Tafkin Tanganyika shine mafi tsufa a Afirka kuma mai yiwuwa a duniya, an ƙirƙira shi a cikin Miocene kimanin shekaru miliyan 20 da suka gabata. An ƙirƙira shi ne sakamakon girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarfi da sauyawar faranti na tectonic.
Tanganyika babban tabki ne, yana kan iyakar jihohin - Tanzania, Congo, Zambiya, Burundi kuma tsawon gabar bakin ya kai kilomita 1828. A lokaci guda, Tanganyika shima yana da zurfin gaske, a wuri mafi zurfin shine 1470 m, kuma matsakaita zurfin kusan 600 m.
Gefen tabkin ya fi yankin Beljiyam girma kaɗan, kuma girman sa rabin na Tekun Arewa ne. Saboda girman girmansa, ana rarrabe tabkin ta hanyar daidaituwar yanayin zafin ruwa da sigoginsa.
Misali, bambancin yanayin zafin ruwa a sama da zurfin 'yan digiri ne kawai, kodayake masana kimiyya sun yi amannar cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda tsananin aikin aman wuta a kasan tabkin.
Tunda babu wani karin haske a jikin ruwa, wanda a yanayi na yau da kullun yana haifar da igiyar ruwa kuma yana haifar da jikewar ruwa tare da iskar oxygen, to a cikin Tanganyika a zurfin sama da mita 100 kusan babu rayuwa.
Mafi yawan kifaye da dabbobi suna rayuwa ne a saman ruwa, yana da wadataccen kifi, musamman waɗanda ke ba mu sha'awa - cichlids.
Tanganyika cichlids
Cichlids (Latin Cichlidae) sune kifin ruwa mai kyau daga tsari Perciformes.
Su kifi ne masu hankali kuma sune shugabanni na hankali da hankali a cikin nishaɗin akwatin kifaye. Hakanan sun sami ci gaban iyaye sosai, suna kula da caviar da soya na dogon lokaci.
Bugu da kari, cichlids suna iya daidaitawa daidai da biotopes daban-daban kuma suna amfani da hanyoyin abinci daban-daban, galibi suna dauke da wasu mahimman yanayi a cikin yanayi.
Suna zaune ne a wani yanki mai fadi, daga Afirka zuwa Kudancin Amurka, kuma suna zaune cikin tafkunan ruwa na yanayi daban-daban, daga ruwa mai laushi zuwa mai wahala da kuma alkaline.
Mafi cikakken bidiyo a cikin Rasha game da Lake Tanganyika (kodayake fassarar sunan kifin ya karkace)
A kan shafukan yanar gizo zaka sami labarai game da cichlids daga Tanganyika:
- Gimbiya Burundi
- Gabatarwa
- Taurarin taurari
Me yasa Tanganyika aljannar cichlid ce?
Tafkin Tanganyika ba kawai wani tafkin Afirka bane ko ma babban ruwa mai yawa. Babu wani wuri a Afirka, kuma, watakila, a duniya, babu irin wannan tabkin. Babba, mai zurfi, ya rayu a cikin keɓaɓɓen duniyarsa, inda juyin halitta ya bi hanya ta musamman.
Sauran tabkuna sun bushe, an rufe su da kankara, kuma Tanganyika bai sami canje-canje na musamman ba. Kifi, shuke-shuke, invertebrates sun dace kuma sun mallaki abubuwa da yawa a cikin wani tsarin halitta.
Ba abin mamaki bane cewa galibin kifayen da ke rayuwa a cikin tabkin suna da hadari. Kimanin nau'ikan nau'ikan cichlids 200 aka bayyana a wannan lokacin, amma kowace shekara sabuwa, ana samun wasu nau'in da ba a san su ba a cikin tafkin.
