Unicorn yana nan, amma ba ya rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka na tatsuniya, amma a cikin ruwan sanyi na Arctic, kuma sunansa narwhal. Wannan haƙoran haƙora yana ɗauke da daman ƙaho madaidaiciya (tusk), sau da yawa daidai yake da rabin tsayin jikinsa mai ƙarfi.
Bayanin Narwhal
Monodon monoceros na dangin narwhal ne, kasancewar shi kadai ne jinsin halittar narwhals... Baya ga shi, dangin narwhals (Monodontidae) sun haɗa da bahaushe masu ƙira da halaye da halaye masu kama da jiki.
Bayyanar
Narwhal yana da kamanceceniya tare da beluga whale ba kawai girman / siffar jiki ba - duka whale basu da dorsal fin, fints pectoral fins and ... cubs (the beluga whale tana haifar da darka bluean shuɗi masu duhu waɗanda suka zama farare yayin da suka girma). Babban narwhal ya girma har zuwa 4.5 m tare da nauyin tan 2-3. Ketologists sun tabbatar da cewa wannan ba shine iyaka ba - idan kun yi sa'a, zaku iya samun samfurin mita 6.
Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nauyi mai-mai ne, kuma layin mai kansa (wanda ke kare dabba daga sanyi) ya kai kimanin cm 10. An saita ƙaramin kai mara kyau a wuyan da yake furtawa mai rauni: matashin kai na spermaceti, wanda yake ɗan ratayewa a saman muƙamuƙin, yana da alhakin zagaye gaba ɗaya na abin da aka fayyace. Bakin narwhal dan karami ne, kuma leben sama na dan hade da lebban kasan mai nama, wanda gaba daya bashi da hakora.
Mahimmanci! Narwhal za a iya ɗaukar shi gaba ɗaya mara haƙori, in ba don haƙoran haƙori biyu da aka samo a saman muƙamuƙin ba. Cutayan dama an yanke shi da wuya sosai, na hagu kuma ya zama sanannen hauren mita 2-3, an karkace shi zuwa karkace ta hagu.
Duk da kyawunsa da nauyinsa (har zuwa kilogiram 10), hauren yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma yana da sassauƙa - ƙarshenta yana iya lanƙwasa 0.3 m ba tare da barazanar karyewa ba. Kodayake, hauren haushin wani lokaci suna fasawa kuma ba sa yin girma, kuma hanyoyin hakoran suna da ƙarfi a rufe da ƙashi. Matsayi na ƙarewar dorsal ana buga shi ta ƙananan (har zuwa 5 cm) na fata mai laushi (0.75 m tsayinsa), wanda yake kan ƙwanƙolin ƙarancin baya. Abubuwan da ke cikin narwhal suna da fadi, amma gajeru.
Balagagge mai narwhal wanda ya balaga ya banbanta da dangi na kusa (beluga whale) ta hanyar launinsa mai haske. A kan haske na gaba ɗaya na jiki (a kai, gefuna da bayanta), akwai wurare masu duhu da yawa waɗanda ba su dace ba har zuwa 5 cm a diamita. Gilashin sau da yawa suna yin kwalliya, musamman a kan babba / wuya da kwalliyar kwalliya, ƙirƙirar wurare masu duhu iri ɗaya. Matasan narwhal yawanci suna da ƙarfi - shuɗi-shuɗi, baƙi-toka ko slate.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Narwhals dabbobi ne na zamantakewar al'umma waɗanda ke samar da manyan garkunan dabbobi. Mafi yawan al'ummomin sun kunshi cikakkun maza, yara kanana da mata, da kanana - na mata masu 'yan maruƙa ko mazan da suka manyanta. A cewar masana kimiyyar kodin, kafin narwhals din sun yi tururuwa cikin dimbin garken dabbobi, wadanda yawansu ya kai mutane dubu da yawa, amma yanzu adadin kungiyar ba kasafai ya wuce daruruwa ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A lokacin bazara, narwhals (ba kamar belugas ba) sun fi son kasancewa cikin ruwa mai zurfi, kuma a lokacin sanyi suna zama a cikin polynyas. Lokacin da aka rufe na biyun da kankara, maza sukan yi amfani da duwawu da hakora masu ƙarfi, suna fasa ɓawon kankara (har zuwa 5 cm a kauri).
Daga gefe, saurin narwhals masu ban sha'awa suna da ban sha'awa - suna ci gaba da juna, suna yin aiki tare. Waɗannan kifayen kifayen ba su da kyan gani a lokacin hutu: suna kwance a saman teku, suna jagorantar ƙuƙummai masu ban sha'awa gaba ko zuwa sama. Narwhals suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai kankara da ke makwabtaka da kankara Arctic kuma suna neman ƙaura zuwa yanayi bisa ga motsawar kankara mai iyo.
