Zomo na Turai shine dabba mai shayarwa wacce take ta jinsin zomo da kuma tsarin Lagomorphs. Wakilin farko na dangin Hare dangi shine mafi yawancin jinsuna kuma mazaunin yankin Turai, Asiya orarama da Yammacin Asiya, da kuma yankin Arewacin Afirka.
Bayanin zomo
Rusak na cikin nau'ikan manyan zomaye. Dabba mai shayarwa tana da tsawon jiki 57-68 cm tare da matsakaita nauyin 4-6 kg, amma nauyin wasu samfuran na iya kaiwa 7 kg. Mafi yawan mutane suna zaune a sassan arewa da arewa maso gabashin yankin. An rarrabe kanzon kurege ta hanyar tsarin mulki mai rauni kuma yana da manyan bambance-bambance daga farin zomo, wanda dogayen kunnuwa ke wakilta da kuma wutsiyar mai tsayi mai tsayi mai launin ruwan kasa-kasa ko launin baki a ɓangaren na sama.
Kurege ya fi gudu sauri fiye da fararen kurege, wanda tsayi mai tsayi ya bayyana, kuma a takaice dai dabba tana da saurin zuwa 50-60 km / h. Kurege na iya iyo sosai, kuma idan suka ji rauni ko aka kama su za su iya fitar da kururuwar kuka da tsananin kuka. Rudaddun kurege ya danna hakoransa da ƙarfi. Wani nau'in sadarwar shine hargitsi na yatsu, wanda ke tuna da ƙarar duriyar, amma mata suna kiran zomo da sautunan taushi.
Duk da cewa kashin baya na zomo ya fi na farin kurege, amma tafin irin wannan dabba ba kawai ya fi kunkuntaka ba, amma kuma ya fi guntu, wanda ya kasance saboda mazauninsu a yankuna da ke da ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara.
Bayyanar
Launin lokacin bazara na gashin kanzon kurege na iya zama launin shuɗi, launin ruwan kasa, launin ruwan kasa, ja-ja ko ruwan zaitun, kuma yana da launuka daban-daban. Dabbar tana da halin kasancewar manyan dunƙulen duhu da aka ƙirƙira ta ƙarshen gashi a cikin rigar. Tipswanƙarar gashin mai gadin yana da ocher. Gashi na zomo na da haske, siliki, sananne an birkice. Bangaren gefen launinsa ya fi haske baya, kuma cikin ciki fari ne, ba tare da yayyaga ba. Akwai fararen zobba a kusa da idanun, kuma yatsun kunnuwa baƙi ne tsawon rayuwa. Jawo lokacin hunturu na kanzon kurege ya ɗan fi haske da gashin bazara, kuma yankin kai, ɓangaren gaba na baya da kuma kunnuwan kunnuwan suna da duhu ko da a lokacin sanyi.
Tare da kowane irin zomo na daji, ana lura da molt a cikin manya da yawa a lokacin bazara da kaka. A cikin bazara, irin wannan tsari na halitta yana farawa ne kawai zuwa ƙarshen Maris kuma yana ci gaba har tsawon kwanaki 75-80, yana ƙarewa kawai a tsakiyar watan bazara na ƙarshe. Dabbar da aka fi sani a watan Afrilu. A wannan lokacin ne gashin kanzon kurege na Turai zai iya faɗuwa a cikin tuffa, yana kiyaye babban shugabanci - daga kai zuwa jela. A lokacin kaka, gashi lokacin rani a hankali yakan faɗi, kuma ana maye gurbinsa da furcin sanyi da kauri na hunturu. A cikin kaka, narkakku yana farawa daga ɓangaren mata, ya wuce zuwa yankin croup, dutsen, goshin goshi da gefuna.
