Marmara salamander (Ambystoma opacum), wanda aka fi sani da marmara ambistoma, yana cikin rukunin amphibian.
Rarraba na marmara salamander.
Ana samun marmarin marmara a kusan duk gabashin Amurka, Massachusetts, tsakiyar Illinois, kudu maso gabashin Missouri, da Oklahoma, da gabashin Texas, har zuwa Tekun Mexico da gabar gabas a kudu. Ba ta nan a Yankin Yankin Florida. Ana samun rarrabuwa jama'a a gabashin Missouri, tsakiyar Illinois, Ohio, arewa maso yamma da arewa maso gabashin Indiana, da kuma gefen gefen gefen tafkin Michigan da Lake Erie.
Wurin zama na marmara salamander.
Salamanders na manyan marmara suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka masu danshi, galibi kusa da ruwa ko rafi. Waɗannan salamanders a wasu lokuta ana iya samunsu a kan gangaren bushewa, amma ba da nisa da yanayin gumi ba. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa, marmara salamanders ba sa yin asali a cikin ruwa. Suna samun busassun kududdufai, kududdufai, marshes da ramuka, kuma mata suna kwan ƙwai a ƙarƙashin ganyen. Qwai kan bunƙasa idan aka cika tafkuna da ramuka da ruwa bayan ruwan sama mai karfi. Masonry an ɗan rufe shi da ƙasa na ƙasa, ganye, silt. A cikin busassun wuraren zama, ana iya samun salamanders na marmara a kan duwatsu masu duwatsu da gandun daji da sanduna. Amhibanan manya suna ɓoyewa a kan ƙasa ƙarƙashin abubuwa daban-daban ko ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Alamomin waje na mai kwalliyar marmara.
Marmara salamander shine ɗayan mafi ƙarancin nau'in a cikin iyalin Ambystomatidae. Amfanawan manya suna da tsayi 9-10.7 cm.Wannan jinsin wani lokaci ana kiransa banded salamander, saboda kasancewar manyan farare ko launuka masu launin toka a kan kai, baya da wutsiya. Maza sun fi mata ƙanƙanta kuma suna da manyan faci masu launin azurfa. A lokacin kiwo, digon ya zama fari sosai kuma glandon da ke kewaye da suturar namiji ya kara girma.
Sake buguwa da marmara salamander.
Marmara salamander tana da zamani mai ban mamaki. Maimakon kwanciya ƙwai a cikin tafkuna ko wasu ɗumbin ruwa na tsawon lokacin bazara, marmara salamander tana shirya kama a ƙasa. Bayan da namiji ya sadu da mace, yakan zagaya tare da ita. Sai namiji ya lanƙwasa jelarsa a cikin raƙuman ruwa ya ɗaga jikinsa. Bayan wannan, yana shimfida spermatophore a ƙasa, kuma mace ta ɗauke shi da cloaca.
Bayan saduwa, mace ta je tafki kuma ta zaɓi ƙaramin baƙin ciki a cikin ƙasa.
Galibi ana sanya wurin kwanciya a bankin kandami ko tashar da ta bushe ta rami, a wasu lokutan akan shirya gida akan tafki na ɗan lokaci. A cikin ƙwai hamsin zuwa ɗari, mace tana kusa da ƙwai kuma tana tabbatar da cewa sun kasance masu danshi. Da zaran an fara ruwan sama na kaka, ƙwai sukan haɓaka, idan damina ba ta faɗi ba, ƙwai suna zama a lokacin sanyi, kuma idan yanayin zafin bai ragu sosai ba, to har zuwa bazara mai zuwa.
Larananan launin fata 1 cm tsayi sun fito daga ƙwai, suna girma da sauri, suna ciyar da zooplankton. Larananan larvae kuma suna cin ƙwayoyin sauran amphibians da ƙwai. Lokacin da metamorphosis ke faruwa ya dogara da yanayin yanayin ƙasa. Vawayoyin da suka bayyana a kudu sun sha wahala a cikin watanni biyu kacal, waɗanda suka bunkasa a arewa sun samu canjin canji daga watanni takwas zuwa tara. Salamanders masu ƙanƙancin matasa suna da tsayi kusan 5 cm kuma sun isa balagar jima'i a kusan watanni 15 da haihuwa.
