Darajar kasuwanci
Ba don komai ba aka yiwa lakabin taimen na yau da kullun sunan tsar-kifi, yana mai jaddada ba maɗaukakinsa kawai ba, har ma da ɗanɗano na ɗanɗano na ɓangaren litattafan almara da ainihin bayyanuwar sarauta ta caviar. Ba abin mamaki bane duk da cewa kusan an hana amfani da kamun kifin taimen kasuwanci, kasuwancin da ba shi da doka da kuma shaƙatawa na ci gaba a Rasha da sauran ƙasashe (Kazakhstan, China da Mongolia).
Hankali. Karkashin lasisi ko a wasu wurare na musamman, zaka iya kama taimen aƙalla tsayin 70-75 cm.
Dangane da ƙa'idodi, masunci wanda ya kamaci taimen dole ne ya sake shi, amma zai iya ɗaukar hoto tare da kofinsa. An ba shi izinin ɗauka tare da kai a cikin sharaɗi ɗaya kawai - kifin ya sami rauni mai tsanani yayin aiwatarwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Unionungiyar forasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi tana ɗaukar Hucho taimen a matsayin jinsin mai rauni, yana raguwa a kan yawancin kewayonsa. Hakanan an saka taimen Siberian a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha kuma ana kiyaye shi musamman a yankuna da yawa na Tarayyar Rasha. A cewar IUCN, an killace yawan taimen na yau da kullun ko kuma an ragu sosai a cikin koguna 39 daga kogi 57: 'yan kalilan ne ke zaune a yankuna masu nisa ana daukar su masu karko.
Mahimmanci. A cikin fiye da rabin kogin Tarayyar Rasha, taimen mutane ne da ke da matsakaiciyar matsala, amma tare da wata babbar - a duk kogunan Rasha da ke yamma da tsaunukan Ural.
Duk da rashin cikakken adadi kan yawan taimen, an san cewa kusan ya ɓace a cikin tekun Pechora da Kama, ban da Kolva, Vishera, Belaya da Chusovaya. Tsar-kifi ya zama abin kaɗaici a cikin kogunan gabashin gangaren Ural da Polar Urals, amma ana samunsa a Arewacin Sosva.
Babban barazanar da ake wa jinsin sune:
- kamun kifi na wasa (na doka da na haram)
- gurɓatar ruwan sha na masana'antu;
- gina madatsun ruwa da hanyoyi;
- hakar ma'adinai;
- wanke takin zamani daga gonaki zuwa koguna;
- canje-canje a cikin tsarin ruwa saboda gobara da dumamar yanayi.
IUCN ta ba da shawarar cewa don kiyaye nau'ikan, kiyaye halittar kwayoyin halittu da kuma haifar da dabbobi, da kirkirar wuraren tsaftataccen ruwa, da kuma amfani da hanyoyin kamun kifi mai kyau (kumbura-kuza guda daya, bait-roba da kuma rike kifin da aka kama a ruwa).
