Wannan dabba mai launin jan-gashi (wacce masana kimiyyar dabbobi suka sani a karkashin takamaiman suna "talaka squirrel") ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a wuraren bude ido na Rasha wanda yakai kan tambarin birane da kauyuka. Kuraje biyu suna kawata rigar makamai ta Zelenograd, daya tana kawata rigar makamai ta Yakutsk, kuma an zana wasu igiyoyin squir din a jikin rigar makamai na ƙauyen Yarensk (yankin Arkhangelsk), wanda har zuwa 1924 yana da matsayin birni.
Bayani kan kurege na kowa
Beran, wanda memba ne na dangin squirrel, ana kiransa Sciurus vulgaris a Latin kuma yana da wani sunan da ba a manta da shi ba - veksha... Daga cikin dukkan wakilan jinsin halittar squirrel (kuma waɗannan nau'ikan 30 ne da ke rayuwa a Turai, Asiya, Kudancin da Arewacin Amurka), nau'ikan jinsin guda ɗaya kaɗai, kurege gama gari, ke zaune a Rasha.
Bayyanar
Wannan kyakkyawa, dabba mai sauri tana kama da sauran mahaukata. Veksha tana da sirara daidai gwargwado, wanda ya ƙare da tsananin laushi, wutsiyar da aka ɗan daidaita daga 13 zuwa 19 cm (kimanin 2/3 na tsawon jiki). Wutsiyar tana kama da laushi saboda dogon gashi (3-6 cm), an bazu a bangarorin biyu.
Tsuntsayen gama gari sun girma zuwa 19-28 cm, suna samun kusan 250-340 g a yanayin manya. Dabbar tana da kai zagaye da idanu masu duhu masu duhu da dogon kunnuwa masu ban dariya, suna da rawanin rawanin da ke makale sama (sun zama sananne a lokacin hunturu).
Vibrissae, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci, suna ƙawata ba kawai bakin ba, amma har da ƙafafun gaba da ciki. Cikakken ciki, a hanya, koyaushe ya fi haske sama ko an zana shi fari. Feetafafun gaba sun fi ƙasa da na baya baya. Equippedafafu kafafu sanye take da kaifi, masu kaurin kafa.
Mahimmanci! Girman squirrel na kowa yana raguwa daga yankuna masu duwatsu zuwa filaye, girman kwanyar kuma ya zama ƙarami daga kudu zuwa arewa, kuma launin fur ɗin yana haske zuwa tsakiyar tsakiyar zangon.
A lokacin sanyi na hunturu, kuran dawa na yau da kullun yana da girma da furfura mai haske, amma a lokacin rani yana canza fasalinsa, yana zama gajere, mai wahala da rashi.
Launi
Dangane da bambancin launi, Veksha shine shugaba babu shakka a tsakanin yawancin fauna na babban yankin Palaearctic: yana canza launin rigarsa ya danganta da yanayi, ƙananan buƙatun, har ma da kasancewa cikin iyakokin al'ummanta.
A lokacin bazara, an tsara kayan kunkuru cikin launuka masu launin ruwan kasa, ja ko duhu mai duhu; a lokacin sanyi, rigar takan zama launin toka, wani lokacin ma kusan baki ne (wani lokaci tare da launin ruwan kasa). Daga cikin fatar ido da piebald, wanda aka narke masa ulu tare da farin tabo, haka nan samfura tare da cikakkiyar baƙar fata (melanists) kuma, akasin haka, tare da cikakken rashin launin fata (albinos).
Ga Gabas ta Tsakiya, Carpathian da Manchu ƙananan raƙuman ruwa na yau da kullun, launuka masu launin ruwan kasa da baƙi na ulu na hunturu halaye ne. Kuma fitattun 'yan iska (manyan wakilai na Veksha a yankin tsohuwar USSR) suna nuna launin azurfa-mai launin shuɗi da launin shuɗi a lokacin hunturu, da launin toka mai ƙyalƙyali (tare da haɗuwa da wutsiya mai launin rawaya da rawaya).
Irwayoyin Teleut suna cikin abin da ake kira squirrels masu launin toka (wanda aka ƙaddara ta launin hunturu na wutsiya). Tare da su, Veksha sun kasu kashi "launin ruwan kasa-wutsiya", "ja-wutsiya" da "wutsiyar baƙar fata".
Gyara
Canjin gashi a cikin kunkuru na kowa yana faruwa, kamar yawancin dabbobi, sau biyu a shekara.... Wutsiyar squirrel tana da nata ƙarfin sabuntawar gashin kai: sau ɗaya kawai take sha a shekara. Lokacin bazara yakan zama a watan Afrilu - Mayu, kuma narkakkiyar kaka tana faruwa daga Satumba zuwa Nuwamba.