Har yanzu ba a bincika manyan yankuna da ke Tanzania da Zambiya ba saboda hatsarin rayuwa. Dangane da ƙididdigar kimantawa, akwai kusan nau'in ɗari da ilimin kimiyya bai sani ba a cikin tafkin, kuma daga sanannun kusan kashi 95% suna rayuwa ne kawai a Tanganyika kuma babu wani waje.
Dabbobin ruwa iri-iri na Tafkin Tanganyika
Bayan munyi la’akari da halittun halittu daban-daban a cikin tabkin, zamu iya fahimtar yadda cichlids suka mallaki wannan ko waccan.
don haka:
Yankin Surf
'Yan mitoci kaɗan daga bakin teku ana iya ɗaukar su yankin hawan igiyar ruwa. Raƙuman ruwa na yau da kullun da igiyoyin ruwa suna haifar da ruwa tare da babban abun cikin oxygen anan, tunda carbon dioxide yana lalacewa kai tsaye.
Abubuwan da ake kira gobi cichlids (Eretmodus cyanostictus, Spathodus erythrodon, Tanganicodus irsacae, Spathodus marlieri) ko goby cichlids sun dace da rayuwa a cikin layin igiyar ruwa, kuma wannan shine kawai wuri a Tanganyika inda za'a iya samun su.
Ckyasan Rocky
Wurare masu duwatsu na iya zama iri daban-daban, tare da duwatsu girman dunkulallen hannu, kuma tare da manyan duwatsu, mita da yawa a cikin girman. A irin waɗannan wurare, galibi akwai gabar teku mai tsayi sosai kuma duwatsu suna kan wasu duwatsu, ba a kan yashi ba.
A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana wanke yashi akan duwatsu kuma ya kasance a cikin ɓoye. A cikin waɗannan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, yawancin cichlids suna haƙa sheƙarsu a lokacin haɓaka.
Rashin isassun tsire-tsire ana biyan su saboda yawan algae wanda ke rufe duwatsu kuma ya zama abinci ga yawancin nau'in cichlids, a zahiri, kifayen da ke rayuwa galibi akan ƙazanta da abinci.
Wannan biotope yana da wadataccen kifi na halaye da halaye daban-daban. Gida ne ga nau'ikan yankuna da na ƙaura, cichlids da ke zaune su kaɗai kuma a cikin garken tumaki, waɗanda ke gina gida da waɗanda ke ɗaukar ƙwai a bakinsu.
Mafi yaduwa shine cichlids wanda ke ciyar da algae dake girma akan duwatsu, amma kuma akwai waɗanda suke cin plankton, da nau'in farauta.
Sandy kasa
Yashewar ƙasa da iska suna haifar da ƙananan yashi a ƙasa a wasu yankuna na Tafkin Tanganyika. Matsayin mai ƙa'ida, waɗannan wurare ne waɗanda ke da ƙwanƙwasa ƙasa, inda iska ko ruwan sama ke ɗaukar yashi.
Kari akan haka, a cikin irin wadannan wuraren, kasan yalwace da bawo daga matattun katantanwa. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe yanayin yanayin ƙasa da sigogin ruwa, wanda tarwatsewar bawo yana faruwa a hankali. A wasu yankuna na kasa, sun samar da kafet mai ci gaba. Yawancin nau'o'in cichlids da ke zaune a waɗannan yankuna sun dace da rayuwa da haihuwa a cikin waɗannan bawo.
Yawancin lokaci cichlids da ke rayuwa a cikin yashi mai ƙayatarwa suna da ban sha'awa. Bayan haka, hanya mafi kyau don tsira don kifin da ke zaune a cikin buɗaɗɗun wurare kuma basu da girman girma shine ɓata cikin garken.
Callochromis da Xenotilapia suna rayuwa cikin ɗaruruwan ɗaruruwan kuma suna haɓaka matsayi mai ƙarfi. Wasu suna nan take a binne cikin yashi idan akwai haɗari. Koyaya, fasalin jiki da launin waɗannan cichlids cikakke ne wanda kusan ba zai yuwu a gansu daga sama ba.
