Deer halittu ne masu alfahari da kyawawan halaye, a mafi yawancin lokuta suna rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai ƙanƙanci da matsanancin yanayin duniya. Sau da yawa ana ambata su a cikin almara na gargajiya, tatsuniyoyi, da maganganu. Da farko dai, saboda suna da wayo sosai, suna da ladabi da mutunci.
Hakanan suna da wata alama mai ban mamaki - suna cire ƙahonninsu kowace shekara, kuma suna sake girma tare da dauriya. Jinsi daya ne kawai baya iya wannan, tunda bashi da kaho.
Amma zamu gano game da wannan daga baya. Wane irin nau'in barewa akwai wanda kuma za a iya lissafa shi a cikin mai ba da tallafi, inda suke rayuwa da yadda suka bambanta - mun koya game da wannan duka, sannu a hankali muna shiga cikin wata ƙasa mai ban sha'awa.
Dabbobin Deer
Yanzu a duniya, zaka iya kirga nau'ikan dabbobi sama da 50 na dangi ko barewa, wanda wani ɓangare ne na artiodactyl tsari na ajin masu shayarwa. Suna ko'ina.
Bugu da ƙari, mutane sun kawo su zuwa ƙasashen Australiya da tsibirin New Zealand. Girman girman su ana wakilta sosai - daga girman kare mai matsakaici zuwa girman girman babban doki. Bari muyi ajiyar kai tsaye yanzunnan cewa duk tururuwa a cikin dangin barewa suna kawata kawunan maza kawai, ban da jinsin kawai.
A barewa hada uku subfamilies - barewar ruwa (Hydropotinae), barewa na tsohuwar duniya (Cervinae) kuma barewa na Sabuwar Duniya (Capreolinae)... Sunaye biyu na ƙarshe suna nuna wurin asalinsu na tarihi, ba mazaunin su na yanzu ba.
Akwai barewa iri daban-daban
Barewar tsohuwar duniya
Wannan rukunin ya hada da jinsi 10 da iri 32. Bari muyi la'akari da mashahuri. Real (gaskiya) barewa sun kasu kashi biyu - daraja kuma hange.
1. Maƙarƙashiya mai daraja ya zauna kusan kusan duk yankin Turai, ana iya ganinsa a ƙasashen Asiya orarama, a tsaunukan Caucasus, a Iran da nan da can a tsakiya da yammacin Asiya. Yawancin ƙasashe na iya yin alfahari da kasancewar sa sarauta.
An ga kyakkyawan mutumin har ma a yankin daga Tunisia zuwa Morocco (kusa da tsaunukan Atlas), wanda ya sa shi kaɗai barewa da ta zauna a Afirka. Wannan barewar ta isa wasu nahiyoyi da taimakon mutum.
Ana iya kallon shi ba kamar keɓewa ba jinsunan jan barewa, amma a matsayin tarin iri-iri. Wasu masu bincike masu ƙwazo suna ƙididdige su har zuwa 28. Duk ja barewa:
- Caucasian barewa,
- jan barewa (Mazaunin gabashin Asia taiga),
- maral (Kwafin Siberiyan),
- Kirimiyanci (mazaunin Turai daga yankin Baltic zuwa Yankin Balkan),
- Bukharian (ya zaɓi Kazakhstan da Asiya ta Tsakiya) kuma
- Bature barewa,
- wapiti (Wakilin Arewacin Amurka)
Dukansu suna da wasu bambance-bambance - a cikin girma, nauyi, launin fata, sura da girman ƙaho. Misali, maral da wapiti suna da nauyin sama da tsakiya 3 kuma suna da tsayi har zuwa mita 2.5. Tsayinsu ya kai kimanin mita 1.3-1.5 a inda ya bushe. Kuma Bukhara deer nada tsawon 1.7-1.9 m kuma tana da nauyi sau uku kasa, kusan kilogram 100.
Barewa ta Turai tana da tururuwa a cikin hanyar kambin reshe, wanda shine alamar kasuwancin sa. Maral ba shi da kyakkyawar “bishiyar” a kansa, ƙahoninsu sun ƙunshi rassa 7, amma suna da girma.