A lokacin sanyi, Whale sukan koma kudu, kuma a lokacin bazara sukan yi ƙaura zuwa arewa.... Bayan iyakokin ruwan polar da ke ƙasa da 70 ° C. sh., narwhals suna fitowa ne kawai a cikin hunturu kuma suna da wuya sosai. Lokaci-lokaci, maza kan tsallake kahonsu, wanda masana keto ke daukar su a matsayin wata hanya ta 'yantar da hauren daga ci gaban kasashen waje. Narwhals sun san yadda ake magana kuma suke yin ta da yardar rai, fitar da (gwargwadon lokacin) ihu, raguwa, dannawa, bushe-bushe har ma da nishi tare da nishi.
Har yaushe narwhal ke rayuwa
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun gamsu cewa narwhals suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin su na aƙalla rabin karni (har zuwa shekaru 55). A cikin fursuna, jinsin bai sami asali ba kuma baya haihuwa: narwhal da aka kama bai wuce wata 4 ba cikin kamuwa. Don adana narwhal a cikin tafkunan roba, bawai kawai ya cika girma ba, amma har ma yana da kyau, saboda yana buƙatar sigogin ruwa na musamman.
Jima'i dimorphism
Bambanci tsakanin maza da mata za'a iya gano su, da farko, a cikin girma - mata sun fi ƙanƙanta kuma ba safai suke kusan ɗaukar nauyi ba, suna samun kusan 900 kg. Amma bambancin na asali ya ta'allaka ne a cikin haƙoran, ko kuma, a cikin haƙori na hagu na sama, wanda ya huda leɓen na sama na namiji kuma ya tsiro da mita 2-3, yana juyawa cikin matattarar matattarar ruwa.
Mahimmanci! An ɓoye haƙoran dama (a cikin duka jinsi biyu) a cikin gumis, suna ci gaba da wuya sosai - a cikin alamari na 1 cikin 500. Bugu da ƙari, wani lokacin ƙwanƙolin dogaye yakan shiga cikin mace. Mafarauta sun haɗu da narwhal mace tare da hauren hazo (dama da hagu).
Koyaya, masana ketologists sun danganta hauren ga halaye na jima'i na maza, amma har yanzu akwai muhawara game da ayyukanta. Wasu masana kimiyyar halittu sun yi amannar cewa maza suna amfani da haurensu a cikin wasannin jima'i, jawo abokan tarayya ko auna ƙarfi tare da masu fafatawa (a yanayi na biyu, narwhals suna goge haurensu).
Sauran amfani da hauren hauren sun hada da:
- kwanciyar hankali na jiki (kare shi daga juyawa tare da axis) yayin yin iyo tare da zagaye na zagaye na ƙarancin caudal;
- samar da iskar oxygen ga sauran membobin garken, an hana su ƙaho - tare da taimakon hauren giwa, maza sun fasa kankara, suna ƙirƙirar iska ga dangi;
- yin amfani da hauren a matsayin kayan farauta, wanda aka dauki hotunansa ta hanyar bidiyo wanda kwararru daga Sashen Binciken Wuta na WWF suka gudanar a shekarar 2017;
- kariya daga makiya na halitta.
Bugu da ƙari, a cikin 2005, saboda binciken da ƙungiyar Martin Nweeia ta jagoranta, an tabbatar da cewa hauren narwhal wani nau'i ne na ji. An bincika naman kashin hauren giwar a karkashin wata madubin lantarki kuma an gano miliyoyin kananan hanyoyin da ke hade da jijiyoyin sun shiga cikinsa. Masana ilimin halittu sun yi tunanin cewa hauren narwhal yana amsa canje-canje a yanayin zafin jiki da matsin lamba, sannan kuma yana tantance yawan ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar a cikin ruwan teku.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Narwhal yana zaune a Arewacin Atlantic, haka kuma yana cikin Tekun Kara, Chukchi da Barents, waɗanda ake kira da Tekun Arctic. An samo shi musamman a kusa da Greenland, tsibirin Kanada da Spitsbergen, da kuma a arewacin tsibirin arewacin Novaya Zemlya da kuma gefen gabar Franz Josef Land.
An san Narwhals a matsayin mafi arewacin duk cetaceans, saboda suna rayuwa tsakanin 70 ° zuwa 80 ° arewa latitude. A lokacin bazara, ƙauraran arewacin narwhal sun kai har zuwa 85 ° N. sh., a lokacin hunturu akwai ziyarar kudu - zuwa Netherlands da Burtaniya, Tsibirin Bering, Farin Tekun da kuma gabar Murmansk.
Mazaunan gargajiya na jinsunan sune ramuka masu kankara da ba a daskarewa a tsakiyar Arctic, wanda ba safai ake rufe shi da kankara ba hatta a mafi tsananin hunturu.... Wadannan oats tsakanin kankara basu canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara, kuma mafi ban mamaki daga cikinsu an basu sunayensu. Daya daga cikin sanannun, Babban Siberian Polynya, yana kusa da Tsibirin New Siberia. An san polynyas na dindindin a gabar gabashin gabashin Taimyr, Franz Josef Land da Novaya Zemlya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ringaran Arctic na rayuwa - wannan shine suna don jerin sassan ruwa mara daskarewa wanda ya haɗa polynyas na dindindin (mazaunan gargajiya na narwhals).
