Yawancin mutane suna haɗa kalmar "caiman" tare da ƙaramin kada, wanda ba cikakke daidai ba: tare da ƙananan wakilai na jinsi (1.5-2 m), akwai samfuran ban sha'awa na 2 centners, kai har zuwa 3.5 m.
Bayanin Caiman
Caimans suna zaune a Tsakiya / Kudancin Amurka kuma suna cikin dangin kada. Suna bin bashin sunan su, wanda aka fassara a matsayin "kada", ga Mutanen Spain.
Mahimmanci! Masana ilimin halittu sun yi gargadin cewa jinsin caimans bai hada da Melanosuchus (baƙar caimans) da Paleosuchus (caimans masu santsi).
Duk da kamanceceniya tare da alligators, sun sha bamban da na karshen ta kasancewar kashin ciki na ciki (osteoderm) da kuma rashin ƙoshin ƙashi a cikin ramin olf. Kabilar da caimans masu hanci-hanci suna da halayyar kasusuwan halayya wanda ke ratsa gadar hanci ta bayan idanu.
Bayyanar
Nau'in zamani (akwai guda uku daga cikinsu) sun sha bamban a cikin girma: caiman mai faɗi, wanda ke girma har zuwa 3.5 m tare da nauyin kilogram 200, an gane shi mafi ƙarfi. Kada da Paraguayyan koyaushe basa zuwa mita 2.5 tare da nauyin kilogiram 60. Maza sun fi matan girma bisa al’ada.
Spectacled caiman
Shi kada ne ko caiman gama gari tare da sanannun nau'ikan rabe-raye guda uku, waɗanda aka bambanta da girman da fasalin kwanyar, da launi. Yaran yara masu launuka ne masu haske, galibi rawaya ne, tare da ratsiyoyi masu launin baki / tabo a duk jiki. Raunin rawaya ya ɓace yayin da suka tsufa. Haka nan kuma yanayin da yake jikin mutum ya fara zama dushi sannan ya bace. Dabbobi masu rarrafe na manya suna ɗaukar launi mai zaitun.
Wadannan caimans suna da sifa iri daya da burbushin dinosaur - garkuwar murabba'i mai sulkewa akan kashin kashin gashin ido na sama. Matsakaicin tsayin mace shine 1.5-2 m, namiji yana 2-2.5 m. Gattawan da suka girma har zuwa mita 3 ba kasafai ake samun su a tsakanin kaiman ba.
Wajan fuskantar caiman
Wani lokaci ana kiransa mai fadi-hanci. Matsakaicin girman bai wuce mita 2 ba, kuma ƙattai na 3.5 m sun zama banda ga dokar. Ya sami sunansa ne saboda faɗinsa, babban mulos (tare da abin da garkuwar bony ke gudana) tare da sanannun wurare. Bayan an rufe caiman an rufe shi da carapace mai ƙarfi da aka yi da sikeli mai awo.
An fentin dabbobin manya a cikin kalar zaitun mara bayyanarwa: gaba da arewa caimans masu baki suna rayuwa, duhun inuwar zaitun kuma akasin haka.
Yakarsky caiman
Shi Paraguay ne, ko kuma Jacare. Ba shi da ragi kuma yana da kamanceceniya da caiman mai haske, wanda aka danganta shi kwanan nan. Jacaret wani lokacin ana kiransa piranha caiman saboda takamaiman bakin, wanda dogayen ƙananan hakoransa suka faɗaɗa kan iyakar sama da muƙamuƙin suka yi ramuka a wurin.
Yawancin lokaci yakan girma har zuwa 2 m, sau da yawa ƙasa sau uku. Kamar danginsa, tana da sulke a ciki - harsashi don kare shi daga cizon kifi mai farauta.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Kusan dukkanin caimans sun fi son zama cikin laka, suna haɗuwa da muhallinsu.... Galibi waɗannan lalatattun kogunan rafi ne da rafuka masu gudana a cikin dajin: a nan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna dumama bangarorinsu tsawon rana.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Idan caiman yayi zafi, zai zama yashi mai haske (don nuna hasken rana).