Tare da bambancin waje na nau'ikan, dukkansu suna da sifofi iri ɗaya: ba sa juya zuwa launi mai launi a lokacin rani kuma suna da tabo mai launin fari a yankin wutsiya, don haka yana da ban sha'awa cewa zai zama daidai daidai a faɗi cewa duk tsatsonsu fari ne.
Mafi yawanci ana samun kofi mai haske, toka da launuka masu launin rawaya mai launin ruwan kasa. Abincinsu ya banbanta. Abun asali shine ciyawa, bawon itace da ganye. A lokacin bazara, suna maido da ƙarfi tare da abinci mai gina jiki - kwayoyi, acorns, iri, hatsi, da wake. A lokacin rani, 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itatuwa, mosses, namomin kaza an kara su a cikin menu.
Idan akwai rashin gishiri, sai su ga ƙasa cike da gishirin ma'adinai, lasa kuma su ɗanɗana ta. Suna zaune a cikin kananan kungiyoyi wadanda mace ke jagoranta. Maza marasa aure da tsofaffi ana ajiye su daban. Dawa wata halitta ce mai sauri da kuma ni'ima. Cikin raha ya shawo kan matsaloli, yana yin tsalle-tsalle, cikin sauƙi yana iyo a ƙetaren koguna.
Koyaya, ba za'a kira halinsa mai daraja ba. Maimakon haka mai saurin fushi, mai son kai, har ma da masu gidan, ya kamata ka kiyaye abinka. A lokacin fushi da rut, yana fitar da sautunan “ƙaho”.
A lokacin rutting lokaci, yaƙe-yaƙe na maza don ƙasa da mata ba sabon abu bane
Mace tana haifar da 'yan maruƙa 1-2, suna girma zuwa shekaru 2-3, ƙahonin farko sun fara ne tun suna da watanni 7. Abubuwan warkarwa koyaushe ana danganta su ga sassa daban-daban na jikin barewar. Misali, ƙahonin maral (tururuwa) an fi daraja su a likitancin gabas a matsayin tushen magani don tsawon rai.
Abin jira a gani shine yasa aka kira wannan halitta mai martaba. Amsar tana da saukin gani a tsofaffin hotuna. Masu zane-zane sau da yawa suna nuna wata dabba mai ɗaukaka tare da girman kai da aka jefa baya, ƙaho masu ban mamaki, ya tsaya, yana watsa ƙasa da kofato - duk wannan yana kama da hoton "sarkin gandun daji".
Antlers tururuwa ne masu taushi
2. Dappled barewa. Ya fi ƙasa da girma zuwa ɗan'uwan da ya gabata, jiki yana da tsayi kusan 1.6-1.8 m, a bushe ya kai tsayi 0.9-1.1, kuma yana da nauyi daga 70 zuwa 135 kilogiram. Koyaya, babban bambanci tare da dangi mai daraja shine launi.
A lokacin rani, yana samo jan launi mai haske tare da jan launi, wanda a samansa akwai dusar ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara ta zama sananne, a lokacin hunturu dukkan palet ɗin suna ta zama kodadde. Mamaye Kudu maso gabashin Asiya, sun zauna a Japan da arewacin Primorye. A farkon rabin karni na 20, an kawo shi tsakiyar Rasha da Caucasus.
Ruttukan yana faruwa a lokacin bazara, tare da ƙwanƙwasa a cikin Oktoba, kamar yadda yake a cikin jan barewa. A wannan lokacin, rikice-rikice tsakanin maza masu gwagwarmaya abu ne na yau da kullun, duk da haka, wannan shine abin da duk deer ya bambanta. Koyaya, ba safai suke samun rauni ba a irin wannan arangamar. Za su iya, ƙaho da ƙaho, ba su 'yantar da kansu daga juna, sa'annan su mutu saboda yunwa.
Wasu lokuta a tsakanin maza na kowane iri, mutane marasa tsoro suna haɗuwa. Don haka ba a ƙaddara su shiga cikin faɗa ba kuma karɓar hankalin mace a matsayin lada, rabonsu shine kutsawa cikin baƙon da ba a sani ba seraglio (yankin garken mata). Babban barewa yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20.
