Salamanders (Sаlаmаndra) jinsin halittu ne wanda baƙon abu a cikin dabbobin kamala na mallakar Tawancin amphibians. Iyalan Salamander da Salamander suma sun hada da wasu nau'ikan ci gaba da yawa, sun banbanta wajen haihuwa da zama a cikin kasar.
Bayanin Salamander
Fassarar sunan Salamander daga Farisanci - "Konewa daga ciki"... Ta bayyanar su, irin wadannan amfilikan na wutsiya suna kama da kadangaru, amma an sanya su azuzuwan daban daban: duk kadangaru na ajin masu rarrafe ne, kuma masu sallama suna daga ajin Amphibian.
Amhibiyawa na asali na asali suna da kaddarorin ban mamaki kuma suna iya yin girma da jela ko ɓatattu. A yayin aiwatar da juyin halitta, dukkanin wakilan kungiyar sun kasu kashi biyu:
- Salamanders na gaske ne (Sаlаmаndridае);
- Salamanders ba su da huhu (Sarfaraz);
- Boye gill salamanders (.Ryрtobrаnсhidаe).
Mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya su ne dwarf salamander (Eurycea quadridigita) tare da tsayinsa na jiki daga 50-89 mm, da ƙaramin salamander (Desmognathus wrighti), wanda ya kai tsawon santimita biyar. Dukkanin jinsunan suna zaune a jihohin arewacin nahiyar ta Amurka.
Bayyanar
Babban banbanci daga kadangarun shine cewa sallamar yana da fata mai danshi da santsi, da kuma rashin cikakkar ƙafafu. Amphibian mai ƙwanƙwasa tana da jiki mai tsayi a cikin sifa kuma yana haɗuwa cikin sauƙi zuwa jela. Wasu nau'ikan suna da kyakkyawan tsari mai kayatarwa, gami da
Mai kashe gobara, da sauran membobin gidan suna da siririn jiki mai ladabi. Dukkan jinsuna ana rarrabe su da gajerun kafafu, amma wasu ba su da gabobi da kyau. Yawancin jinsuna ana rarrabe su da kasancewar yatsun kafa huɗu a kowane ƙafafun gaba, biyar kuma a ƙafafun kafa na baya.
Shugaban salamander yana da siffa mai tsayi kuma mai ɗan kaɗan, wanda ke fitowa da baƙaƙen idanu tare da, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, haɓakar fatar ido sosai. A cikin yankin kan amphibian akwai wasu keɓaɓɓun glandon fata da ake kira parotids, waɗanda suke halayyar gaba dayan mutanen amphibians. Babban aikin irin wannan gland na musamman shine samar da wani abu mai guba - bufotoxin, wanda ya kunshi alkaloids tare da illolin da ke tattare da kwayar cuta, wanda ke saurin haifar da tashin hankali ko shanyewar jiki a cikin nau'ikan halittun dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sau da yawa a cikin launin salamander, ana haɗa launuka iri-iri na launuka daban-daban lokaci ɗaya, waɗanda asalinsu suke canzawa zuwa ratsi, speck da aibobi waɗanda suka sha bamban a fasali ko girman su.
Dangane da halaye na jinsi, tsawon baligi zai iya bambanta tsakanin 5-180 cm, kuma wani abin kebantacce na wasu wakilan salamanders masu dogon lokaci shine tsayin wutsiya ya fi tsayin jiki da yawa. Launi na salamander shima iri-iri ne, amma Salamander na Wuta, wanda ke da launuka masu launin baki-lemu mai haske, yana daya daga cikin kyawawan halittu a wannan lokacin. Launin sauran wakilai na iya zama a bayyane, baƙi, launin ruwan kasa, rawaya da zaitun, da launin toka ko ja.
Hali da salon rayuwa
A cikin ruwa, salamanders suna motsawa ta lankwasa jela, a madadin hagu da dama. A kan doron kasa, dabbar tana motsawa kawai tare da taimakon nau'i-nau'i biyu na wasu gabobin da ba su ci gaba ba.
A wannan yanayin, yatsun hannayen wasu sassan salamanders suna da sifa mai yalwa da fata, amma ba su da fika. Duk wakilai na dangin Salamander da jinsi na Salamander suna da wata baiwa ta musamman wacce ke ba da damar gaɓoɓi da wutsiya su farfaɗo.