A cikin fari, lokacin da ruwan ya ɓace, caimans suna mamaye sauran tabkuna, suna taro cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi. Caimans, kodayake suna cikin mahautan, amma har yanzu basu da haɗarin afkawa mutane da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wannan saboda ƙananan ƙananan girman su, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwaƙwalwa: caimans sun fi zaman lafiya da tsoro fiye da sauran mayuka.
Caimans (musamman Amurkawan Kudancin Amurka) suna canza launinsu, suna nuna alamar rashin dumi ko sanyi. Shaidun gani da ido sun ce a wayewar garin fatar sanyayyar dabba tana kama da shuɗi mai launin toka, launin ruwan kasa har ma da baƙi. Da zaran sanyin dare ya ɓace, fatar jiki a hankali za ta yi sauƙi, ta zama kore datti.
Caymans sun san yadda ake yin fushi, kuma yanayin sautin da suke yi ya dogara da shekaru. Matasa caimans sun yi gajere kuma suna surutu, suna furta wani abu kamar "kraaaa". Manya sun yi ihu a cikin kara da tsawaitawa, kuma ko da sun gama busar, sun bar bakin a bude. Bayan wani lokaci, bakin yana rufewa a hankali.
Bugu da kari, caimans na manya suna haushi a kai a kai, da ƙarfi kuma da yanayi.
Tsawon rayuwa
Kodayake akwai wahalar bin sawun, an yi imanin cewa a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, caimans suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30-40. A tsawon rayuwarsu, kamar kowane kada, suna 'kuka' (cin wanda aka azabtar ko kuma kawai suna shirin aikata shi).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Babu ainihin motsin rai da yake ɓoye a bayan wannan abin ilimin lissafi. Hawaye na kada wasu abubuwa ne na asali daga idanu, tare da fitar da gishiri mai yawa daga jiki. A takaice dai, caimans suna gumi idanunsu.
Nau'in caimans
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun kasafta caimans biyu da suka mutu, wadanda aka yi bayaninsu daga burbushin halittu, da kuma wasu jinsuna guda uku:
- Caiman crocodilus - Caiman gama gari (tare da nau'ikan 2);
- Caiman latirostris - caiman mai fadi-fadi (babu yanki);
- Caiman yacare wani mara talla ne Paraguayyan caiman.
An tabbatar da cewa caimans suna ɗaya daga cikin maɓallin mahaɗi a cikin jerin abubuwan muhalli: tare da raguwar yawansu, kifi ya fara ɓacewa. Don haka, suna tsara adadin piranhas, waɗanda ke hayayyafa sosai a inda babu caimans.
A zamanin yau, caimans (a mafi yawancin zangon) suma suna cike da gibi na ɗabi'a na manyan kada, wanda aka hallaka sakamakon mummunan farauta. An ceci caimans daga halaka ... fatarsu, ba ta da amfani ƙarancin masana'antu saboda yawan ma'aunin keratinized. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, caimans suna kan bel, don haka har yanzu ana yin su a gonaki, suna barin fata kamar kada.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Yankin da ya fi fahariya yana alfahari kowa caimanmazaunin Amurka da jihohi da yawa na Kudu / Amurka ta Tsakiya: Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Ecuador, Guyana, Guatemala, Guiana ta Faransa, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Tobago da Venezuela.
Kyakkyawan caiman ba a haɗe yake da jikin ruwa ba, kuma lokacin zaɓar su, ya fi son tsayayyen ruwa. Yawanci yakan sauka kusa da koguna da tabkuna, da kuma cikin ƙauyuka masu dausayi. Yana jin dadi sosai a lokacin damina kuma yana haƙuri da fari sosai. Wataƙila 'yan kwanaki a cikin ruwan gishiri. A lokacin rani, yakan ɓuya a cikin ramuka ko ya binne kansa cikin laka mai ruwa.