Kamar yadda kuka sani, narkar da dukkan dabbobi masu shayarwa tsawon hasken rana ne yake sarrafa su, wanda yake daidaita aikin gland. Latterarshen yana samar da thyrotropin, wanda (bi da bi) yayi aiki akan aikin glandar thyroid, wanda ke haifar da molt.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mazan da suka manyanta a koda yaushe suna fara narkewa ne fiye da mata da yara matasa waɗanda aka haifa a cikin shekarar da muke ciki. Canjin bazara na Jawo yana zuwa daga kai zuwa gindin wutsiya, da faɗuwa - daga asalin jelar zuwa kai.
Lokacin molt yana da matukar canzawa, saboda ya dogara da samuwar abinci da yanayin yanayi. Tare da wadataccen abincin ciyawa, canjin ulu na squirrel ya fara kuma ya ƙare a baya, a cikin masu laushi, ba kawai yana jinkirta ba, har ma yana shimfiɗawa.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Wannan sandar iska ba ta bambanta a yanki, sabili da haka, ba a bayyana ma'anar kowane yanki na kurege kawai ba, amma galibi ana sanya ɗaya akan ɗayan.
Veksha yana jagorantar salon rayuwa mafi yawan gaske, yana mai nuna kuzari da safe da yamma... A wannan lokacin ne take yawo a cikin daji don neman abinci, wanda ke ɗaukar 60-80% na aikinta. Lura da haɗarin, ya fi son ɓoyewa a cikin kambin itace.
Kankana yana saurin tashi daga wata bishiyar zuwa waccan, yana cin galaba a kan m 3-4 a madaidaiciyar layin da kuma mita 10-15 a cikin baka, ta amfani da wutsiyarsa a matsayin rudder. A lokacin hunturu, don kada ya daskare masu yatsan kafa, sai ya fi tsalle a saman. Yayin lokacin saduwa, haka nan kuma idan babu dusar ƙanƙara, yawanci yakan motsa ƙasa (tsalle har zuwa 1 m).
A cikin tsananin sanyi da lokacin mummunan yanayi, tana iya zama har abada a cikin mafaka, tana bacci. Jin yunwa mara yankewa ne kawai zai iya sa Vetsha ta fito daga ɓoye a cikin hunturu.
A ina kurege yake zaune
Duk abin da gidan kurege yake, koyaushe zai kasance a cikin bishiya. A cikin gandun dajin da yake yankewa, kunkuru yana son zama a cikin ramuka, yana cushe su da ciyawar bishiyoyi, ciyawa da busassun ganyaye.
A cikin gandun daji coniferous, yawanci tana gina nests (25-30 cm a diamita), ajiye su a tsawo na 7-15 m tsakanin rassan m. Irin wannan gida, da ake kira gayn, ana ba shi sifar ƙwallo ta veksha, a saka shi ciki da ganye, gashi, gansakuka da ciyawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Don kada ya damu da ginin gida, kurege ya mamaye gidan tsuntsaye. Mutane ɗayan maza ba sa damuwa da gina nasu gida, amma suna zaune a cikin gidajen da mata suka bari ko kuma a cikin wasu gurbi marasa kyau na magpies, blackbirds da hankaka.
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun kirga cewa kowane rodent yana "haya" wasu matsugunai da yawa (har zuwa 15), yana canza su duk bayan kwana 2-3 (watakila yana gujewa daga cututtukan kwari). Idan mace tana da kunkuru, tana jan su a cikin haƙoranta. A cikin gida ɗaya, har ƙarni 3-6 suna tarawa a cikin hunturu, duk da yanayin waɗannan dabbobin zuwa salon keɓewa.
Hijira
Ana iya samun bayanai game da ƙaura mai yawa na squirrels a cikin tsofaffin tarihin Rasha.
Hijira na faruwa a ƙarshen bazara - farkon kaka, kuma gobarar daji da fari fari galibi shine ke motsawa, amma galibi - ɗan girbin da ake samu na kayan kunkuru, na goro ko kuma irin na conifers.
Aura da doguwar tafiya mai tsawon kilomita 250-300 ba safai ba: a ka'ida, 'yan iska suna matsar da nisa zuwa dajin da ke makwabtaka.
A lokacin ƙaura, rodents suna tsalle ɗaya bayan ɗaya, amma suna yin faɗi mai faɗi (kusan kilomita 100-300), ba tare da ɓata cikin garken tumaki da manyan ƙungiyoyi ba. Ana lura da halin ɗabi'a kawai a gaban matsalolin dabi'a.
Yayin ƙaura, squirrel yana ƙetare yawancin yankuna da matsaloli, gami da:
- steppe;
- tundra da gandun-tundra;
- tsibirai;
- rafin teku da koguna;
- Kololuwar dutse;
- ƙauyuka
Hijira na tare da mutuwar kullun, wanda ya nutsar, daskarewa, ya mutu saboda gajiya kuma ya shiga cikin haƙoran maharan.
