Tailarfin guba ƙananan ƙananan ɓangare ne na babban tsari na amphibians, dangane da wanda aka yi amfani da kalmar da ba daidai ba ce "ƙwarƙwata masu guba".
Kayan aiki mai guba
Tailless suna wakiltar nau'in 6,000 na zamani, inda bambanci tsakanin kwadi da toads yana da matukar damuwa. Na farko yawanci ana fahimtar fata mai santsi, sannan na biyun kuma amphibians ne masu wart ba tare da jela ba, wanda sam ba gaskiya ba ne. Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun nace cewa wasu toads sun fi kusanci da kwaɗi fiye da sauran toads. Dukkanin amphibians marasa wutsiya waɗanda ke haifar da gubobi ana ɗaukarsu na farko da na guba masu wucewa, tunda an basu kayan aikin kariya tun daga haihuwa, amma basu da kayan aikin kai hari (haƙora / ƙaya).
A cikin toads, gland suprascapular tare da ɓoye mai guba (kowannensu ya ƙunshi 30-35 alveolar lobes) suna kan gefen kai, sama da idanu. Alveoli yana ƙarewa a cikin bututun da suka faɗaɗa har zuwa saman fata, amma ana rufe su da toshewa lokacin da toad ya huce.
Abin sha'awa. Girasar parotid tana dauke da kusan MG 70 na bufotoxin, wanda (lokacin da glande ke hakora da hakora) yana tura matosai daga cikin bututun, ya shiga cikin bakin maharin sannan ya shiga cikin fatar, yana haifar da mummunar buguwa.
Sanannen lamari shine lokacin da aka dasa shaho mai yunwa zaune a cikin keji tare da toad mai dafi. Tsuntsun ya kamo shi ya fara lekewa, amma da sauri ya bar ganimar ya ɓuya a wani lungu. A can ta zauna, ta yi ruf da ciki, ta mutu 'yan mintoci kaɗan.
Kwaɗi masu guba ba sa samar da gubobi da kansu, amma galibi suna samunsu daga cututtukan arthropods, tururuwa, ko ƙwaro. A cikin jiki, gubobi suna canzawa ko kuma basu canzawa ba (ya danganta da yanayin metabolism), amma kwadin ya rasa gubarsa da zarar ya daina cin irin wadannan kwari.
Menene guba a cikin kwadi
Mutane marasa ƙarfi suna ba da labari game da guba tare da launi mai jan hankali da gangan, wanda, da fatan samun ceto daga abokan gaba, ɗabi'un da ba masu guba ba ne suka sake hayayyafa. Gaskiya ne, akwai masu farauta (alal misali, babban salamander da ƙararren maciji) waɗanda ke cikin nutsuwa suna cinye amfaniya masu dafi ba tare da cutar da lafiyarsu ba.
Guba ta zama babbar barazana ga duk wata halitta mai rai wacce ba ta dace da ita ba, gami da mutane, wanda mafi kyawunsa ya zama cikin guba, kuma mafi munin - mutuwa. Yawancin amphibians marasa ƙarfi suna samar da guba ta asalin furotin (bufotoxin), wanda ke zama mai haɗari kawai a cikin wani sashi.
Haɗin sunadarai na guba, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya dogara da nau'in amphibian kuma ya haɗa da abubuwa daban-daban:
- hallucinogens;
- ma'aikatan jijiyoyi;
- fatar jiki;
- vasoconstrictors;
- sunadaran da ke lalata kwayoyin jini;
- cardiotoxins da sauransu.
Hakanan, abun da ke ciki an tantance shi ne ta hanyar kewayon da yanayin rayuwa na kwadi masu guba: waɗanda ke zaune da yawa a ƙasa suna da makamai masu guba akan masu cin ƙasar. Salon rayuwar ƙasa ya rinjayi gubar dafin toads - yana da rinjaye da cututtukan zuciya waɗanda ke lalata ayyukan zuciya.
Gaskiya. A cikin sirrin sabulu na toads, bam ɗin yana nan, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar erythrocytes. Itarjin dusar ƙanƙara yana fusata ƙwayoyin mucous na mutum, suna haifar da ciwon kai da sanyi. Berayen sun mutu bayan haɗiye bam ɗin a cikin kashi 400 mg / kg.
