A yau akwai nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna da sikelin rarraba daban-daban. Gurbataccen radiyo yana faruwa ne dangane da abin - asalin abubuwa masu tasirin rediyo. Irin wannan gurɓatarwar na iya faruwa saboda gwajin makamin nukiliya ko kuma saboda haɗari a tashar makamashin nukiliya. A halin yanzu, akwai tashoshin nukiliya 430 a duniya, 46 daga cikinsu suna Rasha.
Abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar ta iska
Yanzu bari muyi magana game da abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatacciyar iska ta hanyar daki-daki. Ofayan manyan sune fashewar makaman nukiliya, wanda ke haifar da saka iska mai iska tare da tasirin rediyo na ƙasa, ruwa, abinci, da dai sauransu. Bugu da kari, mafi mahimmancin dalilin wannan gurbatarwar shi ne zubewar abubuwa masu radiyo daga masu sarrafa wuta. Hakanan kwararar ruwa na iya faruwa yayin safara ko adana kafofin tushe na rediyo.
Daga cikin mahimman mahimman hanyoyin rediyo sune:
- hakar ma'adinai da sarrafa ma'adinan da ke dauke da sinadarin rediyo;
- amfani da kwal;
- makamashin nukiliya;
- tsire-tsire da wutar lantarki;
- wuraren da ake gwada makaman nukiliya;
- fashewar nukiliya bisa kuskure;
- jiragen ruwan nukiliya;
- tarkacen tauraron dan adam da kumbon sararin samaniya;
- wasu nau'ikan harsasai;
- sharar gida tare da abubuwan rediyo.
Abubuwan da ke lalata abubuwa
Akwai gurbatattun gurɓatattun abubuwa masu yawa. Babban shine iodine-131, yayin lalacewar wanda kwayayen kwayoyin halitta suke canzawa suna mutuwa. Yana shiga kuma an ajiye shi a cikin glandar thyroid na mutane da dabbobi. Strontium-90 yana da haɗari sosai kuma an ajiye shi cikin ƙashi. Cesium-137 ana ɗaukarsa babban mai gurɓata halittu. Daga cikin sauran abubuwa, cobalt-60 da americium-241 suna da haɗari.
Duk waɗannan abubuwan sun shiga cikin iska, ruwa, ƙasa. Suna cutar da abubuwa masu rai da marasa rai, kuma a lokaci guda suna shiga cikin ƙwayoyin mutane, shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Koda mutane basu da ma'amala kai tsaye tare da abubuwa masu tasirin rediyo, haskoki na sararin samaniya suna da tasiri akan yanayin halittar. Irin wannan fitinar ta fi tsanani a tsaunuka da kuma sandunan duniya, a mahaɗan mahaɗan mahaukata ba ta da tasiri sosai. Waɗannan duwatsun da ke kwance a saman dunƙulen duniya suma suna fitar da iska, musamman radium, uranium, thorium, da ake samu a cikin granites, basalts, da sauran duwatsun maganadiso.
Sakamakon gurɓataccen iska
Amfani da makaman nukiliya, amfani da masana'antun makamashi, hakar wasu nau'ikan duwatsu, na iya haifar da babbar illa ga yanayin halittar. Haɗuwa a cikin jiki, abubuwa daban-daban na rediyo suna tasiri matakin salula. Suna rage karfin haifuwa, wanda ke nufin cewa yawan tsirrai da dabbobi zasu ragu, sannan matsalolin mutane da daukar ciki yara zasu tsananta. Bugu da kari, gurbatacciyar iska ta kara adadin cututtuka daban-daban, gami da masu saurin mutuwa.
Abubuwa masu tasirin rediyo suna da matukar tasiri ga dukkan rayuwar duniyar mu. Suna shiga cikin iska, ruwa, ƙasa kuma kai tsaye sun zama ɓangare na yanayin zagaye na biosphere. Ba shi yiwuwa a kawar da abubuwa masu cutarwa, amma da yawa suna raina tasirinsu.
Abubuwa masu tasirin radiyo na iya samun tasirin waje da ciki. Akwai mahadi wadanda suke taruwa a cikin jiki kuma suna haifar da lalacewar da ba za a iya gyarawa ba. Musamman abubuwa masu haɗari sun haɗa da tritium, radioisotopes na iodine, thorium, uranium radionuclides. Suna iya shiga cikin jiki suna motsawa cikin sarƙoƙin abinci da kyallen takarda. Da zarar sun shiga ciki, suna sanya mutum cikin jiki kuma suna rage saurin ci gaban wata kwayar halitta, suna ta'azzara matsalolin mai girma.
Abubuwa masu lahani suna da sauƙin daidaitawa kuma suna da halaye na kansu, misali, wasu daga cikinsu suna zaɓaɓɓu cikin wasu gabobi da ƙwayoyin halitta. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa ana iya jigilar wasu abubuwa daga tsirrai zuwa jikin dabbobin gona, sannan, tare da nama da kayayyakin kiwo, su shiga jikin mutum. A sakamakon haka, mutane suna fama da cutar hanta da matsaloli tare da aikin al'aura. Babban sakamako mai haɗari shine tasirin akan zuriyar.
Abubuwa masu tasirin rediyo suna iya shafar jikin mutum ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Don haka, wasu suna tasiri cikin fewan mintuna kaɗan, awanni, yayin da wasu ke iya bayyana kansu cikin shekara ɗaya ko ma shekarun da suka gabata. Yaya ƙarfin tasirin zai kasance ya dogara da kashi na radiation. Abun ya dogara da ƙarfin radiation da kuma tsawon tasirin sa akan jiki. A bayyane yake, yawancin mutane a cikin yankin mai tasirin rediyo, to sakamakon haka zai zama mafi tsanani.
Alamomin farko da zasu iya bayyana sune tashin zuciya, amai, ciwon kirji, rashin numfashi, ciwon kai da kuma yin ja (peeling) na fata. Ya faru cewa ƙonewar radiation na iya faruwa akan haɗuwa da ƙwayoyin beta. Suna da laushi, matsakaici, kuma masu tsanani. Wasu mawuyacin sakamako sun hada da cutar ido, rashin haihuwa, karancin jini, maye gurbi, canjin yanayin jini da sauran cututtuka. Babban allurai na iya zama na mutuwa.
An gano cewa kimanin kashi 25% na abubuwa masu tasirin rediyo masu shiga cikin jiki ta hanyar hanyoyin numfashi sun kasance a ciki. A wannan halin, bayyanarwar cikin gida ta fi sau da yawa ƙarfi da haɗari fiye da bayyanar ta waje.
Radiation na iya sauya yanayin rayuwar mutane da dukkan kwayoyin halittu masu rai a duniya.
Manyan bala'i
A cikin tarihin ɗan adam, manyan lamura guda biyu za a iya suna yayin da aka sami gurɓataccen iska ta duniya. Waɗannan haɗarurruka ne a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl da kuma tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima-1. Duk abin da ke yankin da abin ya shafa ya fada cikin gurbacewar yanayi, kuma mutane sun sami adadi mai yawa, wanda ya haifar da mutuwa ko kuma mummunan cututtuka da cututtukan cututtukan da ake yadawa ta hanyar gado.
Dukkanin nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai na iya kasancewa a yadda suke koda yaushe a yanayi mafi kyawu da ke faruwa a mahallin su. Koyaya, idan akwai haɗari ko wani bala'i, gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da mummunan sakamako.
