Frogs (Rana) suna ne wanda aka saba amfani dashi kuma ya yadu wanda ya haɗu da dukkanin rukunin dabbobi waɗanda suke cikin tsari Tahiless amphibians. A ma'ana mai fadi, wannan kalmar ana amfani da ita ga duk wakilan da ke cikin tsarin Tailless, kuma a cikin karamar ma'ana, sunan ya shafi Iyalan kwadi na Gaskiya ne kawai.
Bayanin kwadi
Tabbas duk wakilan kwadi ana rarrabe su ne ta hanyar rashin bayyananniyar wuya, kuma kan irin wadannan dabbobin na amphibian suna da alama suna girma tare da gajere kuma mai fadi. Rashin cikakken wutsiya a cikin kwadi yana nuna kai tsaye da sunan oda, wanda ke haɗa dukkanin amphibians. Ya kamata a sani cewa kwadi suna da hangen nesa na musamman, saboda haka basa rufe idanunsu yayin bacci, sannan kuma suna iya kallon lokaci guda, sama da gefe.
Bayyanar
Kwarin na da babban kai da fadi, a gefenta kuma idanuwa ne masu bullowa... Tare da sauran kashin baya na duniya, kwadi suna da fatar ido na sama da ƙananan. Ana samun membrane mai ƙyalƙyali a ƙarƙashin ƙasan ido na amphibian, wanda ake kira "ƙirar ido ta uku". Bayan idanun amphibian akwai wani yanki na musamman wanda aka lullubeshi da siririn fata, wanda ake kira da kunnuwa. Hanciya biyu tare da bawul na musamman suna sama da babbar baki mai ƙananan hakora.
Hannun goshin kwadon suna da alamun kasancewar yatsun kafa huɗu ba gajeru ba. Legsafafu na baya na dabba suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da kyau, sanye take da yatsu biyar, sararin da ke tsakaninsa yana da matsi na musamman ta membra na fata. Usoshin hannu ba su nan gaba ɗaya a yatsun dabbar. Angare guda na mafita yana cikin yankin na baya na jikin kwado kuma abin da ake kira buɗewar cloacal ne yake wakilta. Jikin kwadon an lullubeshi da fata mara kyau, wanda aka shafa mai ƙamshi da gamsai na musamman, wanda yawancin gland na musamman na dabba suka ɓoye shi sosai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Girman kwadin ya dogara da nau'ikan, saboda haka kwaɗin Turai galibi ba ya wuce ɗari ɗaya, kuma kwaɗin Goliath na Afirka nau'ikan masu riƙe da bayanai ne game da girma, saboda haka, lokacin da suke rabin mita, suna da nauyin kilogram da yawa.
Girman ƙwarjin manya ya bambanta da kyau dangane da nau'in, amma galibi yakan bambanta tsakanin 0.8-32 cm. Launin fatar kuma yana da banbanci sosai kuma yana iya zama launin ruwan kasa, rawaya, kore ko launuka dabam dabam. Yawancin membobin gidan sun gwammace su ɓad da kansu kamar ciyawar ciyawa, ganye ko rassan rassa, saboda haka suna da fata ta halaye masu launin kore, launin toka da launin toka-kore.
Mun kuma bayar da shawarar: yadda kwado ya bambanta da ɗawainiya
Launin yaki, a ka’ida, yana nuna guba da kwado, wanda aka bayyana shi da kasancewar gland na musamman a fatar da ke samar da abubuwa masu guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar mutum ko dabba. Wasu kwadi suna yin kwaikwayonsu cikin sauƙi, suna kwaikwayon amphibians masu haɗari don tserewa daga abokan gaba.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Kwaɗi suna iya tafiya daidai a kan ƙasa, tare da yin tsalle-tsalle cikin sauƙi, hawa rawanin dogayen bishiyoyi da haƙa ramuka a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Wasu nau'ikan suna da halin ƙwarewa ba kawai don yin iyo daidai ba, har ma da gudu, tafiya, saurin hawa bishiyoyi har ma da saurin tafiya daga tsayi.
Wani abin ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa na kwadi shine shaƙar oxygen ta cikin fata. Ana aiwatar da wannan aikin cikin nasara cikin ƙasa ko cikin ruwa, wanda dabbar ta kasance ga nau'in amphibians. Koyaya, kwaɗin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na Turai, sananne sosai a cikin ƙasarmu, suna zuwa ga jikin ruwa kawai yayin lokacin haifuwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Alamar aiki ga nau'ikan jinsuna daban-daban da rabe-rabe sun banbanta matuka, don haka ɗayan waɗannan masu masifa sun fi son farauta ne kawai cikin dare, amma akwai wakilai masu haske waɗanda ba sa gajiya duk tsawon sa'o'i ashirin da huɗu a rana.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce huhu sun zama dole don kwaɗi don yin sautuka masu ƙarfi da na musamman, wanda ake kira croaking.... Bubba da sautin sauti suna taimaka wa amphibian samar da sautin da ya fi fadi, wanda galibi ake amfani da shi don jan hankalin kishiyar jinsi yayin kiwo.