Duk da yawan guba da suke da shi, toads (da sauran mayuka masu guba) galibi suna karewa kan teburin sauran kwadi, macizai, wasu tsuntsaye da dabbobi. Crowwararrar Australiya ta ɗora da tokar aga a bayanta, ta kashe shi da bakinsa kuma ta ci, ta jefar da kansa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu dafi.
Guba na toad na Colorado ya ƙunshi 5-MeO-DMT (wani abu mai ƙarfi na psychotropic) da alkaloid bufotenine. Yawancin toads ba sa cutar dafinsu, wanda ba za a iya faɗi game da kwadi ba: ƙaramin ganye mai hawa kan iya sauka daga gubarsa idan ya ratsa cikin jiki ta hanyar karce.
A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, masana ilimin kimiyya daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta California sun sami kwaro a New Guinea da ke "ba da" kwadi da batrachotoxin. Idan aka sadu da kwaro ('yan asalin kasar suna kiranta Choresine), kunci da dushewar fata na bayyana. Bayan nazarin kusan ƙwaro 400, Amurkawa sun sami daban, gami da waɗanda ba a san su ba a baya, nau'ikan BTXs (batrachotoxins) a cikinsu.
Amfani da guba
A baya, an yi amfani da dusar ƙwarƙwara mai guba don amfaninta - don farautar farauta da lalata abokan gaba. Akwai guba da yawa (BTXs + homobatrachotoxin) da ke tattare a cikin fatar Ba'amurke mai hangen nesa da dodo kwado cewa ya isa ga kibiyoyi da yawa da za su iya kashe ko shanye manyan dabbobi. Mafarautan sun goge ƙirar a bayan amphibian kuma suna ciyar da kibau a cikin bindigogin. Bugu da kari, masana ilimin halitta sun kirga cewa dafin irin wannan kwado ya isa ya kashe beraye dubu 22.
A cewar wasu rahotanni, dafin toad-aga ya yi aiki a matsayin rawar magani na asali: ana lasa shi kawai daga fata ko shan taba, bayan bushe shi. A zamanin yau, masana ilimin kimiyyar halitta sun yanke hukunci cewa guba ta Bufo alvarius (toad Colorado) ta fi ƙarfin hallucinogen - yanzu ana amfani da ita don shakatawa.
Epibatidine sunan wani abu ne wanda aka samo a cikin batrachotoxin. Wannan maganin jin zafi ya fi ƙarfin morphine sau 200 kuma ba jaraba ba ne. Gaskiya ne, maganin warkewar cutar epibatidine ya kusa mutuwa.
Masana kimiyyar nazarin halittu sun raba peptide daga fata na amphibians marasa wutsiya wanda ke hana yaduwar kwayar cutar HIV (amma har yanzu ba a kammala wannan binciken ba).
Maganin guba na kwadi
A wannan zamani namu, masana kimiyya sun koyi hada maganin batrachotoxin, wanda bashi da kasa a cikin halayensa da na halitta, amma sun kasa samun maganin cutar. Saboda rashin ingantacciyar android, duk magudi tare da kwadi daɗa guba, musamman, tare da mummunan ganye mai hawa, dole ne suyi taka tsantsan. Dafin yana shafar zuciya, da juyayi da tsarin jijiyoyin jini, ta hanyar ratsawa / yankewa akan fata, don haka bai kamata a sarrafa ƙwaya mai guba da aka kama a daji da hannu ba.
Yankunan da kwaɗi masu dafi
Nuna kwaɗi (nau'ikan da yawa waɗanda ke samar da batrachotoxins) ana ɗaukarsu mai haɗari ga Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Wadannan kwaɗin masu guba suna rayuwa ne a dazukan da ke cikin ƙasashe kamar:
- Bolivia da Brazil;
- Venezuela da Guyana;
- Costa Rica da Colombia;
- Nicaragua da Suriname;
- Panama da Peru;
- Guiana ta Faransa;
- Ecuador.
A cikin yankuna guda kuma, an sami aga toad, an gabatar da shi ma a Ostiraliya, kudancin Florida (Amurka), Philippines, Caribbean da Pacific Islands. Toad na Colorado ya zauna a kudu maso yammacin Amurka da arewacin Mexico. Continentasashen Turai, gami da Rasha, mazaunan da ke da ƙarancin guba ne ke zaune - tafarnuwa gama gari, toads mai ja-ciki, koren toka da launin toka.
