Tsuntsu mai tsayi tare da turkey - wannan shine ma'anar da Vladimir Dal ya ba kalmar "drakhva" (aka bustard) a cikin ƙamus na bayani na mai girma Babban harshen Rashanci.
Bayanin bustard
Otis tarda (bustard, wanda aka fi sani da dudak) yana wakiltar dangin Bustard na tsari irin na Crane kuma an san shi ɗayan tsuntsayen da ke da nauyi. Namiji ya kai girman turkey kuma ya ninka nauyin na mace sau biyu... Nauyin mutum yana da nauyin kilogiram 7-16 tare da tsayi na 1.05 m, yayin da mata ke da nauyin kilogram 4-8 tare da tsawon 0.8 m.
An bayyana rashi biyu na bustard:
- Otis tarda tarda - bustard na Turai;
- Otis tarda dubowskii - Bustard na Gabashin Siberia.
Bayyanar
Tsuntsu ne mai girman gaske tare da faɗaɗa kirji da wuya mai kauri. Bustard ya banbanta da sauran kwastomomin fuka-fukai wadanda ba su da yawa a cikin girmansa kamar yadda yake a launinsa daban-daban da kuma gabobin da ba su hadu da shi ba (wanda ya dace da motsin kasa).
Lilin yana hade da launuka ja, baƙi da launin toka, kazalika da fari, wanda a ciki aka zana ciki, kirji, ƙarƙashin ƙasa da bayan fikafikan. Kai da wuya yawanci launin toka ne toka (tare da launuka masu haske a cikin jama'ar gabashin). A saman ya kunshi fuka-fukan fure masu launin ja-launuka tare da sifa iri-iri ta ratsi-ratsi masu launin baƙar fata. Fuka-fukan jirgin sama na tsari na farko koyaushe launin ruwan kasa ne, wadanda ke cikin tsari na biyu masu launin ruwan kasa ne, amma tare da fararen fari.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A lokacin bazara, duk maza suna samun abin wuya da gashin baki. Latterarshen su ne ƙusoshin gashin tsuntsu masu tauri a cikin tsayin dogon filaments wanda ya faɗo daga asalin baki zuwa ɓangarorin. A cikin "gashin baki" maza suna fahariya har zuwa ƙarshen bazara.
Ba tare da la'akari da lokacin shekara ba, mata suna maimaita launukan kaka / damuna na maza. Bustard yana da haske mai launin toka mai haske da duhu idanu, da dogaye, ƙafafu masu ƙarfi na launin launin ruwan kasa-kore. Kowace kafa tana da yatsu 3. Wutsiya tana da tsayi, an zagayeta a ƙarshen. Babban faɗin fikafikansa ya kai 1.9-2.6 m. Bustard yana tashi da ƙoƙari, amma yana saurin tashi, yana miƙa wuya yana ɗaukar ƙafafu waɗanda ba sa wuce gefen jela... Theaƙukan fikafikan ba sa hanzari, suna barin mutum ya ga manyan filayen fari da fuka-fukan tashi mai duhu a kansu.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Bustard yana farke lokacin hasken rana. Da safe da yamma, sai ta sami abinci, da rana kuma ta shirya wa kanta hutu, ta kwanta a ƙasa ƙarƙashin inuwar ciyawa masu tsayi. Idan sama ta lulluɓe da gajimare kuma iska ta isa sosai, to maigidan yakan yi ba tare da hutun rana ba kuma zai ci abinci ba tare da tsangwama ba. A waje da lokacin kiwo, dudaks suna haɗuwa a cikin manyan, galibi garken jinsi ɗaya, waɗanda yawansu ya kai mutum ɗari.
Lokaci-lokaci, ana lura da samari, samarin da basu balaga ba a cikin kungiyoyin mata. Maigidan, sabanin abin da yake da wuyan shayi, ba ya barin ƙafafunsa / bakinsa su shiga domin ya sakar ƙasa ya kuma tayar da ciyawar ciyawar. Tsuntsun yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana nika ciyawar, yana tsinkayar abin da ake iya ci kuma sau da yawa yakan tsaya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yana kama ƙananan dabbobi da sauri da baki, yana kaifin jefa kansa gaba. Wasan gudu yana kamawa tare da saurin tsalle, girgiza ko gama shi a ƙasa kafin haɗiye shi.
Bustard yana motsawa cikin iska ne kawai da rana. A yamma da kudu na yankin yana zama, a gabas da arewa yana yin ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci kuma ana ɗaukarsa ƙaura / ɓangare na ƙaura. Wani lokacin yakan shawo kan gajeruwar tazara a kafa, kuma ya bar lokacin hunturu da wuri (ba a farkon Oktoba - Nuwamba ba), yana taruwa cikin garken tumaki da yawa har zuwa tsuntsaye da yawa. Dudaki yana narkar da sau biyu a shekara: a lokacin kaka, lokacin da zanin ya canza gaba daya, kuma a bazara (kafin lokacin saduwa), lokacin da kananan fuka-fukai kawai suke canzawa.