- Tun da farko, jinsin deer na gaskiya kuma an ambaci shi farin barewawanda ya zaɓi Filato na Tibet don rayuwa. Koyaya, yanzu ya rabu zuwa dangi na kansa. Ya sami sunan ta saboda gaban kai, fentin fari. Tana zaune ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu gutsure, haka kuma a cikin makiyaya mai tsayi a tsawan kilomita 3.5 zuwa 5.4 a tsaunuka.
- Kudu maso gabashin Asiya yana da isa barewa – barewa... Ya samo sunansa ne don siffofin ƙaho wanda ba a saba gani ba. Yanzu akwai ragi uku - mai sarrafawa (mazaunin gandun dajin a jihar Manipur ta Indiya), Tkhaminsky (Thailand, Gabashin Indiya da Burma) da Siamese (kudu maso gabashin Asiya). A halin yanzu, duk an tsara kananan lambobi 3 a cikin Littafin Red Book na Duniya.
Ana daukar Lyra ɗayan ɗayan dawa
- Ana iya ganin barewa da yawa a Indiya. Misali, barewa barasing... Idan an zaba jinsunan dawakai, to fitattun kayan adon wannan halittar zasu kasance cikin na farkon.
Ba su da gasa a girma tare da sauran barewa, amma suna da adadi da yawa na tallafi. A zahiri, kalmar "barasinga" barewa ce mai ƙahoni 12. Kodayake, a zahiri, ana iya samun matakai 20.
- Akwai nau'ikan barewar tsohuwar Duniya zambars... Waɗannan su ne barewa, waɗanda suka fi son yawancin rayuwar dare kuma suna rayuwa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da tsibirai na kusa. Akwai sanannun su huɗu: Filipino, maned (mai suna don dogon, m, gashi mai duhu) Ba'indiye da danginsu na kusa - barewar filipino.
Latterarshen na daga cikin wakilan da ke cikin haɗari, kodayake yana ƙawata rukunin sosai tare da kasancewarta nau'in barewa.
A cikin hoton akwai barewar zambara
- Anan ya dace a tuna da wasu mamallaki biyu masu kyakkyawar fata mai tabo - tabo hadari ko barewa axis (mazaunin Himalayas, Ceylon da Armenia) tare da gashi mai launin ja-zinariya wanda aka rufe shi da farin dusar ƙanƙara, da yi (matsakaiciyar silar Turai tare da manyan tururuwa).
A cikin barewar fallow, launin jikin sama na sama a lokacin bazara yana da haske musamman, mai ɗarɗuwa mai haske tare da launukan ruwan madara. Partasan jikin mutum kodadde ne, ƙafafu suna da haske.
A cikin dutsen hoto
Fallow barewa tana da saukin ganewa ta ƙahonin "spatula"
- A kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya suma suna rayuwa muntjacs - karamin barewa tare da tsari mai sauƙin ƙaho - ɗayan a lokaci guda, da wuya rassan biyu ba su wuce girman cm 15 ba. Gashinsu galibinsu launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ne ko rawaya-launin ruwan kasa, wani lokaci tare da manyan wuraren haske.
Mazaje suna da raunin raɗaɗɗa a cikin ɓangaren sama, wanda da su suke iya cizon ba kawai kara ba, har ma da reshe. Ya rage don ƙara cewa jelar waɗannan barewar doguwa ce sosai - har zuwa 24 cm.
- Wakili mai ban sha'awa na barewar Tsohon Duniya shine Barkare barewa... Shi, kamar muntjacs, yana da wutsiya mai ɗan tsayi, kaifi, da girman jikin da bai wuce 1.6 m ba. Nauyin bai fi kilogiram 50 ba.
Bugu da kari, shi, kamar dangin da suka gabata, yana aiki a lokutan faduwar rana - da safe da maraice. A kan kai akwai alamar baƙar fata mai launin ruwan kasa har zuwa tsawon cm 17. Theahoni gajeru ne, ba tare da reshe ba, galibi ba a ganinsu saboda dutsen. Yana zaune a kudancin China.