Muddy kasa
Wani abu tsakanin tsakanin dutse mai yashi da yashi. Wuraren da ragowar algae masu ruɓewa suke kuma wanke ƙurar ƙasa daga farfajiya. A matsayinka na mai mulki, waɗannan su ne wuraren da koguna da rafuka ke gudana a cikin tafkin.
Silt yana aiki ne a matsayin tushen abinci don ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, kuma waɗannan, bi da bi, don bioplankton da yawa. Kodayake cichlids ne ke cinye wasu daga cikin plankton, amma masu cuwa-cuwa daban-daban suna cin abincin mai yawa, wanda kuma ya zama abincin cichlids.
Gabaɗaya, wurare masu ƙasan laka ga Tanganyika ba su da ma'ana, amma akwai kuma ana rarrabe su da rayuwa iri-iri.
Pelagic Layer
Launin pelagic shine ainihin matakan ruwa da na sama. Kusan yawan ruwa a Tanganyika ya faɗi daidai akan waɗannan matakan; bisa ƙididdigar kimanin, daga tan miliyan 2.8 zuwa 4 na kifin da ke zaune a cikinsu.
Sarkar abinci a nan tana farawa a cikin phytoplankton, wanda ke matsayin abinci don zooplankton, kuma hakan kuma na kifi. Yawancin zooplankton ana cin su ta manyan garken ƙananan kifi (ba cichlids ba), waɗanda ke zama abinci ga cichlids masu farauta waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai buɗewa.
Benthos
Mafi zurfin zurfin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin tafkin. Ganin zurfin Tanganyika, babu ko kifaye guda ɗaya da zai iya rayuwa a waɗannan wuraren, tunda akwai iskar oxygen kaɗan. Koyaya, yanayi baya yarda da wofi kuma wasu cichlids sun dace da rayuwa cikin yanayin yunwar oxygen da cikakken duhu.
Kamar kifaye masu zama a ƙasa, sun haɓaka ƙarin azanci da ƙayyadaddun hanyar ciyarwa.
Sa'a guda na harbi a karkashin ruwa a cikin tafkin. Babu Aryans, kawai kiɗa
Iri-iri na cichlids da daidaitawar su
Cichlid mafi girma a cikin Tafkin Tanganyika, Boulengerochromis microlepis, yayi girma har zuwa 90 cm kuma yana iya auna sama da kilogram 3. Babban mahaukaci ne wanda ke rayuwa a saman ruwan ruwa, wanda ke yin ƙaura koyaushe don neman ganima.
Kuma ƙaramar cichlid, Neolamprologus multifasciatus, ba ta wuce santimita 4 ba kuma ta ninka a cikin bawon mollusk. Suna haƙa cikin yashi a ƙarƙashin kwatami har sai da aka binne shi gaba ɗaya a cikin yashin, sannan suka share ƙofar zuwa gare shi. Don haka, ƙirƙirar amintacce kuma mai hankali.
Lamprologus callipterus shima yana amfani da bawo, amma ta wata hanya daban. Wannan ɗan damfara ne na makarantar da ke kai hari ga abin farautarta a cikin makaranta, tare suna kashe manyan kifayen.
Maza sun fi girma sosai don shiga cikin kwasfa (15 cm), amma mata sun fi ƙanana girma. Maza masu balaga da jima'i suna tattara manyan bawo na Neothauma kuma suna adana su a yankin su. Yayin da namiji yake farauta, mata da yawa suna ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai a cikin waɗannan bawon.
Cichlid Altolamprologus compressiceps ya dace da rayuwa a cikin tafkin ta hanyar haɓaka fasalin jiki na musamman. Wannan kifi ne mai tsananin dorsal fin kuma irin wannan kunkuntar jiki wanda zai iya zamewa cikin tsakuwa a cikin duwatsu domin kama ciyawar shrimp.