Hanyar numfashi na manya ana bayarwa ta huhu, fata ko memba wanda yake cikin ramin baka... Wakilan jinsi, suna rayuwa koyaushe a cikin yanayin ruwa, suna numfasawa tare da taimakon huhu da tsarin gill na waje. Gullun salamander suna kama da reshen fuka-fukai waɗanda suke a gefen kai. Dabbobin kusan dukkanin nau'ikan suna da wahalar jure yanayin zafi mai yawa, don haka suna ƙoƙari su guji fitowar rana kuma da rana suna ɓoyewa a ƙarƙashin duwatsu, bishiyun da suka faɗi ko kuma cikin burbushin dabbobi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yana da al'adar tura sallamar ga dabbobi wadanda ke yin rayuwa mafi yawanci, amma kafin yin bacci, a watan Oktoba, irin wadannan 'yan amshi masu wutsiya suna taruwa cikin rukuni-rukuni, wanda ke basu damar tsira daga lokacin mara kyau na shekara.
Masu salamun Alpine sun fi son zama a gefen gabar kogunan tsaunuka, inda suke buya a karkashin duwatsu masu yawa ko kuma a cikin daji, amma masu sa wuta suna da sha'awa musamman, sun fi son gandun daji masu gauraye da gandun daji, tsaunuka da yankuna masu tsaunuka, da kuma yankunan bakin ruwa. 'Yan amphibians da ke daure suna da ƙaƙƙarfan alaƙa da keɓaɓɓe ga wani wurin zama, kuma galibi suna haifar da ƙoshin lafiya ko abin da ake kira salon rayuwar dare.
Masu kashe gobara ba sa aiki da jinkirin dabbobi, ba su yin iyo sosai kuma suna ƙoƙari su kusanci ruwan jikin musamman a matakin kiwo. A cikin lokaci daga Oktoba zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna barin hunturu, wanda ya kasance har zuwa farkon bazarar bazara. Wakilan jinsunan suna ɓoye lokacin hunturu a ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi ko wani lokacin farin ruwa na ganye da suka faɗi, galibi suna haɗuwa a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda suka ƙunshi ofan shekaru goma ko ɗari ɗari.
Salama nawa suke zaune
Matsakaicin rayuwar rayuwar amphibian mai ƙarancin shekaru kusan goma sha bakwai. Koyaya, a cikin dukkanin nau'ikan jinsin wannan jinsin, akwai masu shekaru ɗari da gaske. Misali, matsakaicin rayuwar wani katon salamander dan kasar Japan na iya wuce rabin karni. Masu salamanders suna rayuwa a cikin fursuna na kimanin shekaru arba'in zuwa biyar, kuma a cikin yanayi yawan ran rayuwar wannan nau'in bai wuce ba, a matsayin mai mulkin, shekaru goma sha huɗu. Wakilan jinsunan Alpine salamanders suna zaune a mazauninsu na asali ba fiye da shekaru goma ba.
Salamander nau'in
A yau, salamanders suna da wakilci ta manyan nau'ikan guda bakwai, amma kaɗan daga cikin su ne suka fi karatu:
- Mai tsayi, ko kuma salamander baki (Sаlаmаndra аtra) Dabba ce mai kamanni da wuta mai bayyana a wuta, amma ya bambanta a siraran jiki, karami kuma galibi mai launin monochromatic mai launin baki ne (ban da ƙananan rabe rabe) Sаlаmаndra аtra аuroraеwanda yake da haske mai haske rawaya sama da kai). Tsawon babban mutum yawanci bai fi 90-140 mm ba. Abubuwan da ke cikin salamander mai tsayi: Salamandra atra atra, Salamandra atra aurorae da Salamandra atra prenjensis;
- Salamander Lanza (Salamandra lanzai) Amhibiya ce ta wutsiya wacce take cikin dangin masu salamanders na gaske kuma ana kiranta da suna Benedeto Lanza, masanin ilimin dabbobi daga Italiya. Wakilan wannan nau'in suna da jikin baƙar fata, matsakaiciyar tsayin 110-160 mm, kan madaidaiciya, wutsiya mai kama da kama;
- Pacific salamander (Еnsаtina еsсhsсholtzii) - jinsin da ke tattare da karamin kai da kauri, kazalika da siriri amma mai karfi jiki har zuwa 145 mm tsawo, an rufe shi a gefuna da laushi da kuma nade fata;
- Wuta, ko tabo, salamander gama gari (Sаlаmаndra sаlаmаndra) Dabba ce wacce take ɗayan ɗayan shahararrun nau'ikan Salamander a halin yanzu kuma shine babban wakilin wannan dangin. Salamander na wuta yana da haske mai haske mai launin baƙar fata da rawaya, kuma tsawon manya zai iya kaiwa 23-30 cm.
