Da zaran masana kimiyyar halitta basu sanya sunan pterodactyl ba (dinosaur mai tashi sama, kadangaru mai tashi, har ma da dodo mai tashi), sun yarda cewa shi ne farkon mai rarrafe mai fuka-fukai kuma, mai yuwuwa, kakannin tsuntsayen zamani.
Bayanin pterodactyl
Kalmar Latin Pterodactylus ya koma asalin Greek, wanda aka fassara shi da "yatsan fikaifikai": pterodactyl ya sami wannan suna ne daga yatsan ƙafafun ƙafafun na huɗu mai ƙarfi wanda ya haɗu, wanda aka haɗa reshen fata da shi. Pterodactyl yana cikin almara / suborder, wanda wani bangare ne na babban tsari na pterosaurs, kuma ana ɗaukarsa ba kawai farkon pterosaur ɗin da aka bayyana ba, har ma da mafi ƙarancin ambaton jirgin sama da aka ambata a tarihin ilimin tarihin rayuwar dabbobi.
Bayyanar, girma
Pterodactyl baiyi kama da dabbobi masu rarrafe ba kamar tsuntsu mai kaifin baki mai dauke da katon baka (kamar na dorin ciki) da manyan fikafukai... Pterodactylus antiquus (na farko kuma sanannen nau'in da aka gano) bai zama mai girman girma ba - fikafikansa yakai mita 1. Sauran nau'ikan pterodactyls, a cewar masana binciken kasusuwan tarihi wadanda suka binciko sama da burbushin 30 (cikakkun kwarangwal da gutsuttsura), sun ma fi kankanta. Babbar fasahar dijital tana da doguwar sirara mai kauri, tare da kunkuntar, madaidaiciyar jaws, inda haƙoran allura masu banƙyama suka tsiro (masu bincike sun kirga 90).
Manyan hakora sun kasance a gaba kuma a hankali suka zama ƙarami zuwa maƙogwaro. Kwanyar kai da muƙamuƙan na pterodactyl (ya bambanta da nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa) sun miƙe kuma ba su karkata sama. Kan ya zauna a kan mai sassauƙa, mai tsawo, inda babu hakarkarin mahaifa, amma ana lura da ƙananan mahaifa. An kawata bayan kai da babban dutsen fata, wanda ya girma yayin da pterodactyl ya balaga. Duk da girman girman su, fuka-fukan dijital sun tashi da kyau - an samar da wannan damar ta kasusuwa masu haske da marato, wanda aka hada fukafukai masu fadi a ciki.
Mahimmanci! Fukafukan sun kasance babban fata na fata (kama da fikafikan jemage), an kafa shi a yatsan na huɗu da ƙashin wuyan hannu. Limafusukan baya (tare da ƙasusuwa waɗanda suka haɗu da ƙananan ƙafa) sun kasance ba su da tsayi a kan na gaba, inda rabi ya faɗi a yatsan na huɗu wanda yake da kambi mai tsayi.
Yatsun da ke yawo sun ninka, kuma membrane din fukafikin ya kunshi siraran, tsokoki da ke rufe fata da goyan bayan keratin ridges a waje da kuma ƙwayoyin collagen a ciki. Jikin pterodactyl an lullubeshi da haske zuwa ƙasa kuma ya ba da alama kusan mara nauyi ne (a kan asalin fukafukai masu ƙarfi da babban kai). Gaskiya ne, ba duk masu sake kunnawa suke nuna pterodactyl tare da kunkuntar jiki ba - misali, Johann Hermann (1800) ya zana shi sosai.
Ra'ayoyi sun banbanta game da wutsiya: wasu masana binciken burbushin halittu sun hakikance cewa asalinta karami ne sosai kuma bai taka wata rawa ba, yayin da wasu ke magana game da kyakkyawar wutsiyar da ta ɓace yayin aiwatar da juyin halitta. Mabiya ka'idar ta biyu suna magana ne game da wajibcin wutsiya, wanda pterodactyl ya sarrafa a cikin iska - juyawa, nan take yake sauka ko kuma saurin tashi. Masana ilimin halittu sun "zargi" kwakwalwa game da mutuwar jelar, ci gabanta ya haifar da raguwa da ɓacewar aikin jelar.