Hakanan suna cinye ƙwai na sauran cichlids, duk da yawan tashin hankalin iyayensu. Don kare kansu, sun haɓaka haƙora masu kaifi har ma da kaifi da sikeli masu ƙarfi, abin tunawa da makamai. Tare da fuloti da sikelin fallasa, zasu iya jure wa harin kifi daidai-wa daida!
Wani rukuni na cichlids waɗanda suka dace ta hanyar canza fasalin jikinsu sune gobi cichlids kamar Eretmodus cyanostictus. Don tsira da raƙuman ruwa na layin igiyar ruwa, suna buƙatar kiyaye alaƙar kusanci da ƙasan.
Jikin mafitsara na yau da kullun, wanda duk kifin yake dashi a wannan yanayin, maimakon haka ya tsoma baki, kuma gobies sun haɓaka ƙaramin sigar ta. Smallananan mafitsara na ninkaya, canzawar ƙugu, da kuma jikin da aka matse ya taimaka cichlids ya mallaki wannan biotope.
Sauran cichlids kamar su Opthalmotilapia sun dace da asali. A cikin maza, akan fincin ƙashin ƙugu akwai aibobi waɗanda suke kama da ƙwai a launi da fasali.
Yayin da ake haihuwa, namiji ya nuna wa mace tarar, tunda bayan ya kwan kwai nan take sai ya dauki bakinta, tayi kuskure kuma tana kokarin kama wadannan kwayayen suma. A wannan lokacin, namijin yana sakin madara, wanda yake takin kwan.
Af, wannan halin na al'ada ne ga yawancin cichlids waɗanda ke kyankyasar ƙwai a bakinsu, gami da waɗanda suka shahara a cikin akwatin kifaye.
Benthochromis tricoti cichlids ne masu rayuwa a zurfin kuma suna kai girman cm 20. Suna rayuwa a zurfin daga mita 50 zuwa 150. Duk da girman su, suna ciyar da kananun halittu - plankton da kananan crustaceans.
Don saukar da wannan abincin, sun haɓaka bakin mai tsawa wanda ke aiki kamar bututu.
Hakanan Tramatocara cichlids suna ciyarwa akan benthos daban-daban. Da rana, ana iya samunsu a zurfin sama da mita 300, sune mafi zurfin cichlids a duniya. Koyaya, suma sun saba da rayuwa a cikin Tanganyika.
Idan rana ta fadi, sukan tashi daga zurfin zuwa saman kuma ana iya samunsu a zurfin mitoci da yawa! Gaskiyar cewa kifi na iya tsayayya da irin waɗannan canje-canje na matsi yana da ban mamaki! Haka kuma, layin su na gefe yana da matukar ma'ana kuma yana aiki ne don gano abinci a cikin duhu. Don haka, sun sami kayan masarufi kyauta, suna ciyarwa da daddare a saman hanyoyin ruwa lokacin da gasar ta yi karanci.
Wani cichlid da yake ciyarwa da daddare, Neolamprologus toae, yana yin farauta akan tsutsar kwari, wanda ke buya a cikin bawo a cikin rana, kuma yana rarrafe don ciyarwa da daddare.
Amma cichlids Perissodus, waɗanda ke cin sikelin, sun wuce gaba. Hatta bakinsu ba shi da kyau kuma an daidaita shi don ya fi saurin cire sikeli daga wasu kifaye.
Petrochromis fasciolatus kuma ya haɓaka sabon tsari a cikin kayan bakin. Lokacin da sauran Tekun Tanganyika cichlids suke da bakin ƙasa, bakinsu yana sama. Wannan yana ba ta damar cire algae daga wuraren da sauran cichlids ba sa iya samun su.
A cikin wannan labarin, munyi bitar takaitaccen tsarin halittu ne na Tafkin Tanganyika har ma da wadanda suka fi wadannan mazaunan halittar. Rayuwa ba ta isa ta bayyana su duka ba, amma kiyaye waɗannan cichlids a cikin akwatin kifaye zai yiwu kuma ya zama dole.