Hijirar dabbobi saboda sanyin farko ne / komawar kankara. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan kifayen whale na arewa suna da iyakantaccen iyaka, saboda sun fi son mazaunin su. Sun fi son zurfin ruwa, suna shiga bays / fjords a lokacin rani kuma da wuya su tashi daga kankara mai daskarewa. Yawancin narwhals yanzu suna zaune ne a cikin Davis Strait, da Greenland Sea da kuma Baffin Sea, amma yawancin mutane suna rubuce a arewa maso yamma na Greenland da kuma cikin ruwan gabashin Kanada Arctic.
Abincin Narwhal
Idan abin farautar (kifin na ƙasa) ya ɓuya a ƙasan, narwhal zai fara aiki da ƙugiya don tsoratar da shi kuma ya tashi.
Abincin narwhal ya hada da yawancin ruwan teku:
- cephalopods (gami da squid);
- kayan kwalliya;
- kifi;
- cod;
- herring;
- yawo da halibut;
- haskoki da gobies.
Narwhal ya saba da tsawan zama a karkashin ruwa, wanda yake amfani dashi a lokacin farautar, yayi ruwa na dogon lokaci zuwa zurfin kilomita.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Ba a san da yawa game da yaduwar narwhals ba saboda takamaiman mazauninsu. Ketologists sunyi imanin cewa mata suna haihuwa kowace shekara uku, suna ɗaukar yara fiye da watanni 15. Lokacin saduwa yana farawa daga Maris zuwa Mayu, kuma saduwa tana faruwa a tsaye, lokacin da abokan hulɗa suka juya cikin cikinsu. An haifi zuriyar ne a watan Yuli - Agusta na shekara mai zuwa.
Mace na haihuwar ɗa, da wuya - ofa couplean sa ,an biyu, wanda ke barin wutsiyar mahaifar mahaifar da farko... Jariri yana da nauyin kilo 80 tare da tsayin 1.5-1.7 m kuma nan da nan yana da mai na subcutaneous mai 25 mm. Thea cuban suna ciyar da nonon uwa har na tsawon watanni 20, haka ɗan kulo na beluga whale. Balaga a cikin kananan dabbobi yakan faru ne daga shekara 4 zuwa 7, lokacin da mace ta kai 4 m tare da nauyin tan 0.9, kuma miji ya kai zuwa 4.7 m tare da nauyin tan 1.6.
Makiya na halitta
A cikin daji, manyan kifayen kifi whales da polar bears ne kawai ke iya ma'amala da babbar narwhal. Manyan kifayen ruwa suna afkawa narwhals na girma. Kari kan haka, ana fuskantar barazanar lafiyar narwhals ta ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙugiya da kwarkwata. Jerin abokan gaba suma yakamata su hada da mutumin da yayi farautar kifin whale na arewa don haurensa masu ban mamaki. 'Yan kasuwa sun yi fataucin buda daga ƙaho mai karko, wanda mazaunan suka danganta da abubuwan al'ajabi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kakanninmu sun gamsu da cewa hoda mai yaƙar kowane rauni, kuma yana magance zazzaɓi, rauni na baƙin, rashawa, zazzaɓi, annoba da cizon maciji.
Hauren narwhal ya fi zinariya tsada, shi ya sa aka sayar da shi gunduwa-gunduwa. Duk masu hannu da shuni ne kawai za su iya saya, kamar su Elizabeth I ta Ingila, wacce ta ba fam dubu 10 don ita. Kuma masarautar masarautun Faransa sun yi amfani da hauren, suna bincika abincin da aka bayar don kasancewar guba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Ko da Lissafin IUCN, wanda ya ce game da kifaye dubu 170 (ban da yawan mutanen Arctic na Rasha da Northeast Greenland), bai ba da cikakken adadi ga yawan mutanen narwhals na duniya ba. An gano abubuwan da ke zuwa a matsayin babbar barazana ga waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa:
- ma'adinai na masana'antu;
- takaita wadatar abinci;
- gurɓatar teku;
- bacewar kankara a teku;
- cututtuka.
Duk da cewa narwhal kusan bai zama abun kamun kifi na kasuwanci ba (sai dai shekaru da yawa a cikin karni na 20, lokacin da aka girbe shi sosai a cikin Arctic na Kanada), gwamnatin Kanada ta gabatar da matakan ƙuntatawa na musamman a cikin karnin da ya gabata.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hukumomin Kanada sun hana kashe mata (tare da maruƙa), sun sanya jadawalin kamun narwhal a muhimman wurare, kuma suka umarci mahautan da su watsar da dabbobin da aka kama.
A yau, wasu al'ummomin asalin cikin Greenland da Kanada suna farautar narwhals.... A nan, ana cin nama ko ciyar da shi ga karnuka, ana cika fitilu da kitse, ana saka hanji a igiyoyi, ana amfani da hauren giwa don abubuwan tunawa. Vulnearin fuskantar matsalar yanayin halittar ya samo asali ne saboda biyayyar da take yi wa yankuna bakin teku, inda narwhals ke dawowa duk lokacin bazara. An rubuta Narwhal a cikin Shafi na II na Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta inasashen Waje a Cutar Dabbobin da Ke Haɗari (CITES).