Deer na Sabuwar Duniya
1. Barewa Ba'amurke Shin wasu sanannun wakilai ne na wannan gidan. Suna zaune ne a Arewacin Amurka. Launin jiki daga duhun ja zuwa rawaya mai haske. An gabatar da ku a cikin nau'i biyu - fari-wutsi kuma baki-wutsi barewa
Na farkon yana rayuwa galibi a cikin jihar Virginia, saboda haka suna na biyu - Virginia... Na biyun yana da dogayen kunnuwa, don haka ake kiransa "jaki". Ilimin haihuwarsu ya fi na sauran nau'ikan - suna samarwa har zuwa 'ya'yan 4. Sabili da haka, lambobin suna dawo da sauri, duk da kashe-kashen shekara-shekara yayin lokacin farautar.
2. Dawa dawa da barewar pampas - 2 halittu masu rai wadanda suke zaune a Kudancin Amurka. Na farko ya fi son filayen fadama mai fadama, bakin kogi. Yana ciyarwa musamman akan tsire-tsire na ruwa kamar su reeds da lili na ruwa. Gashi launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ne. Na biyu yana son savannas tare da ƙasa mai bushe. Gashi yana da ja a baya kuma ya yi fari a kan ciki.
Darewar Fadama ta fi son ciyar da tsire-tsire da ciyawar da ke tsiro a cikin ƙasar fadama
3. Mazams - Dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke rayuwa a dazuzzukan Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Sunansu ya fito ne daga yaren Indiya nuatle, kuma a sauƙaƙe yana nufin "barewa". Theahonin ba a cire su ba, sun ƙunshi ƙananan matakai biyu.
Yanzu akwai kusan nau'ikan 10, suna da girma daga 40 cm kuma suna da nauyin kilo 10 (dwarf mazama) kuma har zuwa 70 cm a tsayi da nauyin 25 kg - launin toka mazama.
4. Poodu - kudu da arewa... Animalsananan dabbobi daga dangin barewa, har zuwa 40 cm a girma a ƙeƙasassun kuma nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 10. Suna da gajeren kaho har zuwa cm 10. Suna zaune ne a kudancin Chile.
Deer pudu ana ɗaukarsa ƙaramin wakilin jinsin.
5. Barewa - Peruvian da Kudancin Andean... Endemics na tsarin dutsen Andes. Maimakon haka babbar barewa mai launin ja mai haske da ƙahonin Y. Ana iya kiran jiki mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙafafu. Suna aiki da yamma, da rana suna ɓoyewa a tsakanin duwatsu. Ana nuna barewar Andean, tare da mai ba da kwalliyar, a jikin rigar makamai ta Chile.
Sauran jinsin deer ba a haɗa su cikin kowane gida ba, suna aiki kamar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na kansu.
Barewa
Ana kuma kiran su barewa ko awakin daji. Suna rayuwa galibi akan yankin Eurasia. Sun kasu kashi biyu Bature (yana rayuwa a ko'ina cikin Turai kuma wani ɓangare a cikin Asiaananan Asiya) da Siberiyan iri (wadanda suka fi na farko girma, suna rayuwa a bayan Volga, a Urals, a Siberia, a Yankin Gabas da Yakutia).
Dukkanin jinsunan dabbobi ne siriri masu dogon wuya. Kafafu masu kyau ne kuma madaidaiciya. Kan yana karami, mai kyau, tare da dogon kunnuwa masu fadi, da kuma idanu masu nisa.
Kaho tare da igiya uku a saman. Dukkanin ƙahonin an rufe shi da tarin fuka da ci gaba. Launin jiki duhu ja ne, a cikin hunturu - launin toka-ruwan kasa. Akwai babban farar tabo a yankin wutsiya.
Reindeer
A Amurka ana kiransu karubu. Jinsi kawai wanda dukkanin jinsunan biyu suke da kaho, har ma da kananan dabbobi. Wadannan kayan kwalliyar suna yin kwalliya daga baya zuwa gaba, kuma a karshen an fadada su kamar sandunan kafaɗa. Kofato-kofansu sun fi na waɗancan masu sakewa girma, kuma suna ba su damar yin motsi cikin 'yanci ta cikin dusar ƙanƙara, da kuma ta fadama, da kuma hanyar gangaren.