Tare da yawan ƙaura, ana lura da ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci, waɗanda ke haɗuwa da sauyawar ƙarancin dabbobi zuwa rayuwa mai zaman kanta, kazalika da matakan balaga na abinci. Hijirar yanayi tare da rashin abinci suna canzawa zuwa ƙaura.
Kiwo na matasa Veksha yana faruwa a watan Agusta / Satumba da Oktoba / Nuwamba, lokacin da suke ƙaura 70-350 kilomita daga nests na asali.
Gaskiya ne, wasu daga sunadaran da suka balaga ta jima'i sun kasance a wurin. Suna canza canjin abincin ne kawai, suna canzawa zuwa ciyayi mai ƙananan kalori tare da yawan ƙwayoyin fiber:
- lichens;
- kodan;
- haushi na matasa harbe;
- allurai.
Wannan rukuni ne na beraye wanda ya zama tushe don dawo da yawan kujerun yankin.
Tsawon rayuwa
A dabi'a, kurege na yau da kullun yana da ɗan gajeren rayuwa: ana ɗaukar mutumin da ya girmi shekaru 4 da haihuwa. Irin waɗannan "masu-dogon rai" a cikin jama'a ba su wuce 10% ba. Amma a cikin bauta (ba tare da abokan gaba ba tare da kyakkyawan abinci mai gina jiki), veksha yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10-12.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Kuru-kuru gama gari (wanda ke da wakilcin ƙasashe 40) sun zaɓi yankin boreal na yankin Eurasia daga gabar tekun Atlantika zuwa Kamchatka, Sakhalin da kuma game da. Hokkaido.
Dabbar ta mamaye Siberia, Gabas mai nisa da yankin Turai na Rasha... Squan wasan farko sun shiga Kamchatka a kusan 1923-24. Veksha ya ma dace da rayuwa a cikin Tien Shan, kuma a cikin Caucasus da Crimea, ya saba da yanayin al'adu (gonakin inabi da lambuna).
Kuru, a matsayin mazaunin gandun daji na yau da kullun, ya fi son gandun daji masu daɗaɗɗu-daɗaɗɗen bishiyoyi tare da wadataccen kayan abinci (iri na itace).
Kari akan haka, dabbar da yardar rai ta sauka a cikin gonakin kamar:
- itacen al'ul;
- thickets na dwarf itacen al'ul;
- spruce gandun daji;
- larch larch;
- gandun daji fir;
- gauraye Pine gandun daji.
An lura cewa yawaitar yawan kurege ya ragu zuwa waɗancan yankuna na arewa inda pine da larch da ba su da yawa.
Abincin gina jiki na gama gari
Bukatun gastronomic na Veksha suna da yawa (sama da abubuwa 130), amma babban abincin shine ƙwayoyin conifer, gami da pine, spruce, itacen al'adun Siberia, larch da fir. A cikin yankunan kudanci, inda akwai dazuzzuka da yawa (tare da dazuzzuka na hazel), da yardar rai yana cizon gishiri da bishiyoyi.
Lokacin da babban abinci ya kasa, ana canza furotin zuwa buds da harbe-harben bishiyoyi, rhizomes da tubers, lichens, berries, shuke-shuke masu ciyayi da namomin kaza (sun fi son barewa).
Lokacin da akwai ƙarancin abinci, furotin yakan zama kwaro, yana cin furannin furannin spruces. A yayin wasannin soyayya, yakan sauya zuwa abincin dabbobi - kwari tare da tsutsa, kajin, kwai da ƙananan vertebrates.
Squirrel yana da hankali kuma yana da jari don hunturu tare da kwayoyi, acorns da cones, yana cusa su cikin rami ko binnewa tsakanin asalinsu... Ta kuma bushe namomin kaza ta rataye su tsakanin rassan. Veksha tana da gajeriyar ƙwaƙwalwa: ta manta da wuraren ajiyarta kuma tana faɗuwa akan su kwatsam.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sauran mazaunan gandun daji (bea, rodents da tsuntsaye) suna amfani da squirrel "sclerosis" waɗanda ke cinye "abincin gwangwani". Koyaya, veksha yana biyan su da tsabar kuɗi ɗaya, yana nemo kayan da ɓeraye, munan kunkuru da kayan goro ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara mai tsawon m 1.5.