Rukunan da ke da alaƙa da nau'ikan Salamanders Wuta
- S. s. gallaisa;
- S. Linneaus - jerin sunayen da aka zaba;
- S. alfredschmidti;
- S. Muller da Hellmich;
- S. bejarae Mertens da Muller;
- S. bernardézi Gasser;
- S. abidakkovi Оbst;
- S. cresroi Malkmus;
- S. fastuosа (bоnаlli) Еisеlt;
- S. galliasa Nikolskii;
- S. giglioli Eiselt da Lanza;
- S. Mertens da Muller;
- S. infraimmaculata;
- S. lоngirоstris Jоger da Steinfаrtz;
- S. morenica Joger da Steinfartz;
- S. semenovi;
- S. farhankumar
Hakanan, wakili na wakili na amphibians na ofan gidan salamanders na gaske shine Salamandra infraimmaculata. Amphibian tana da girma kuma ta kai tsawon 31-32 cm, amma mata sun fi maza girma. Fatar ta baya baƙi ce mai launin rawaya ko lemu, ciki kuwa baƙi.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Salamanders masu tsayi suna rayuwa a tsakiya da gabashin tsaunukan Alps, a tsawan da galibi yakan wuce mita dari bakwai sama da saman teku. Suna zaune a yankin kudu maso gabas na Switzerland, yamma da tsakiyar Austria, arewacin Italiya da Slovenia, da kudancin Faransa da Jamus. An sami iyakantattun mutane a cikin Croatia da Bosnia, a Herzegovina da Liechtenstein, a Montenegro da Serbia.
Wakilan jinsunan Sаlаmаndra infraimmaculata suna zaune a kudu maso yammacin Asiya da yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya, daga Turkiya zuwa yankin Iran. Lanza salamander an same shi ne kawai a cikin iyakantaccen yanki a yammacin Alps, a kan iyakar Faransa da Italiya. Ana samun mutanen wannan nau'in a cikin kwarin Po, Germanasca, Gil da Pelliche. Ba a daɗe da gano yawancin jama'a a cikin kwarin Chisone a cikin Italiya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin Carpathians, an sami wakili mafi yawan guba na iyali, Alpine black newt, wanda gubarsa ke da iko da haddasa mummunan ƙonawa a jikin fatar jikin mutum.
Masu kashe gobara mazauna gandun daji ne da yankuna masu tuddai a yawancin yankuna a Gabas, Tsakiya da Kudancin Turai, da kuma arewacin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ga iyakar yamma ta yankin rarraba wannan nau'in, ƙwace yankin ƙasar Fotigal, yankin arewa maso gabashin Spain da Faransa halayya ce. Iyakokin arewacin kewayon sun kai arewacin Jamus da kudancin Poland.
Iyakokin gabas sun isa ga Carpathians a kan iyakar Ukraine, Romania, Iran da Bulgaria. Ana samun numberan wuta masu amfani da wuta a yankin gabashin Turkiya. Duk da yawan fadadarta, ba a samo wakilan jinsunan Wuta, ko tabo, salamanda na kowa a Tsibirin Birtaniyya.
Salamander rage cin abinci
Mai narkarda mai tsayi yana ciyar da nau'ikan invertebrates... Lanza salamanders, masu aiki musamman da daddare, suna amfani da kwari, gizo-gizo, larvae, isopods, mollusks da dunkulen duniya don abinci. Nau'in Salamander da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa ya fi son kama nau'ikan matsakaitan matsakaitan kifi da kifin kifin, sannan kuma suna cin abinci a kan kadoji, molluscs da amphibians da yawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! An bambanta salamar ta Lusitaniya ta wata hanyar da ba a saba da ita ba ta farauta, wanda, kamar kwado, yana iya kama ganima da harshensa, yana da launin launin fata mai kaɗan tare da ɗan madaidaiciyar raƙuman zinare a kan tudu kuma yana zaune a yankin Fotigal, da Spain.