Branchesananan reshe, daga abin da ƙahonin suka fara girma, sun ƙunshi tsari guda ɗaya, suna kama da yatsu kuma an rufe su da zurfin rami. Bayyanar dawar barewar arewa ba ta da kyau. Legsafafu gajere ne, wutsiya ƙarama ce, galibi ana samun fang a cikin maza.
Koyaya, ana lura da halaye na gaba ɗaya ga dukan barewa - yana da kyau mutum yana da girman kai, yana saurin tafiya, kuma yana canza tururuwa kowace shekara. Ga mutanen arewa, wannan dabbar tana da larura kamar yadda saniya ko doki suke a gare mu, ko raƙumi ga mutanen da ke hamada.
Yana ba madara da ulu ga maigidansa, tushen wasu samfuran masu amfani ne, da kuma dabba mai nauyin kaya. Mutanen Arewa suna yiwa mutum aiki na dogon lokaci haka jinsunan barewar daji sam baya son gida. Misali, girman barewar da ke gida ta fi ƙanƙanci, suturar ba ta da kauri da rawa, kuma halin ba ya da girman kai da son 'yanci, amma mai biyayya ne da dogaro.
Nau'in reda bambanta da mazauninsu. A kan yankin Eurasia, yawanci ana rarrabe har zuwa raƙumomi 8: Bature, Novaya Zemlya, Siberian, dajin Siberia, dajin Turai, Okhotsk, Barguzin, Spitsbergen deer.
Akwai ƙananan raƙuman 4 a Arewacin Amurka: Greenlandic, gandun daji, barewar Piri da barewar Grant. Koyaya, ba duk masana kimiyya ke gane irin waɗannan ƙananan lambobin ba; da yawa suna ƙidaya su da yawa sosai. Gabaɗaya an yarda cewa kawai rarrabuwa zuwa tundra kuma taiga barewa Bari mu gama bayanin tare da kattai na dangi - Elk
Godiya ga barewa, yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a Arewa, ya zama suna rayuwa
Elk
Wannan jinsi ya hada da nau'ikan dawa biyu, waɗanda za a iya kiransu mafi girma a cikin iyali: Elk na Turai (elk) da Ba'amurke.
Bature na Turai ya kai tsawon jiki na mita uku, a bushe yana da kusan 2.5 m, nauyi - 400-665 kg. Mata koyaushe sunfi na maza. A waje, ya bambanta da sauran barewa. Idan zan iya faɗi haka game da dabbar - ya zama mafi zalunci a cikin danginsa.
Yana da gajera amma mai karfin jiki, mai kauri da gajarta mai gajarta, busassun suna da kama da taho, kuma ƙafafu dogo ne ba daidai ba. Don shan ruwa, dole ne ya nitse cikin kogin har zuwa kugu, ko durƙusa. Kan yana da girma, yayi dai-dai da tsari, tare da fitar da lebe na sama da hanci mai laushi.
A wuyansa akwai haɓakar fata mai laushi cikin siffar babban ɗan kunne, zai iya kai girman cm 40. Jawo yana da wuya, kama da kwalliya. Launi launin ruwan kasa ne-baki. A kan kafafu, suturar tana haskakawa sosai, ya zama kusan fari. Hooyallan kwando na gaba suna da alama mai ma'ana, dabbar tana amfani da su azaman makami a cikin faɗa tare da dabbobin farauta.
Suna iya satar buɗe ciki. Amma muz ba su taɓa amfani da su ba a cikin duels, suna haifar da wasu, raunin rauni ga danginsu. Saho ƙaho ne mafi mahimman adon dabba.
Kodayake ba su da kyau kamar sauran barewa. Branched, spatulate da babbar, sun yi kama da garma a cikin siffar. Saboda haka sunan "moose". Gwanin ya jefa su a cikin faɗuwa, har zuwa lokacin bazara waɗanda ba su da ƙaho. Sannan suka sake girma.