Halayyar marmara sallamar.
Marmara salamanders su kadai ne amphibians. Mafi yawan lokuta, suna ɓoyewa a ƙarƙashin ganyen da suka faɗi ko ƙarƙashin ƙasa a zurfin mita ɗaya. Wani lokaci, manyan salamanders suna ɓoyewa daga masu farauta a cikin wannan burrow. Koyaya, suna yawan yin gaba da juna yayin da abinci yayi ƙaranci. Galibi, mata da maza suna cikin saduwa yayin lokacin kiwo. Maza sukan bayyana da farko a wuraren kiwo, kimanin mako guda kafin mata.
Cin abincin marmara.
Marmara salamanders, duk da ƙaramar jikinsu, mahara ne masu cin abincin da yawa. Abincin ya kunshi kananan tsutsotsi, kwari, slugs, katantanwa.
Marmara salamanders suna farauta ne kawai don farauta, suna jin ƙanshin wanda aka azabtar, basa cin gawa.
Har ila yau larvae na marmara salamanders suma masu farauta ne; suna mamaye jikin ruwa na ɗan lokaci. Suna cin zooplankton (galibi masu iya magancewa da cladocerans) lokacin da suka fito daga ƙwairsu. Yayinda suke girma, suna canzawa zuwa ciyarwa akan manyan ɓawon burodi (isopods, ƙaramin jatan lande), kwari, katantanwa, ƙananan tsutsotsi, amphibian caviar, wani lokacin ma suna cin ƙananan marmarin salamanders. A cikin matattarar dazuzzuka, manyan larvae na marmara salamander suna cin caterpillars waɗanda suka faɗa cikin ruwa. Daban-daban mahara daji (macizai, raccoons, owls, weasels, dabbar skinks, da kuma shrews) farautar marmara salamanders. Magungunan dafin da ke jikin jela suna ba da kariya daga hari.
Matsayi na kiyayewa na marmara salamander.
Marubucin salamander yana fuskantar barazanar haɗari daga Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Michiganasa na Michigan. A wani wuri, wannan nau'in amphibian yana da ƙarancin damuwa kuma yana iya zama amphibian gama gari. Lissafin IUCN ba shi da wani halin kiyayewa.
Rage yawan marmarin salamanders a cikin babban yankin tabkuna na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da raguwar yankunan mahalli, amma wani mahimmin mahimmanci a cikin raguwar lambobi shine sakamakon ƙaruwar yawan zafin jiki a duk faɗin duniya.
Babban barazanar a matakin yanki sun hada da katsewar itace, wanda ke lalata ba kawai dogayen bishiyoyi ba, har ma da karkashin karkashin kasa, dajin dazuzzuka da kuma bishiyoyin bishiyoyi da suka fadi a yankunan da ke makwabtaka da wuraren da aka yi burodi. Mahalli yana fuskantar lalacewa da lalacewa ta hanyar magudanan ruwa na muhallan mazauna, kebantattun mutane na marmara salamander sun bayyana, wanda a karshe zai iya haifar da mummunan yanayin alaƙar juna da raguwar hayayyafa da haihuwar nau'in.
Marmara salamanders, kamar sauran nau'o'in dabbobi, na iya ɓacewa a nan gaba, a matsayin nau'in aji na amphibian, saboda asarar wurin zama. Wannan nau'in yana karkashin kasuwancin duniya na dabbobi, kuma tsarin sayarwa a halin yanzu doka bata iyakance shi ba. Matakan kariya masu dacewa a cikin mazaunin marmarin salamanders sun haɗa da kariya daga jikin ruwa da gandun dajin da ke kusa da su wanda ke aƙalla aƙalla mita 200-250 daga ruwan, ƙari, ya zama dole a dakatar da gutsurewar dajin.