Masu salamanders na wuta sun fi son amfani da nau'o'in invertebrates, caterpillars na butterflies daban-daban, larvae dipteran, gizo-gizo da slugs, da dunkulen duniya a matsayin abinci. Hakanan, ƙaramin sababbi da kwaɗin ƙuruciya matasa za su iya cinyewa ta irin waɗannan amphibians ɗin wutsi daga dangin Salamander da jinsi na Salamander. Wani babban salamanda ya kama farautar sa, yana hanzari tare da dukkan jikin shi zuwa gaba, bayan haka kuma yana ƙoƙari ya haɗiye abin da aka kama gaba ɗaya.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Alpine salamander dabba ce mai raɗaɗi. Zuriya suna girma a cikin jikin mahaifiyarsu a tsawon shekara. Akwai kusan kwai uku zuwa hudu a dozin da ke jikin mace, amma kawai wasu daga cikin su ne suka kai ga cimma matsaya, sauran kwai kuwa ana amfani da su ne a matsayin abinci a gare su. Amintaccen amfrayo yana da halin manyan kwarkwata na waje.
Abubuwan haifuwa na wutar salamander a halin yanzu basu cika fahimta ba. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, akwai manyan bambance-bambance a cikin kewayen kiwo na wannan nau'in, wanda ya faru ne saboda halayen mazaunin. A matsayinka na doka, lokacin kiwo yana faruwa a farkon lokacin bazara, lokacin da glandon mazan da suka balaga suka fara samar da kwayayen kwazo sosai.
Ana ajiye abu kai tsaye a saman duniya, bayan haka mata na shan irin wannan kayan tare da cloaca. A cikin ruwa, aikin hadi yana faruwa da ɗan bambanci, sabili da haka, maza suna ɓoye kwayar cutar maniyyi sosai don shimfiɗar wuri.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mafi kyawu shine salamander na bazara da ke zaune a Amurka da Kanada, yana kwance ƙwai sama da 130-140 kuma sauƙin gane shi ta jan launi tare da kasancewar ƙananan ƙananan duhu a jiki.
Wasu nau'ikan raƙuman wuta na Fire salamander (fastuosa da bernаrdеzi) suna cikin nau'in dabbobi masu rayayyun halittu, don haka mace ba ta yin ƙwai, amma tana samar da tsutsa ko kuma mutanen da suka taɓa fuskantar metamorphoses. Duk sauran nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan nau'ikan suna halayyar samar da kwai. Dwarf salamanders suna haɗa ƙwai zuwa tushen tsarin tsire-tsire na ruwa, kuma larvae ya bayyana bayan kimanin watanni biyu. Watanni uku da haihuwa, matasa gabaɗaya sun zo bakin teku, inda rayuwarsu ta fara ta fara.
Makiya na halitta
Sallamar yana da makiya na gari, kuma don ceton ransa, irin wannan dabbar da ba a saba gani ba ta saba da barin sassanta ko jelarta a cikin hakora ko faratan masu farauta domin su tsere. Misali, abokan gaba na jinsin Wutar Salamander sune macizai, gami da macijin na kowa da na ruwa, kifaye masu farauta, manyan tsuntsaye da dabbobin daji.
Sau da yawa, mutane suna kama salamanders, tunda a yau da yawa masani na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na cikin gida sun fi son kiyaye irin wannan almara a cikin gida. Ga mutane, dafin da salamanders ya ɓoye ba mai haɗari ba ne kuma shigar da guba a kan membobin membobin kawai yana haifar da ƙonawa, amma a cikin yanayin matsi mai yawa, irin wannan dabbar tana iya feshin abubuwa masu guba a wani ɗan nisa mai nisa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Nau'in Alpine, ko kuma baƙar fata mai salamander, an lasafta shi a matsayin Least Damuwa, kuma yawan jama'arta a halin yanzu ba shi da wata damuwa gwargwadon yadda aka keɓance Hukumar Tsira da Rayayyun Halittu da kuma ƙungiyar IUCN mai zaman kanta. Jinsunan Salamandra lanzai na daga jinsin jinsunan dake fuskantar barazanar bacewa, kuma wakilan Salamandra infraimmaculata a yau suna kusa da matsayin mai rauni.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Tuatara ko tuatara
- Duniya toad
- Axolotl - dragon ruwa
- Na kowa ko santsi sabo
A halin yanzu an jera wutar salamander a shafukan Red Book na Ukraine kuma yana cikin rukuni na biyu, gami da nau'ikan halittu masu rauni. A Turai, wannan jinsin yana samun kariya daga Yarjejeniyar Berne, wanda ke kare jinsin Turai na dabbobin daji da wuraren zama.