'Yan baranda nawa ke rayuwa
Dangane da hangen nesa na masana kimiyyar halittar jiki, toshiyar tana rayuwa ne a cikin yanayin yanayi na kimanin shekaru 20.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Yankunan mazaunin bustled sun bazu a sassa daban-daban na yankin Eurasia, kuma ƙaramar ƙaramar jama'a kaɗai ke zaune a arewa maso gabashin Morocco (Afirka). Akwai bayanai, duk da haka, cewa yawan mutanen Afirka tuni sun ƙare. A cikin Eurasia, wannan shine kudancin Yankin Iberian, Austria, Slovakia da kudancin Bohemia. Ana samun babban birin kusa da Gomel, a Chernigov, Bryansk, Ryazan, Tula, Penza da Samara har zuwa kudancin Bashkiria.
Jinsunan suna zaune a Yammacin Siberia, suna isa Barnaul da Minusinsk, kudu da gabashin tsaunukan Sayan, ƙananan ƙasan Upper Angara, Khanka na ƙasa da kwarin ƙananan Zeya. A kudu, yankin ya fadada zuwa Bahar Rum, yankuna na Asiya orarama, yankuna kudu na Azerbaijan da arewacin Iran. Tsuntsayen sun zauna a gabashin Tekun Caspian har zuwa ƙasan Ural, Irgiz, Turgai da yankunan gabashin Kazakhstan.
Mai gadin yana zaune a cikin Tien Shan, haka kuma zuwa kudu, zuwa kudu maso yammacin Tajikistan, da yamma, zuwa ga tsaunin Karatau. A gabashin Tien Shan, yankin ya rufe kan iyakokin arewacin Gobi, ƙasan Babban Khingan a kudu maso yamma, arewa maso gabas na lardin Heilongjiang da kuma kudancin Primorye.
Mahimmanci! Tazara tsakanin kewayon gabashin da yamma raƙuman raƙuman ruwa suna gudana tare da Altai. Batustan Baturke da na Turai suna da saukin zama, mafi gabashin (steppe) suna tashi don hunturu, suna zaɓar Kirimiya, kudu ta tsakiyar Asiya da yankin Caspian, da kuma arewa maso gabashin China.
Masana kimiyyar halittu suna magana game da yanayin daidaita yanayin muhalli mai girma na jinsin, gwargwadon yawan rarrabuwa na shiyyoyi. An tabbatar da cewa 'yan baranda sun koyi rayuwa da haifuwa a cikin shimfidar wuraren da mutane suka canza kusan ba za a iya gane su ba.
Asalin shimfidar wuri na Dudak ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin makiyayan arewa masu tsayi... 'Yan boko na zamani sun fi son hatsi mai tsayi-mafi tsayi (galibi gashin tsuntsu-ciyawa) steppes. Sau da yawa sukan zauna a cikin filaye, yankuna masu ɗan tudu (tare da tsire-tsire masu tsayi, amma ba ɗimbin yawa ba), suna guje wa gull, ravines, tuddai masu tudu da wurare masu duwatsu. Gida na Bustards, a matsayin ƙa'ida, a filin, lokaci-lokaci suna sauka a tsaunukan tsaunuka.
Babban abincin cin abinci
Tsuntsun yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan gastronomic, wanda ya hada da dabba da kayan shuka, wanda yawan shekarunsa da jinsin bustard din suke tasiri, yankin da yake zaune da kuma wadataccen abinci.
Manya da yardar rai suna cin ganye, harbe, inflorescences da tsaba na namo / shuke-shuke daji kamar:
- dandelion, sarƙaƙƙen filin, ƙwarin akuya, shuka alkama, tansy gama gari, kulbaba;
- ciyawa da tsire-tsire, sainfoin, peas da alfalfa (shuka);
- shuka da filayen filaya, fyade, lambun kabeji, turnips, mustard baki;
- akuya da fescue;
- filaye daban-daban.
Lokaci-lokaci yakan canza zuwa asalin ciyawa - umbelliferae, alkama, da albasa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Tare da karancin ciyayi na al'ada, sai mai gidan ya koma abinci mai wahala, misali, harbe-harben gwoza. Amma ƙananan fiber na gwoza yakan haifar da mutuwar tsuntsaye saboda ɓarkewar abinci.
Abincin abincin dabbobi kamar haka:
- manya / larva na fara, ciyawar ciyawa, wasan kurket da beyar;
- beetles / larvae of beetles beetles, matattu beetles, Colorado beetles, dark beetles, leaf beetles and weevils;
- caterpillars na butterflies da kwari (m);
- katantanwa, tsutsotsi na ƙasa da na kunnuwa;
- kadangaru, kwadi, kajin sararin samaniya da sauran tsuntsayen da ke gida a kasa;
- kananan beraye;
- tururuwa / pupae daga jinsi Formica (don abinci ga kajin).