TOP 8 kwaɗi masu guba a duniya
Kusan dukkanin kwaɗi masu haɗari suna cikin dangin bishiyar bishiyar, wanda ya kunshi kusan nau'in 120. Saboda launi mai haske, suna son adana su a cikin akwatin kifaye, musamman tunda gubar da ke cikin amphibians ta ƙare a kan lokaci, yayin da suka daina cin kwari masu guba.
Mafi haɗari a cikin dangin gurnin guba mai guba, wanda ya haɗa jinsi 9, ana kiransu ƙananan (2-4 cm) kwaɗi daga jinsin masu hawa ganye da ke zaune a cikin Kolombiya na Kolombiya.
M mai hawan ganye (Latin Phyllobates terribilis)
Haskewar haske zuwa wannan ƙaramin gira 1 g yana ɗauke da guba mai haɗari, wanda ba abin mamaki bane ba - mai rarrafe ganye ɗaya yana samar da tog 500 na batrachotoxin. Kokoe (kamar yadda Aborigines suka kira ta), duk da launin lemun tsami mai haske, yana kama da kyau tsakanin shuke-shuke masu zafi.
Da yake sun sami kwadi, Indiyawan suna kwaikwayon kwalliyar sa sannan suka kama shi, suna mai da hankali kan kukan dawowa. Suna shafawa saman kibiyoyinsu da dafin maciji na ganye - abincin da abin ya shafa ya mutu daga kamuwa da numfashi saboda saurin aikin BTXs, wanda ke gurgunta ƙwayoyin numfashi. Kafin ɗaukar muguwar ganyen ganye a hannu, mafarautan suna nade su a cikin ganye.
Bicolor mai hawa hawa (Latin Phyllobates bicolor)
Yana zaune cikin gandun daji masu zafi na arewa maso yamma na Kudancin Amurka, galibi yammacin Colombia, kuma shine mai ɗauke da guba ta biyu mafi guba (bayan mummunan ganyen rarrafe). Hakanan ya ƙunshi batrachotoxin, kuma a cikin nauyin MG 150, ɓoyayyiyar ɓoye na ɓawo a jikin bishiyar da ke haifar da nakasar jijiyoyin numfashi sannan zuwa mutuwa.
Abin sha'awa. Waɗannan sune manyan wakilai na dart dart rana: mata suna girma zuwa 5-5.5 cm, maza - daga 4.5 zuwa 5. cm Launin jiki ya bambanta daga rawaya zuwa lemu, yana juyawa zuwa shuɗɗan shuɗi / baƙi a kan gabobin.
Zimmerman ta dart kwado (lat.Rititomeya variabilis)
Wataƙila mafi kyawun kwarjinin jinsi na Ranitomeya, amma ba mai cutarwa fiye da dangin ta na kusa. Ya yi kama da abin wasan yara, wanda aka lullubeshi jikinsa da fenti mai ɗanɗano mai haske kuma ƙafafuwan an yi masa zane mai launin shuɗi. Toucharshen taɓawa ɗigon baƙin fata ne masu haske waɗanda ke warwatse a cikin koren shuɗi da shuɗi.
Wadannan kyawawan kyawawan wurare ana samun su a cikin Tekun Amazon (yammacin Colombia), da kuma a gabashin ƙwanƙolin Andes a Ecuador da Peru. An yi amannar cewa duk kwadin guba mai guba yana da makiyi guda daya - wanda ba ya amsa gubarsu ta kowace hanya.
Dartaramin kwado (lat.Oophaga pumilio)
Haske mai haske mai haske har zuwa 1.7-2.4 cm a tsayi tare da baƙaƙen fata ko baƙar fata. Ciki ja ne, kasa-kasa, ja-shuɗi ko fari. Amhibians na manya suna ciyar da gizo-gizo da ƙananan kwari, gami da tururuwa, waɗanda ke ba da dafi ga ƙwayoyin fata na fata.
Launi mai kamawa yana yin ayyuka da yawa:
- sigina game da guba;
- yana ba da matsayi ga maza (mafi haske, mafi girman matsayi);
- bawa mata damar zabar abokan huldar alpha.
Froananan kwadi da ke zaune a cikin gandun daji daga Nicaragua zuwa Panama, tare da duk gabar tekun Caribbean na Amurka ta Tsakiya, wanda bai fi kilomita 0.96 sama da matakin teku ba.