Hali da salon rayuwa
An rarraba Pterodactyls azaman dabbobi masu tsari sosai, suna ba da shawarar cewa sun jagoranci salon rayuwar yau da kullun da kuma banbanci. Har yanzu ana takaddama kan ko pterodactyls na iya kada fikafikansu da kyau, yayin da shawagi kyauta ba a cikin shakku - iska mai ɗimbin yawa yana tallafawa membobin ƙwanƙolin ƙafa na fikafikan da aka miƙa. Wataƙila, fikafikan yatsun hannu sun mallaki ƙirar gyaran jirgin sama, wanda har yanzu ya bambanta da na tsuntsayen zamani. Ta hanyar tashi, pterodactyl mai yiwuwa ya yi kama da albatross, yana fuka fukafukinsa a cikin gajeren baka, amma yana gujewa motsin kwatsam.
Jirgin saman kyauta ya katse jirgin na lokaci-lokaci. Yakamata kawai kayi la'akari da cewa albatross bashi da doguwar wuya da katuwar kai, wannan shine dalilin da yasa hoton motsinsa ba zai iya dacewa da 100% na jirgin pterodactyl ba. Wani batun da ake taƙaddama (tare da ƙungiyoyi biyu na abokan hamayya) shine ko yana da sauƙi pterodactyl ya tashi daga shimfidar ƙasa. Sansanin farko ba shi da shakku cewa kadangare mai fika-fikai yana iya tashi daga wani wuri daidai, gami da saman teku.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Abokan hamayyarsu sun dage cewa pterodactyl yana buƙatar wani tsayi (dutse, dutse ko bishiya) don farawa, inda ya hau tare da ƙafafunsa masu ƙarfi, ya ture, ya nitse, ya baje fikafikansa, sannan kawai sai ya ruga da sauri.
Gabaɗaya, yatsan-yatsan ya hau da kyau a kan kowane tsauni da bishiyoyi, amma a hankali kuma a hankali yana tafiya a ƙasa mai sauƙi: fukafukai da aka lanƙwasa da yatsun hannu da suka yi aiki a matsayin mara taimako mara kyau sun tsangwame shi.
An ba da iyo sosai - membran ɗin da ke ƙafafu sun zama ƙura, godiya ga abin da ƙaddamarwa take da sauri da inganci... Kaifin hangen nesa ya taimaka da sauri don kewaya yayin neman ganima - pterodactyl ya ga inda ɗakunan makarantun kifayen ke motsawa. Af, a cikin sama ne pterodactyls suka sami kwanciyar hankali, wannan shine dalilin da yasa suke bacci (kamar jemagu) a cikin iska: tare da kawunansu ƙasa, suna riƙe da reshe / dutsen da ƙafafunsu.
Tsawon rayuwa
La'akari da cewa pterodactyls dabbobi ne masu ɗumi-ɗumi (kuma mai yiwuwa kakannin tsuntsayen yau), yakamata a lissafa tsawon rayuwarsu ta hanyar kwatankwacin rayuwar tsuntsayen zamani, daidai suke da girman nau'in da ya shuɗe. A wannan yanayin, yakamata ku dogara da bayanai akan gaggafa ko ungulu da ke rayuwa tsawon 20-40, wani lokacin kuma shekaru 70.
Tarihin ganowa
An samo kwarangwal na farko na pterodactyl a cikin Jamus (ƙasar Bavaria), ko kuma a'a, a cikin sandunan dutse na Solnhofen, wanda yake nesa da Eichshtet.
Tarihin yaudara
A cikin 1780, an saka ragowar dabbar da ba a san kimiyya ba a cikin tarin Count Friedrich Ferdinand, kuma bayan shekaru huɗu, Cosmo-Alessandro Collini, masanin tarihin Faransa kuma sakataren ma'aikatan Voltaire ya bayyana su. Collini ya kula da sashen tarihin halitta (Naturalienkabinett), wanda aka buɗe a fadar Charles Theodore, zaɓaɓɓen Bavaria. Burbushin halittar an san shi azaman farkon binciken da aka samu na duka pterodactyl (a cikin kunkuntar hankali) da kuma pterosaur (a dunkule.)