Bustards ba za su iya yin ba tare da ruwa ba: a lokacin rani suna tashi zuwa wurin shayarwa, a lokacin sanyi suna wadatar da dusar ƙanƙara.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Bustards na ƙaura suna komawa ƙasashensu na asali don narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, suna fara gudana da zarar matattarar ta bushe. Suna tafiya cikin rukuni (babu faɗa) kuma a raye, suna zaɓar wuraren buɗewa don halin yanzu inda zaku iya bincika yankin.
Namiji daya ya kai kimanin mita 50 a diamita. Lokaci yana kan lokaci daidai da fitowar rana, amma wani lokacin yakan faru kafin faduwar rana ko kuma da rana. Dudak mai wasa ya shimfida fikafikan sa, ya mayar da wuyan sa, ya hura maƙogwaron sa, ya kumbura gashin bakin sa ya jefa jelar sa a bayan sa. Namiji mai tsananin farin ciki yana kama da farin gajimare wanda yake kama da “tsuntsu” kamar yadda ya saba bayan dakika 10-15.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mata masu zuwa ko waɗanda suke zuwa na yanzu ba sa samar da ma'aurata na dindindin. A cikin bustards, ana lura da polyandry da polygyny, lokacin da "ango" da "amare" suka hadu da abokan zama daban.
Gida a farkon watan Mayu, shirya nests a ƙasa mara ƙira, wasu lokutan maskin su da ciyawa. Shiryawa da qwai (2-4), da kuma kiwon oda broan, an danƙa wa uwar: uba suna haɗuwa a cikin garken tumaki suna ƙaura zuwa wuraren molt na bayan fage.
Kaji sun kyankyashe a watan Mayu - Yuni, bayan makonni uku zuwa hudu na shiryawa... Ffsan kumburi kusan nan da nan suka fita daga cikin gida, amma ba sa barin sa: a nan mahaifiyarsu ke ciyar da su. Sun fara neman abinci da kansu cikin kwanaki biyar, ba tare da sun daina ciyar da uwa ba har tsawon makonni 2-3. Yaran yara suna da cikakken ƙarfi da kuma fikafikai da kimanin wata 1, basa barin mahaifiyarsu har zuwa kaka, kuma galibi har zuwa bazara. Pluguwar hunturu / kiwo ta ƙarshe ta bayyana a cikin ɓarna da ba ta wuce shekaru 4-6 a layi ɗaya da haihuwa, wanda a cikin mata ke faruwa a shekaru 2-4, kuma a cikin maza a shekaru 5-6.
Makiya na halitta
Tsoffin tsuntsayen da ke fadowa suna farautar tsuntsaye:
- mikiya;
- gaggafa ta zinariya;
- gaggafa mai farauta;
- filin binnewa;
- fox, ciki har da steppe;
- badger da kerk wci;
- steppe ferret;
- batattun kuliyoyi / karnuka.
A cikin yankuna da mutane ke haɓaka sosai, haɗarin yana barazana ga broan tarko da kuma kamun dudak. Gidajen daji da lahani, dawakai, magi, gizagizai, ƙurarun masu launin toka / baƙar fata da rooks sun fi lalacewa sau da yawa. Wadannan na karshen sun dace da kayan aikin filin, suna tsoratar da yara daga gidajen su, wanda shine abin da rooks ke amfani dashi. Kari kan haka, kajin da suka hadu da kwai sun zama cikin sauki ga karnuka da suka bata.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Har zuwa karni na 20, ƙawancen ya yadu, yana zaune cikin ƙarancin tuddai na Eurasia. Yanzu an gano jinsin a matsayin mai hatsari, kuma an hada da tsuntsayen a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red na kasashe da dama da kuma Unionungiyar Internationalasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi, tare da kiyayewa ta taron ƙasashe daban-daban.
Mahimmanci! Dalilan da suka kare na jinsin sune akasarin halittar dan adam - farauta mara tsari, sauye-sauye a muhallai, aikin injunan gona.
A cewar wasu rahotanni, an gama fatattakar kwatar a Faransa, Scandinavia, Poland, Ingila, Balkans da Morocco. An yi imanin cewa a arewacin Jamus akwai tsuntsaye kusan 200, a Hungary da yankunan da ke kusa da Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic da Romania - kusan 1300-1400 Dudaks, kuma a yankin Iberian - ƙasa da mutane dubu 15.
A Rasha, an kira bustard "wasa", yana kama shi da yawa tare da taimakon tsuntsaye da farauta. Yanzu a cikin bayan-Soviet kusan mutane dubu 11 sun yi rajista, wanda kawai tsuntsayen 300-600 ne kawai (waɗanda ke zaune a Buryatia) suke cikin ƙananan gabashin. Don adana nau'ikan, an kirkiro wuraren bautar namun daji da wuraren adanawa a cikin Eurasia, kuma an fara kiwo na bustard kuma an sake dawo da shi zuwa wuraren da aka sanya shi a baya A Rasha, an buɗe irin wannan ajiyar a yankin Saratov.