Idan ya fito daga hunturu, ungulu ba ta rena ƙasusuwa na dabbobin da suka mutu kuma yana ziyarar lamuran gishiri. Abincin yau da kullun ya bambanta dangane da lokacin: a lokacin bazara, a lokacin kiwo, furotin yana ci har zuwa 80 g, a lokacin sanyi - bai wuce 35 g ba.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Ana rarrabe Vekshas ta ƙara yawan haihuwa, yana kawo litter 2 a kowace shekara, kuma har zuwa uku a kudu na kewayon. Kurayen Yakut ne kawai ke haihuwa sau daya a shekara. Farkon lokacin saduwa yana da alaƙa da latitude na wani yanki, yawan dabbobi da wadatar abinci, amma galibi yana farawa ne a ƙarshen Janairu - farkon Maris, yana ƙarewa a watan Yuli - Agusta.
Mace ba ta da ƙarancin samari, tana zaɓar daga masu nema 3-6 waɗanda, a cikin yaƙin saboda ita, suna tsarkakewa da ƙarfi, suna bin abokan hamayya kuma suna buga ƙwanƙwasa da ƙafafunsu. Bayan saduwa da wacce ta yi nasara, macen ta gina gida mai kyau da kuma na ɗaki (sau da yawa biyu ko uku), inda 'ya'yanta za su bayyana bayan kwanaki 35-38.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Bayan da ta goyi bayan datti na farko, mahaifiya ta sake cin abinci kuma abokan aure, saboda haka tsakanin tazarar haihuwa wani lokacin makonni 13 ne. A lokacin kaka (Oktoba - Nuwamba), yawan mutanen Veksha yawanci 2/3 ke wakilta ta hanyar kwaruruka masu ƙarancin ƙarfikuma.
Landan yana ɗauke da kwalliyar makafi tsirara daga 3 zuwa 10, kowannensu nauyinsa yakai gram 8. A matsayinka na mai mulki, akwai ƙananan upan duban yara a cikin na biyu. Gashinsu ya fara girma bayan 'yan makonni, kuma idanunsu a buɗe bayan wata guda, bayan haka kuma kwalliyar tuni ta fara rarrafe daga cikin gida.
Mahaifiyar tana ciyar da su da madara na kimanin kwanaki 40-50, kuma bayan sun kai makonni 8-10, jariran suna barin ta. Haihuwa a cikin samari matasa yana faruwa a watanni 9-12.
Makiya na halitta
Tsuntsayen da ke cin karensu ba babbaka suna farautar su:
- pine marten;
- goshawk;
- dawakai;
- mujiya;
- sable (a cikin yankin Asiya na Tarayyar Rasha);
- kharza (Gabas ta Gabas);
- kuliyoyi.
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun tabbatar da cewa hare-haren masu lalata dabbobi na kusan ba ya cutar da su, wanda ba za a iya faɗi game da epizootics da rashin abinci ba... Cututtuka, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna bayyana a ƙarshen kaka, amma sun fi yawa a cikin bazara. Kullun, tsutsotsi da ƙuƙwara suna rikitarwa kullun. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa daruruwan beraye sun mutu daga tularemia, coccidiosis da hemorrhagic septicemia.
Darajar kasuwanci
Kuru-kuru na kowa mallakar dabba ce mai tamani, kasancewarta ɗayan mahimman abubuwa na fataucin gida.... A yankin Tarayyar Rasha, ana haƙa shi a cikin dazuzzuka na ɓangaren Turai, Urals, Yakutia, Siberia da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
A zamanin Soviet, kurege (dangane da girman furfan da aka girbe) bai kai yadda za a iya amfani da shi ba, amma yanzu yawan cin fata yana da iyaka sosai. Don haka, tun daga 2009, ba a ba da sihiri don gwanjo a cikin gwanjon fur na Rasha.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Yawaitar yawan kurege ya rinjayi yawan amfanin gonar sa: shekara mai albarka ana biye da fashewa a cikin haihuwar (400%), bayan mai laushi - ragu a lamba goma.
Yawan dabbobin suna girma zuwa gabas da kudu na kewayon: a yankin Mosko yana da squirrel 20-90 a kowace kadada 1,000, a Gabashin Siberia - daga 80 zuwa 300 a cikin kadada 1,000. Hakanan adadin mazaunin su ma yana shafar su. Ana samun yawancin kwatankwacin a cikin dazukan itacen al'ul (kawuna 400-500 a cikin kadada dubu daya).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sanannen abu ne cewa a cikin Ireland da Ingila an maye gurbin kyanwar da aka shigo da shi ta hanyar shigowa mai ruwan toka, wanda ya kamu da na farkon da ɗayan mahara masu haɗari. A cikin Caucasus, akasin haka, veksha da aka gabatar ya kori ɗan ɓarke na Farisa daga cikin dazuzzukan daji.
Inda aka bunƙasa kamun kifin kurege, ana sabunta yawan a cikin shekaru 3-4 kawai. Anan, an lura da ƙimar yawan ƙananan dabbobi: kawai 15-25% na squirrels suna tsira da hunturu na farko.