Salon rayuwa, hali
A karkashin yanayi na yau da kullun, kuregen daji ne mai zaman kansa. Dogaro da alamun abinci a cikin mazaunin, dabbar tana iya ci gaba da kasancewa a yankuna guda, suna mamaye hekta 30-50. A yankin wasu yankuna, zomo na iya yin yawo kowace rana daga wurin da yake kwance zuwa yankin ciyarwar. A irin wannan yanayi, kurege yana hawa zuwa kilomita goma. Hakanan ana lura da motsin yanayi a lokacin kaka da lokacin hunturu, lokacin da zomo mai launin ruwan kasa yake matsawa kusa da ƙauyuka, zuwa gefen dazuzzuka da yankuna masu girman ƙasa da ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara.
Kureren da ke zaune a tsaunukan ƙasa suna gangarowa zuwa kogin da ke ambaliyar ruwa a lokacin kaka, amma da farkon bazara, zomo ya koma kan gangaren dutse. A gaban yanayi mara kyau, gami da ɓawon kankara da babban murfin dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke tsoma baki tare da neman abinci, ana lura da ƙaura na yawan jama'a. A yankin yankuna na kudanci, ana iya lura da motsi na launin kankara a lokacin bazara da lokacin bazara, wanda ke da alaƙa da ayyukan tattalin arziƙin mutane. Kananan kurege suna yin aiki galibi da yamma da kuma dare, amma yayin lokacin rutowar dabbobi na shekara-shekara, akwai ayyukan yau da kullun.
Wakilai masu aiki da oda na oda Hare-kamar a farkon rabin dare, da kuma a farkon safiya. A lokacin daya kiba, zomo mai launin ruwan kasa yana iya tafiya da nisan kilomita da yawa, amma dabbobin da ke zaune a bayyane galibi suna nisan nesa fiye da yadda dabbobi ke zama a gefen daji da kuma cikin dazuzzuka. Yanayi marasa kyau suna haifar da zomo don yin watsi da hanyar fita zuwa kitse na tsawon kwanaki. Kwance a lokacin rani yana wakiltar ƙaramin rami da aka tono ƙarƙashin murfin daji ko bishiyun da suka faɗi. Sau da yawa, dabbobi kawai suna kwance a cikin iyakar filin.
Ba a shirya kurege na dindindin, amma wani lokaci kurege na haƙa ramuka na ɗan lokaci a cikin yanayi mai tsananin zafi. Lokaci-lokaci, wakilan dangin Kurege suna hutawa a cikin kaburburan da badger, dawakai da marmot suka watsar, kuma wurin mafaka kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayi da yanayin yanayi. A lokacin bazara, gadon dabbar galibi galibi ana sanya shi a wurare masu ɗumi-ɗumi, kuma a ranakun da ake ruwa - a kan duwatsu masu bushewa. A lokacin hunturu, wurin da aka rufe daga gusts iska ana zaɓa don kwance.
A cikin yankuna masu zurfin murfin dusar ƙanƙara, zomaye na iya haƙa rami mai tsawon mita biyu, kuma a cikin hunturu da kaka, zomon yawaya sukan kasance cikin ciyawa kusa da ƙauyuka.
Har yaushe kurege kurege yake rayuwa?
Matsakaicin rayuwar kurege a cikin daji na iya bambanta daga shekaru 6 zuwa 12, wanda yawancin abokan gaba suka bayyana. A wannan yanayin, mata suna rayuwa kimanin shekaru biyar, kuma maza har zuwa shekaru tara. Hakanan akwai sanannun da rubuce rubuce lokacin da wakilan jinsunan suka rayu shekaru 12-14.