Lokaci-lokaci, kwadagon da ke girma suna zubar da fatarsu, wacce ba wata aba ce da ke da muhimmanci ga rayuwar dabbar amphibian ba, sannan kuma su ci ta cikin tsammanin sake samun sabbin abubuwan hada fata. Ta hanyar rayuwarsu, dukkanin kwaɗi na ainihi masu zaman kansu ne, masu saurin ƙaura na gajere akan tazara kaɗan kawai a lokacin kiwo. Jinsunan da ke rayuwa a yankin mai sanyin yanayi suna shiga cikin bacci tare da shigowar hunturu.
Kwadi nawa ne ke rayuwa
Dabbobi na musamman, waɗanda sune fitattun wakilai masu bada umarnin Tailless amphibians, suna da tsawon rayuwa. Determinationudurin ta a cikin rayuwa ana aiwatar da ita ne ta hanyar tsarin kwarangwal, wanda ke ba da damar tantance ƙimar girman mutum da farkon lokacin balaga.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cewar masana kimiyya, wani muhimmin bangare na jinsin kwado yana rayuwa a cikin halitta ba fiye da shekaru goma ba, amma yawancin lura sun nuna cewa wasu nau'ikan da kananan halittu suna da tsarin rayuwa na shekaru talatin.
Jima'i dimorphism
Tsarin dindindin na jima'i na yau da kullun yanayi ne na yau da kullun ga yawancin amphibians, gami da wasu nau'in kwadi. Ga wasu kwadi gwanayen guba, karuwar yatsun yatsun cikin maza halayya ce, wacce 'yan amshi suke amfani da ita yayin buga kasa kuma tana taimakawa wajen jan hankalin mata. Maza na wasu nau'ikan ana rarrabe su ta hanyar kara girman kunnuwa. Samun dimorphism na yanayi yana haifar da kasancewar abubuwan da ake kira hormones na gonadotropic a jikin dabba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Akwai jinsuna, a yayin duba su wanda ba shi yiwuwa a tantance jima'i dangane da halaye daya kawai, saboda haka ana buƙatar kwatanta halaye da yawa na siffa sau ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya.
Ofaya daga cikin halayen halayen jima'i masu banƙyama waɗanda ke halayyar kwadin maza shine wakiltar samuwar gammayen mating a matsayin martani ga canje-canje a cikin asalin halittar kwayar cutar.
A cikin kwadin, ana yin irin wadannan pads din a kasan bangaren gaban goshin, a yatsun hannu da kusa da bakin, saboda haka ne duk mazan da suka balaga da jima`i suke kasancewa tare da mace koda da motsi mai karfi na ruwa ko kuma harin wasu dabbobi.
Nau'in kwado
A yau, akwai nau'ikan amphibians sama da 550, waɗanda ake kira kwaɗi.... Iyalai na Gida na Gaskiya suna wakiltar wasu fan gida da yawa lokaci guda: gandun daji na Afirka, discopal da toad-like, dwarf da real, kazalika da kwadi masu toshe ido.
Yawancin jinsuna suna da ban mamaki sosai tare da amphibians na cikin gida kuma ana kiyaye su azaman dabbobin gida masu ban sha'awa. An gabatar da mafi yawan jinsunan masu ban sha'awa:
- Kwarin Dominican;
- Kwarin bishiyar Australiya;
- wasu kwarin kwari ko kwaɗi masu dafi;
- sumul mai santsi ko aibolite kwado;
- ja-ido mai icen ja;
- kwaɗar ruwa;
- kwado mai kaifi;
- tafarnuwa.
Nau'in kwadin da ba a saba gani ba a yau sun hada da haske ko gilashin kwado, kwado mai guba mai guba, kwadi mai gashi da tashi, da bijimin bijimai, da kuma kwarjin kwadon da kwado.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Dabbobi na iya samun manyan bambance-bambance a cikin tsari. Misali, fropod frogs suna da walƙiya, kamar a murƙushe su, yayin da ƙwayoyin alade, akasin haka, suna da yanayin kumburin jiki.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Vertebrates sun bazu zuwa kusan dukkanin ƙasashe da nahiyoyi, kuma ana samun su koda cikin dusar ƙanƙan Arctic. Amma kwaɗi sun ba da fifiko ga yankunan gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, inda kawai ke da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan amphibians. Kwaɗi yawanci suna rayuwa cikin ruwan sha.
Kwarin kwalliya na gaske membobin gidan Tailless Amphibian (Anura) ne, wadanda kusan suna ko'ina, ban da Kudancin Amurka, kudancin Australia da New Zealand. Ourasarmu ta mamaye ta da ƙwaryar ciyawar yau da kullun (Rana temporaria) da kuma kandami kwado (Rana esculenta).