Yana da ban sha'awa! Akwai wani kwarangwal da ke da'awar shi ne na farko - wanda ake kira "samfurin Pester", wanda aka tsara a cikin 1779. Amma wadannan ragowar da farko an danganta su ga wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan crustaceans.
Collini, wanda ya fara bayanin baje kolin daga Naturalienkabinett, ba ya son gane dabba mai tashi a cikin pterodactyl (da taurin kai ga kin kamannin jemage da tsuntsaye), amma ya nace kan mallakar nasa dabbobin ruwa. Ka'idar dabbobin ruwa, pterosaurs, an sami tallafi na wani dan lokaci.
A cikin 1830, wata kasida da masanin kimiyyar dabbobin nan na Jamus Johann Wagler ya bayyana game da wasu 'yan amshin shaya, an kara su da hoton pterodactyl, wanda aka yi amfani da fukafukinsa a matsayin flippers. Wagler ya ci gaba kuma ya haɗa da pterodactyl (tare da sauran dabbobin ruwa) a cikin wani aji na musamman "Gryphi", wanda ke tsakanin dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye..
Harshen Hermann
Masanin binciken dabbobi na Faransa Jean Herman ya hango cewa pterodactyl yana buƙatar yatsan na huɗu don riƙe membrane ɗin reshe. Bugu da kari, a lokacin bazara na 1800 Jean Hermann ne ya sanar da masanin halittar Faransa Georges Cuvier cewa akwai ragowar (wanda Collini ya bayyana), yana tsoron cewa sojojin Napoleon za su kai su Paris. Wasikar, wacce aka aike wa Cuvier, ta kuma kunshi fassarar marubucin game da burbushin, tare da zane - zanen baki da fari na wata halitta tare da bude, zagaye fuka-fuki, tana shimfidawa daga yatsan zobe zuwa idon sawun.
Dangane da yanayin jemagu, Herman ya sanya membrane tsakanin wuya da wuyan hannu, duk da cewa babu gutsutsuren membrane / gashi a cikin samfurin kanta. Herman ba shi da damar da kansa ya binciko ragowar, amma ya danganta dabbobin da suka mutu ga dabbobi masu shayarwa. Gabaɗaya, Cuvier ya yarda da fassarar hoton da Hermann ya gabatar, kuma, a baya ya rage shi, a lokacin hunturu na 1800 har ma ya wallafa bayanan sa. Gaskiya ne, ba kamar Hermann ba, Cuvier ya zana dabbobin da suka mutu a matsayin mai rarrafe.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin 1852, tagulla pterodactyl ya kamata ya kawata wani lambun shuke-shuke a Faris, amma ba zato ba tsammani aka soke aikin. Duk da haka an girka mutum-mutumin na pterodactyls, amma bayan shekaru biyu (1854) kuma ba a Faransa ba, amma a Ingila - a cikin Crystal Palace, an gina shi a Hyde Park (London).
Mai suna pterodactyl
A shekara ta 1809, jama'a sun fahimci cikakken kwatankwacin kadangare daga Cuvier, inda ya baiwa sunan farko na kimiyya Ptero-Dactyle, wanda aka samo daga asalin Girkanci πτερο (reshe) da δάκτυλος (yatsa). A lokaci guda, Cuvier ya lalata tunanin Johann Friedrich Blumenbach game da jinsunan tsuntsayen bakin teku. A layi daya, ya bayyana cewa sojojin Faransa ba su kama burbushin ba, amma suna hannun masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Jamus Samuel Thomas Semmering. Ya binciki ragowar har sai da ya karanta wata takarda da ta zo a ranar 12/31/1810, wacce ke magana a kan bacewar su, kuma tuni a cikin watan Janairun 1811 Semmering ya sake tabbatar wa Cuvier cewa abin da aka gano din yana nan lafiya.