Jima'i dimorphism
Alamomin dimorphism a cikin launin zinare na Turai kwata-kwata basa nan. Bambancin dake tsakanin manya ana wakilta ne kawai da girman dabba.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Bazuwar kanzon kurege zuwa arewa, wataƙila, ya fara ne ba da tsakiyar lokacin Quaternary ba, kuma yanzu irin wannan dabbar daji ta bazu a cikin tundra, steppes da yankuna gandun daji na Turai, zuwa Ireland da Scotland, Turkey da Iran, da Transcaucasia da arewacin yankin Larabawa. ... Ana samun burbushin halittu a cikin asusun Pleistocene na Kirimiya da Azerbaijan. A yankin ƙasar Rasha, an sami kujerun haure na Turai har zuwa gabar arewacin tafkunan Onega da Ladoga. Bugu da ari, iyakar rarrabawa ta wuce ta Kirov da Perm, suna lankwasawa zuwa tsaunukan Ural zuwa yankin Pavlodar. Iyakokin kudu sun ratsa Transcaucasia, Ustyurt, arewacin yankin Tekun Aral zuwa Karaganda.
An riga an daidaita dabbar a cikin yankuna da dama a yankin Kudancin Siberia, gami da yankunan Salair, Altai da Kuznetsk Alatau. An samar da Rusak a cikin Krasnoyarsk da kuma a cikin Altai Territory, a cikin Kemerovo da Novosibirsk, Chita da Irkutsk Regions, sannan kuma ya dace sosai da zama a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Yankin Primorsky. Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, kokarin sake tsugunar da dabbobin a Arewacin, Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka sun sami nasara, kuma a New Zealand da kudancin Ostiraliya, kurege da sauri ya zama kwaro mai noma.
Kasancewa mazaunin fili, gandun daji-steppe, da kuma shimfidar wurare masu hamada, zomo ya fi son bude wurare: filaye, makiyaya, gefunan gandun daji, yankuna masu fadi da yawa, murna da fries. A cikin zurfin tsohuwar coniferous massifs, irin wannan dabba ba ta da yawa. Mafi yawancin lokuta, wakilan dangi suna cikin dazuzzuka ne na dazuzzuka. Musamman ƙaunataccen kurege na manya sune wuraren da ake maye gurbin ƙasar noma da ƙananan psan sanda, dazuzzuka na shrub, ravines da gullies. A lokacin hunturu, dabbar tana kamawa zuwa yankin matsuguni tare da ruwa a ko'ina.
Abincin zomo
A ranakun bazara, kurege kan ciyar da shuke-shuke iri-iri, da kuma harbe-harben bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi. Dabbobin suna da yardar rai suna cin koren ganye da ƙwayoyi na shuke-shuke, amma wani lokacin 'yan gidan Hare na iya haƙa maƙasudin manyan bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi. Farawa a rabi na biyu na bazara, kurege suna cin tsaba waɗanda ba su narkewa ba, wanda ke ba da gudummawar rarraba su. Abubuwan da ke cikin abincin rani na rani yana da banbanci sosai kuma ana wakiltar shi da shuke-shuke daban-daban da na shuke-shuke:
- dandelion;
- chicory;
- tansy;
- tsuntsaye mai tsayi;
- fyade;
- albasa;
- alfalfa;
- sunflower;
- buckwheat;
- hatsi.
Kurege suna matukar son kayan lambu iri iri da kuma kankana. A lokacin hunturu, kurege, ya bambanta da farin zomon, yana ci gaba da ciyarwa a kan tsumman ciyawa da iri, amfanin gona na hunturu, da ragowar kayayyakin lambu iri-iri, waɗanda aka tona kai tsaye daga ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara. Idan murfin dusar kankara yayi zurfi sosai, dabbar ta fi son canzawa zuwa ciyarwa a kan bishiyoyi daban-daban da ciyayi na itace a cikin yanayin harbe-harbe da haushi.
Mafi yawan yarda, kanzon kurege yana cin itacen oak da maple, hazel da tsintsiya, pears da itacen apple, da aspen da Willow, waɗanda fararen hares ke so, ana cinye su sau da yawa. Galibin ramin ramin rani na hunturu galibi ana ziyartar su ta hanyar rarrabuwar kankara, waɗanda basa iya fasa dusar kankara da kansu.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin kiwo na hares ya bambanta a tsawon lokaci da lokaci dangane da mazaunin. A Yammacin Turai, zomo yakan haifar da mahaɗa tsakanin Maris da Satumba. A wannan lokacin, kamar kashi 70-75% na mata suna kawo yara hudu, kuma a cikin shekaru masu ɗumi za a iya haihuwar yara biyar. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau da yanayin yanayi, lokacin rutting yana ci gaba a duk shekara, kuma an haifi zomaye na farko a cikin Janairu. A ɓangaren arewacin kewayon, ba a yi rikodin yara fiye da biyu ba.