Morearin matattarar yanki na caiman fadi-fuska... Yana zaune a gabar tekun Atlantika na arewacin Ajantina, Paraguay, ƙananan tsibiran kudu maso gabashin Brazil, Bolivia da Uruguay. Wannan nau'in (tare da yanayin rayuwar ruwa kawai) yana zaune cikin gandun daji na mangrove da fadada filayen fadama mai dauke da ruwa mai kyau. Fiye da sauran wurare, caiman mai kaifin baki yana son rafuka masu gudana a hankali a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa.
Ba kamar sauran nau'ikan ba, yana jure yanayin ƙarancin yanayin sosai, saboda haka yana rayuwa a tsawan 600 m sama da matakin teku. Yana jin nutsuwa kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam, alal misali, a tafkunan da ake shirya shayar dabbobi.
Mafi yawan thermophilic na caimans na zamani - yakar, wanda kewayon sa ya hada da Paraguay, yankunan kudancin Brazil da arewacin Argentina. Jacaret ya zauna a cikin fadama da yankuna masu sanyin ruwa, galibi yana yin kamun kafa a cikin tsibirin kore masu iyo. Gasa don wuraren tafki tare da caiman mai fuska mai fa'ida, yana kawar da ƙarshen mafi kyawun ƙauyuka.
Abinci, kamawa caiman
Spectacled caiman yana son abinci kuma yana cin duk wanda ba ya tsoratar da shi da girmansa. Masu cin abincin da ke girma suna ciyar da ƙananan invertebrates na ruwa, gami da ɓawon burodi, kwari da molluscs. Balaga - sauya zuwa kashin baya (kifi, dabbobi masu rarrafe, amphibians da kifin ruwa).
Caiman da aka kama yana ba da kanta farautar manyan wasanni, alal misali, aladu na daji. An kama wannan nau'in a cikin cin naman mutane: caimans kada suna yawan cin 'yan uwansu a lokacin fari (in babu irin abincin da aka saba).
Abincin da aka fi so fadi da fuska caiman - katantanwan ruwa. Kananan dabbobi na wadannan caimans kusan basa sha'awar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ta hanyar lalata katantanwa, caimans suna ba da sabis mai mahimmanci ga manoma, kamar yadda molluscs ke sa dabbobi da tsutsotsi masu ƙwayoyin cuta (masu ɗauke da cututtuka masu tsanani).
Caimans sun zama jerin wuraren ajiyar ruwa, suna share su da katantanwa masu cutar dabbobi. Sauran kifayen masu juji, da amphibians da kifi, sukan hau tebur sau da yawa. Manya suna cin abinci a kan naman kunkuru na cikin ruwa, wanda kujerun caiman suna kamawa kamar ƙwayoyi.
Paraguayyan caiman, kamar mai buɗaɗɗen hanci, yana son ya raina kansa da katantanwa na ruwa. Lokaci-lokaci yakan farautar kifi, har ma da mafi yawancin lokuta macizai da kwado. Matasa masu farauta suna cin mollusks kawai, suna juyawa zuwa ga ƙananan dabbobi kawai da shekara uku.
Sake bugun caimans
Duk caimans suna ƙarƙashin tsattsauran matsayi, inda matsayin mai farauta ya dogara da girma da haihuwa. A cikin ƙananan maza, girma yana da hankali (saboda damuwa). Sau da yawa waɗannan mazan ba a ba su izinin yin kiwo ba.
Mace ta kai ga balagar jima’i a kimanin shekara 4-7, lokacin da ta kai kimanin mita 1.2. Maza a shirye suke su yi aure a daidai wannan shekarun. Gaskiya ne, suna gaban abokansu a tsayi, suna kaiwa mita 1.5-1.6 a tsayi a wannan lokacin.