Ya kamata a tuna cewa rarraba wasu ƙananan raƙuman ruwa da nau'ikan kwadi na iya zama iyakance ta dalilai na halitta, ciki har da rafuka, tsaunukan tsaunuka da hamada, da kuma abubuwan da mutane suka ƙera kamar manyan hanyoyi da hanyoyin ruwa.
A cikin yanayi na wurare masu zafi, bambancin nau'in amphibian ya fi girma a yankuna da ke da yanayin sanyi ko yanayi mai yanayi. Wasu nau'ikan da raƙuman kwadi na iya rayuwa koda cikin ruwan gishiri ko bayan Yankin Arctic.
Kwado abinci
Kwaɗi masu kwari suna cikin nau'in dabbobin da ke farauta... Yawancin sauro, da kowane nau'in malam buɗe ido da ƙananan ƙananan invertebrates, irin waɗannan masanan suna cin su tare da jin daɗi sosai. Musamman ma manyan insean kwari masu ɗari-ɗari ba sa ƙyamar ganima mafi girman sha'awa, wanda wasu nau'in kwadin dabbobi da ƙananan dangin su na iya wakiltar su.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kwaɗi na nau'ikan halittu da yawa suna da matukar amfani ga mutane. Suna lalata da cinye tsutsotsi da yawa, kwari da kwari masu cutarwa da haɗari ga mutane da tsire-tsire.
Farauta ga wadanda abin ya shafa ana yinsu ne ta kwadi ta amfani da dogon harshe mai danko da isasshe, wanda ke iya kama tsakiyar daji, mazari, kwari da sauran dabbobi masu fuka-fuka kai tsaye. Daga cikin nau'ikan da ke akwai a yanzu da nau'ikan kwadi, ana kuma san amphibians masu amfani da komai, waɗanda ke yin amfani da fruitsa fruitsan itace ko 'ya'yan itacen berry don abinci.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin kiwo na amphibians na wurare masu zafi ya faɗi ne a lokacin damina, kuma kowane nau'in da ke zaune a cikin yanki mai zafin nama yakan hayayyafa ne kawai a cikin bazara, kai tsaye bayan sun farka daga bacci. Da farkon lokacin kiwo, kwaɗi suna yin manyan gungu wanda duk mazajen sukan mallaki tsaunika ko tudu. A wannan lokacin, dabbobi suna "raira waƙa" da ƙarfi, kuma irin wannan keɓaɓɓiyar macen maza tana jan hankalin mata sosai.
Mazajen da ke hawa a bayan matan suna takin ƙwai waɗanda aka jefa cikin ruwa kuma suka ɓata cikin kumbura masu kauri. A yayin da ake yin haihuwa, kwacen kwadi da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu suna sakin gamsai mai yawan gaske da kumfa, wanda ya lullube dukkan kwai. Bayan ɓoyewar kumfa ya ƙaru, sai a samar da wani gida na shuke-shuke, a ciki wanda ƙwai ke kasancewa a ciki kuma ƙyanƙyashe ƙyanƙyashewar.
Kwayoyin halittu daban-daban suna yin kwai daban, wanda zai iya bambanta daga dubban raka'a zuwa ƙwai dubu ashirin. Matsakaicin lokacin shiryawa na qwai kai tsaye ya dogara da tsarin zafin jiki na mahalli, amma galibi galibi yana zuwa ne daga kwana uku zuwa goma. Tsuntsaye na dabbar amphibian suna bunkasa da sauri, don haka suka fara zama tadpoles, kuma daga baya sai suka zama kananan kwadi. Matsayi na ci gaba mafi mahimmanci yakan ɗauki kwanaki 40-120.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Frogs ba sa nuna halin ko in kula, saboda haka manyan jinsuna sukan farautar kananan 'yan amshi ko kuma su ci' ya'yansu, amma manyan biranen bijimai koyaushe suna iyo don kukan jariransu kuma su kore shi ko su ci mai laifinsu.
Makiya na halitta
Abokan gaba na kwadi suna wakiltar ledoji, larvae na ninkaya da mazari, da kifaye masu cin nama, gami da pike perch, perch, bream, pike da catfish. Hakanan, wasu nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe, wadanda suka hada da macizai da macizai, suna farautar kwadi. Amphibians sau da yawa suna zama cikin sauƙin ganima ga babban shanu da shewa, hankaka da agwagwar ruwa, wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, waɗanda suka haɗa da desman, beraye da muskrats, shrews da wakilan mustelids.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Bincike ya nuna raguwar kwatankwacin adadin kwadi... Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na dukkanin nau'ikan da aka sani yanzu suna cikin barazanar hallaka gabaɗaya. Babban sanadin wannan mummunan halin shine lalacewar mahalli, sanannun canjin yanayi da baƙi masu farauta.
Musamman mai lahani da haɗari ga yawan kwado sune cututtuka, waɗanda chytridiomycosis da ranavirus suka wakilta. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, amphibians gaba daya, da kuma wasu kwadi musamman, suna da matukar damuwa da gurbatar muhalli mai tsanani, wanda ya faru ne saboda yanayin fata mai matukar tasiri da yanayin rayuwa.