A cikin yankin tsakiyar Rasha, lokacin farkon rutuwa yana faruwa a ƙarshen Fabrairu da Maris, kuma na biyu - a cikin Afrilu da farkon Mayu. An lura da hauhawa ta uku a watan Yuni. Ciki a cikin mata na daga kwanaki 45 zuwa 48, amma zomayen mata na iya sake saduwa nan da nan bayan sun haihu kuma har ma a gabansu. Abun lura ya nuna cewa rututun zomo bashi da abokai kamar na fararen zomo, saboda haka, mata masu juna biyu da kurege na iya haduwa daga baya ko kafin lokacin da aka saba.
A cikin yara daya, yawan zomaye sun banbanta daga 1 zuwa 9, kuma girman kwanon ya dogara da yanayi da yawa. Gabaɗaya, yankunan da ke da ƙananan hayayyafa na haihuwa suna da girma, kuma mafi yawan zomo ana haihuwar su ne a lokacin bazara. Mafi girman yara ana haifuwa ne a cikin mata masu shekaru. Nan da nan kafin ta haihu, mace ta shirya gurbi na ciyawa, ta haƙa rami ko, a yanayin yanayi mai tsananin zafi, ta samar da rami mara zurfi.
Haresu ana haifuwa ne da gani kuma an rufe su da fur. Matsakaicin nauyin zomo sabon haihuwa shine 100-120 g Mata na ciyar da zuriyarsu da madara sau daya a rana, amma wani lokacin jarirai suna ciyarwa sau daya a kowace kwana hudu. Farawa daga ranar biyar ta rayuwa, yara suna ƙoƙari su motsa ba tare da yin nisa da wurin haihuwa ba. A cikin makonni biyu da haihuwa, nauyin zomo shine 300-400 g. Tun daga wannan lokacin, sun riga sun ci ciyawa sosai, kuma a cikin wata ɗaya sun zama masu cikakken 'yanci. Akwai lokuta idan kurege mata suka ciyar da wasu, amma da sharadin cewa shekarunsu daya da na yaransu.
A cikin yanayi na ɗabi'a kuma lokacin da ake kiyaye shi a cikin yanayin wurin shakatawar dabbobi, a wasu lokutan ana lura da haihuwar ƙwayoyin zomo da farin zomo, waɗanda ake kira "cuffs".
Makiya na halitta
Zomo kurege ne mai kare dabbobi masu dabbobi da yawan makiya. Mutane suna farautar manya da zomayen samari, yawancin masu cin abincin dare da rana, gami da lynxes, kyarketai da dila, kuliyoyi da karnuka da suka ɓace, da kuma manyan tsuntsaye na dabbobi.
Darajar kasuwanci
Kurege ya daɗe ya zama sanannen abu na wasanni da farautar kasuwanci. Adadin dabbobi da yawa ana lalata su kowace shekara saboda nama mai ɗanɗano, da kuma fatu masu dumi da kyau. Don kurege mai ruwan kasa, kimanin girman harbi a tsakiyar hanya ya zama kusan 30%, kuma a cikin yankuna masu hawa - har zuwa 50% na jimlar dabbobin da ke da girman mutane 15-20 a cikin kadada 1000.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Zomo mai ruwan kasa gabaɗaya shine nau'in da aka fi sani, wanda jimillar adadin a cikin wasu shekaru ya kai mutane miliyan da yawa. Epizootics da rashin abinci na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri ga yawan adadin irin waɗannan dabbobi, amma yawan zomon launin ruwan kasa mafi ƙarancin damuwa ne a halin yanzu.