A shekarar 1812, Bajamushe din ya gabatar da nasa laccar, inda ya bayyana dabbar a matsayin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin tsakanin jemage da tsuntsu, ya ba shi suna Ornithocephalus antiquus (tsoho mai kan tsuntsu).
Cuvier ya ki amincewa da Semmering a cikin wani labarin karya, yana mai ikirarin cewa ragowar na mallakar dabbobi ne masu rarrafe. A cikin 1817, na biyu, ƙaramin samfurin pterodactyl an gano shi a cikin ajiyar Solnhofen, wanda (saboda gajeren hancinsa) Sömmering da ake kira Ornithocephalus brevirostris.
Mahimmanci! Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, a cikin 1815, masanin ilimin dabbobi na Amurka Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, bisa ayyukan Georges Cuvier, ya ba da shawarar amfani da kalmar Pterodactylus don nuna jinsi.
Tuni a zamaninmu, duk abubuwan da aka sani an bincika su sosai (ta amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban), kuma an buga sakamakon binciken a cikin 2004. Masana kimiyya sun cimma matsaya akan cewa nau'ikan pterodactyl daya ne kawai - Pterodactylus antiquus.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Pterodactyls ya bayyana a ƙarshen zamanin Jurassic (shekaru miliyan 152.1-150.8 da suka wuce) kuma ya ɓace kimanin shekaru miliyan 145 da suka gabata, tuni a cikin zamanin Cretaceous. Gaskiya ne, wasu masana tarihi sunyi imani cewa ƙarshen Jurassic ya faru bayan shekaru miliyan 1 (144 miliyan da suka wuce), wanda ke nufin cewa kadangaru mai tashi ya rayu kuma ya mutu a zamanin Jurassic.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yawancin burbushin burbushin an samo su a cikin dutsen Solnhofen (Jamus), ƙasa da yankin wasu jihohin Turai da wasu nahiyoyi uku (Afirka, Ostiraliya da Amurka).
Abubuwan da aka samo sun nuna cewa pterodactyls sun kasance gama gari a duk duniya.... An samo gutsutsuren kwarangwal pterodactyl ko da a Rasha, a bankunan Volga (2005)
Abincin Pterodactyl
Sake dawo da rayuwar yau da kullun na pterodactyl, masana binciken burbushin halittu sun yanke hukunci game da kasancewarta ba gaggawa cikin teku da koguna, cike da kifi da sauran halittun da suka dace da ciki. Godiya ga idanunta masu kwazo, kadangare mai tashi daga nesa ya lura da yadda makarantun kifi ke wasa a cikin ruwa, kadangaru da kuma 'yan amshi da ke rarrafe, inda halittun ruwa da manyan kwari ke buya.
Babban abincin pterodactyl shine kifi, karami da babba, ya dogara da shekaru / girman mafarautan kansa. Pterodactyl da ke fama da yunwa ya shirya zuwa saman tafkin kuma ya fizge wanda ba a kula da shi ba tare da dogayen muƙamuƙansa, daga inda kusan ba zai yiwu a fita ba - an riƙe shi da haƙoran haƙoran kaifi.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Tafiya zuwa gida, pterodactyls, azaman dabbobin zamantakewar jama'a, sun ƙirƙiri yankuna da yawa. Gidajen da aka gina kusa da jikkunan ruwa na ruwa, galibi akan tsaunukan bakin teku. Masana ilimin halittu sun ba da shawarar cewa dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da alhakin haifuwa, sannan kuma kula da zuriya, ciyar da kajin da kifi, koyar da dabarun tashi, da sauransu.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Megalodon (lat.Carcharodon megalodon)
Makiya na halitta
Pterodactyls daga lokaci zuwa lokaci ya zama ganima ga tsoffin mahauta, na ƙasa da na fuka-fukai... Daga cikin na karshen, akwai kuma dangi na pterodactyl, ramphorhynchia (pterosaurs mai dogon lokaci). Saukowa zuwa ƙasa, pterodactyls (saboda jinkirinsu da kasala) sun zama sauƙin ganima ga dinosaur masu cin nama. Barazanar ta fito ne daga manya-manyan compsognaths (karamin dinosaur) da kuma daga dinosaur kamar kadangaru (theropods).