Shuɗi mai guba na shuɗi (Latin Dendrobates azureus)
Wannan kyakkyawa (har zuwa 5 cm) kwadi bai cika da guba ba kamar mai hawa ganye mai banƙyama, amma gubarsa, haɗe da launi mai kaifin baki, abin dogaro yana tsoratar da duk abokan gaba. Bugu da kari, gamsai mai guba yana kare amphibian daga fungi da kwayoyin cuta.
Gaskiya. Okopipi (kamar yadda Indiyawa ke kira kwado) yana da shuɗi mai shuɗi mai ɗigon baki da ƙafafu shuɗi. Saboda matsakaicin zangonsa, wanda yankinsa ke raguwa bayan sare dazuzzuka dazuzzukan da ke kewaye da shi, an yi barazanar kashe kwado da shudi mai shuɗi.
Yanzu jinsin suna zaune a wani yanki mai iyaka kusa da Brazil, Guyana da Guiana ta Faransa. A kudu da Suriname, kwadin kwari mai ɗari mai shuɗi abu ne gama gari a ɗayan manyan gundumomi, Sipalivini, inda suke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka masu zafi da savannas.
Bicolor phyllomedusa (Latin Phyllomedusa bicolor)
Wannan babban kwaɗin kore daga gabar Amazon ɗin ba shi da alaƙa da ƙwarin guba mai guba, amma dangin Phyllomedusidae ne suka wakilta shi. Maza (9-10.5 cm) a al'adance sun fi na mata ƙanana, suna girma har zuwa 11-12 cm. Kowane ɗayan maza da mata suna da launi iri ɗaya - koren koren baya, cream ko farin ciki, yatsun launin ruwan kasa masu haske.
Bicolor phyllomedusa ba mai kisa bane kamar masu yawon ganye, amma mayuka masu guba suna ba da sakamako mai tasirin gaske kuma yana haifar da cututtukan ciki. Masu warkarwa daga kabilun Indiya suna amfani da busassun ƙura don kawar da cututtuka daban-daban. Hakanan, ana amfani da guba na phyllomedusa mai launuka biyu yayin fara samari daga ƙabilun yankin.
Golden Mantella (lat.Mantella aurantiaca)
Ana iya samun wannan kyakkyawar dabba mai daɗin gaske a wuri guda (tare da yanki kusan kilomita 10) a gabashin Madagascar. Jinsi na daga cikin dangin Mantella na dangin Mantella kuma, a cewar IUCN, ana barazanar bacewa, saboda yawan sare dazuzzuka na dazuzzuka masu zafi.
Gaskiya. Kwandon da ya balaga da jima'i, yawanci mace, yana girma zuwa cm 2.5, wasu samfuran suna faɗuwa har zuwa cm 3.1. Jajayen tabo wasu lokuta ana iya ganinsu a gefuna da cinyoyi. Cikin ciki yakan fi baya baya.
Yaran yara masu launin launin ruwan kasa ne masu guba kuma basu da guba ga wasu. Zinariyar Mantellae suna ɗaukar gubobi yayin da suka girma, suna shaye-shaye a cikin tururuwa da dabbobin da yawa. Haɗin da ƙarfin guba ya dogara da abinci / mazaunin, amma dole ya haɗa da mahaɗan sunadarai masu zuwa:
- allopumiliotoxin;
- pyrrolizidine;
- pumiliotoxin;
- quinolizidine;
- homopumiliotoxin;
- indolizidine, da dai sauransu
Haɗuwa da waɗannan abubuwan an tsara su ne don kare amphibian daga fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta, da kuma tsoratar da dabbobin da ke farautar su.
Toad mai jan ciki (lat.Bombina bombina)
Ba za a iya kwatanta gubarsa da ƙashin ƙugu daɗi mai guba ba. Matsakaicin abin da ke yiwa mutum barazana shine atishawa, hawaye da zafi lokacin da sirrin ya hau kan fatar. Amma a daya hannun, 'yan uwanmu suna da babbar damar haduwa da jan toka mai jan ciki fiye da yiwuwar takawa kwando, tunda ta zauna a Turai, ta fara daga Denmark da kudancin Sweden tare da kama Hungary, Austria, Romania, Bulgaria da Russia.