Suna ciyar da ciyayi - bawo, ganye, mosses, lichens da namomin kaza. Kullum suna buƙatar kari na gishiri, kamar kowane barewa. Saboda haka, ko dai su da kansu sun sami wurare masu gishiri, ko kuma mutum ya ciyar da su da gishiri, yana zuba sandunan gishiri a cikin masu ciyarwa na musamman.
Wannan dabba tana gudu da sauri, har zuwa kilomita 60 / h, yana iyo sosai, yana ji da ƙamshi da kyau, kuma baya cikin rukunin masu kunya. Maimakon haka, duk wata halitta na iya jin tsoron haduwa da shi.Ko beyar ba koyaushe take kushe shi ba. Idanun Elk yayi rauni.
Ana iya kai wa mutum hari kawai idan ya nuna halin haushi ko kuma ya kusanci dutsen. Moose ya girma da shekaru biyu. Sun kafa iyali, yawanci ɗaya don rayuwa. Bayan kwana 240 da ciki, mace ta samar da maraki daya na launin ja mai haske.
Tana ciyar dashi da madara har tsawon wata 4. A lokacin lokacin saduwa, muzur masu tsananin tashin hankali ne, suna shirya tsaffin duels akan ƙaho, wanda wani lokaci yakan iya zama cikin baƙin ciki. A dabi'a, suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 12, a cikin bauta - har zuwa shekaru 20-22.
Moose Ba'amurke (Muswa ko Munza, kamar yadda Indiyawa na Aboriginal Indians suka kira shi) a zahiri suna kama da takwaransu na Turai, kuma halayensu iri ɗaya ne. Ya bambanta a gaban ƙarin ƙarin chromosomes biyu. Gwanin yana da 68, muza yana da 70. Hakanan, ana ganin cutuka masu zurfi a kan kahonsa fiye da na takwaransa na Turai.
Ahonin da kansu suna da nauyi da girma. Kansa yakai kimanin 60 cm. Wani mutum ya bi wannan dabbar da naci har ma fiye da dokin giwa, don haka ya daraja shi sosai (a cewar Indiyawa, yana "ƙarfafa mutum sau uku fiye da sauran abinci"), da ƙahonin, waɗanda ake amfani da su don yin kayan aiki, da fata (daga ya sanya jiragen ruwan Indiya masu haske pirogi).
Bugu da kari, zaka iya kiran shi mafi tsaunuka, saboda yakan yi yawo tsakanin duwatsu masu duwatsu. Yana zaune a cikin China, Mongolia, gabashin Rasha kuma, ba shakka, Arewacin Amurka. Takaitawa, bari mu ce muz - babban barewa, yaɗu a cikin gandun daji na Arewacin .asashen.
Yanzu akwai kusan miliyan 1.5 daga cikinsu a duniya, kuma a Rasha akwai kusan mutane dubu 730. Ana iya ganin hotunan Elk akan alamun hanya, rigunan makamai, takardun kuɗi da tambura. A cikin biranen Rasha da yawa akwai abubuwan tarihi ga ƙugiya. Ya keɓance ɗayan manyan alamomin gandun dajinmu.
A ƙarshe, na ƙarshe barewar dabbobi, wanda ya bambanta da sauran a cikin rashin ƙaho. shi barewar ruwa ko Dausayi musk barewa... Karamin dabba mai shayarwa, tsayinsa yakai 45-55 cm, tsawon jiki har zuwa 1 m, nauyin kilogiram 10-15.
Maza suna da canines masu siffa ta sama, waɗanda suke lanƙwasa sama kuma suna fitowa daga baki da 5-6 cm. Ruwan bazara launin ruwan kasa ne mai ruwan kasa, gashi na hunturu ya fi sauƙi kuma ya yi laushi. Suna zaune ne a cikin ciyawar ciyawa kusa da gabar tafkuna da fadama.
Suna ciyarwa galibi akan ciyawa, namomin kaza da harbe-harbe matasa. Yayin rudani, mazan sun ji wa junansu rauni sosai da hammatarsu. Suna zaune a Gabashin China da Koriya. Kasancewa cikin Faransa, Burtaniya da Primorsky Krai. Suna da hankali sosai, sabili da haka, ƙarancin karatu ne.
A cikin hoto miski barewa, ana kuma kiran ta barewar miski