Lokacin saduwa yana farawa daga Mayu zuwa Agusta, amma yawanci ana sanya ƙwai kafin lokacin damina, a cikin Yuli - Agusta. Mace ta shagaltar da shirya gida-gida, ta rufe babban ɗakinta (wanda aka yi da yumbu da tsire-tsire) a ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi. A bakin kogi, niman caiman ba safai ake samunsu ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin kama, wanda mace ke kiyayewa sosai, yawanci akwai ƙwai 15-20, wani lokacin kuma adadi ya kai 40. Croanƙan da coanuwa sun ƙyanƙyashe cikin kwanaki 70-90. Babbar barazanar ta fito ne daga tegus, ƙadangare masu cin nama waɗanda suka lalata har zuwa 80% na caiman clutches.
Sau da yawa, mace na yin ƙwai a cikin yadudduka 2 don ƙirƙirar bambancin zafin jiki wanda ke tantance jima'i na amfrayo: wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake samun kusan lambobin '' samari '' da '' mata '' a cikin da.
Yaran da aka kyankyashe suna kururuwa da ƙarfi, mahaifiya ta karya gida kuma ta ja su zuwa ga ruwa mafi kusa... Mata sau da yawa ba sa kulawa da offspringa theiran su kaɗai, har ma da maƙwabta na kusa waɗanda suka ɓace daga mahaifiyarsu.
Wani lokacin ma namiji yana kallon jariran, yana daukar nauyin ayyukan tsaro, yayin da abokin tafiya yake rarrafe don cin duri. Yaran yara suna rakiyar iyayensu na dogon lokaci, suna layi a cikin fayil ɗaya kuma suna tafiya tare ta cikin ruwa mai zurfi.
Makiya na halitta
Da farko a cikin jerin abokan gaba na caimans akwai manyan kada da baƙar fata, musamman a waɗancan wuraren da abubuwan da suke sha'awa (yankunan) ke haɗuwa.
Kari akan haka, ana bin caimans ta:
- jaguars;
- manyan otters;
- babban anacondas.
Bayan haɗuwa da abokan gaba, caiman yayi ƙoƙari ya koma cikin ruwa, yana motsawa cikin ƙasa tare da kyakkyawan gudu. Idan an shirya faɗa, samarin caimans suna ƙoƙari su ɓatar da abokin gaba ta hanyar kumburi a faɗi da haɓaka girman su da gani.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Yawan zamani Yakar caiman bashi da tsayi sosai (dubu 100-200), amma ya zuwa yanzu yana da kyau sosai kuma yana kiyayewa (koda a yanayi mara kyau) a dai dai matakin. Thearfafa adadin dabbobin ya faru ne saboda shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa na Brazil, Bolivia da Argentina don kiyaye lafiyar Paraguay caiman.
Don haka, a Bolivia, an fi mai da hankali kan dabbobi masu rarrafe waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi, kuma a cikin Argentina da Brazil, an buɗe gonaki na musamman kuma suna aiki cikin nasara.
Yanzu Yakar caiman an lasafta shi azaman jinsin kariya a cikin IUCN Red Book. A kan shafukan wannan ɗaba'ar za ku iya samun kuma caiman fadi-fuska, wanda lambar sa take a cikin kewayon mutane dubu 250-500.
Masana ilimin halittu sun lura da raguwar yawan jinsunan a cikin rabin karnin da ya gabata. Daya daga cikin dalilan shine sare dazuzzuka da gurbatar muhalli saboda nome sabbin gonakin noma da gina tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Don dawo da yawan jama'a, an kuma dauki shirye-shirye da yawa: a Argentina, alal misali, an gina gonaki don kiyon caimans masu hanci, kuma an saki rukunin farko na mahautan.
Jerin Sunayen IUCN spectacled caiman tare da rukuni biyu (Apaporis da launin ruwan kasa). Sanannen abu ne cewa yawan al'umar kada, wanda aikin mutum ya lalata, yanzu suna murmurewa. Koyaya, matakan kiyayewa na wannan nau'in caimans har yanzu suna kan ci gaba.
