Kwarin, dan asalin Kudancin Asiya ne, ya fadada zangon sa kuma ya bayyana a yankin Rasha shekaru 5-6 da suka gabata. Hanyar sa a duk nahiyoyin Amurka, fadada Turai tana tabbatar da mahimmancin ta, babban ikon daidaitawa. Marmara bug yana kawo babbar matsala ga manoma, mazauna rani. Nazarin parasite na lambun yana ba ku damar sanin abokan gaba a kan lokaci, don hana asarar amfanin gona.
Bayani da fasali
Bugaramin ƙaramin kwaro tare da jikin mai siffa kamar ta thyroid zai iya tashi. Underarkashin sararin samaniya mai ruwan kasa-mai-toka mai-toka-toka akwai fuka-fukan yanar gizo masu ɗigon duhu. Tsawon babban mutum shine 12-17 mm. Bambanta kwaron cuta daga danginsa ba sauki.
Amma zaka iya gane abokan gaba ta ratsiyoyin fari da aka sanya akan kafafu, antennae-antennae. Duhu da wuraren haske a kan karaf ɗin suna ƙirƙirar zane-zane waɗanda ke ba kwaro sunansa. Kwaroron kwaron yana da haske. Idan ka lura sosai, za ka ga tabo mai shuɗi a kan kai.
Sunan kimiyya na kwarin shine halyomorpha halys, fassarar mutane ita ce bugun Asiya. Sunan barkwancin da ba a bayyana shi kwatsam. Kwaron yana fitar da wani wari mara dadi a yanayi biyu:
- don jawo hankalin wasu ma'aurata masu jinsi;
- idan akwai hatsari.
Eriyar eriya baki da fari na iya rarrabe kwaron marmara daga kwari mara cutarwa.
Musamman gland a cikin ƙananan ciki suna tara sirri na musamman har sai an buƙata. An sanya kwaron warin a cikin jerin abubuwan keɓe keɓaɓɓu tun daga shekarar 2017, amma wannan gaskiyar ba ta hana kwarin shiga cikin taro da yawa, gine-gine, wuraren adanawa inda take da abin da za ta ci riba da shi.
Marmara bug - kwari warewar hemiptera, kwaro ne na shuke-shuke. An tsara kayan aikin bakin kwaro ta hanyar da zata iya huda bawon 'ya'yan itacen ta waje tare da proboscis na musamman, suna shan ruwan' ya'yan, suna gabatar da miyau tare da enzymes.
Bayan cin kwaron, tsiron yana da saukin kamuwa da cututtuka, rikicewar ci gaba. Wurin huda huda ya zama baƙi, necrosis na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire yana haɓaka saboda kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan tayi.
Kwarin marmara yana da cutarwa sosai don amfanin ƙasa.
Lalacewa, canje-canje a tsarin cikin ɓangaren litattafan almara suna shafar tasirin ɗan 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari. 'Ya'yan itacen da ba su kai ba sun durƙushe, yayin da ci gaban su ya tsaya, waɗanda suka rage a kan bishiyoyi, bushes na ruɓa.
Kusan dukkanin tsire-tsire suna da saukin kamuwa da hare-haren kwaro mai ƙamshi, amma zuwa mafi girman 'ya'yan itace, hatsi, kayan lambu. A cikin Asiya, gida ga kwaroron marmara, masana kimiyya sun ƙidaya sama da shuke-shuke 300 waɗanda ta kai wa hari, gami da furanni, bishiyoyi, da inabai.
Persimmons, tangerines suna rugujewa, ƙanƙarawa rataye suke fanko, babu ruwan 'ya'yan itace ko ruwan inabi da za a iya samu daga ɓauren inabi. Asarar da kwayar noma ta haifar ya kai kashi 40-70% na yawan amfanin gona. Babban asara ta kudi tana shafar masu lambu da manoma saboda gazawar fitar da albarkatun yayan itace.
A Amurka, alkaluman kididdiga na shekara-shekara suna yin asarar dubun dubatan biliyoyin daloli daga kamuwa da cututtukan gado. Bayyanar kwari a yankin Abkhazia makwabciya, a yankunan kudancin ƙasarmu, yana haifar da damuwa tsakanin jama'a.
Abu ne mai sauki ka lura da bayyanar kwaro a cikin lambun ta hanyar sirrinta mai wari, wanda yake tuno da fitowar skunk ko ferret. A dabi'a, wannan ikon yana zama kariya daga abokan gaba waɗanda ke kauce wa sadarwa tare da kwari "mai daɗin ƙanshi".
Idan ka ɗauki kwaro a hannunka, to ƙanshin zai daɗe a tafin hannunka na dogon lokaci. A cikin mutanen da ke fuskantar halayen rashin lafiyan, wannan lamari na iya haifar da shi, ban da rashin jin daɗi, bayyanuwar ciwo.
Irin
Brown marmara kwari nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'i ne, masana na iya gano kwaron Asiatic. Amma a wuraren da aka yiwa kwari mulkin mallaka, akwai wasu kwari da suka yi kama da girma, launi, siffa, kuma basa cutar da shuke-shuke da aka noma.
Koren kwaro. Kwarin ya yadu a yankuna da yawa. Mazauna lokacin bazara sukan same shi a cikin daskararren rasberi, amma scutellor baya ƙyamar wasu tsire-tsire. A lokacin kaka, launuka masu launin ruwan kasa suna bayyana a cikin kayan sawa na kore, suna kama da launin kwarin marmara. Kwaron bishiyar ba wai kawai kan tsiron tsire-tsire yake ci ba, har ma da matattun kwari.
Nazara kore ce. Mazaunin gandun daji wanda ya canza launi tare da yanayi. A lokacin faɗuwar rana, ta rikide ta zama kwaron daji mai ruwan kasa, wanda ba a san shi a tsakanin ɓarna. Wingsananan fuka-fuki suna haɓaka ikon motsawa don neman tushen abinci. Yana zaune yankuna da yawa a cikin Yankin Krasnodar.
Berry garkuwar bug. Jikin lebur, an rufe shi da gashi, ya yi ja-ja-jaja-jaja. Ryallen bakin ciki tare da zane mai ɗigo-da-rawaya mai tsinkaye a gefen gefunan. Bayyanar gabaɗaya ba ta da wata damuwa. Sau da yawa akan same su a ciyawar ciyawa, ciyawa.
Kwararru suna ba da hankali ga alamun musamman na baƙo mai haɗari, ta inda yake da sauƙin gano shi. Yanzu marmara a cikin hoto nuna:
- ƙyallen haske a baya da kai;
- kwatankwacin faranti na zaygomatic, ƙwanƙwasa a gaba;
- launi mai ban mamaki na eriya (eriya): yanki mai girma tare da farin tushe da kuma koli, kuma na karshe mai kawai da farin tushe.
Kwatanta bayyanar marbled tare da sauran scutellids yana hana rikicewa. Ana lura da alamun alamun a cikin kwaro a duk matakan ci gaba, amma sun fi bayyana a cikin manya, manya.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Homelandasar tarihi na ƙwarin marmara shine yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya (China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, ƙasashen yankin Koriya). Tun daga 90s na karnin da ya gabata, yankin ya fadada sosai, ya fara mamaye lardunan kudancin Kanada, yawancin jihohin Amurka.
Bayan shekaru 10, sai aka sami kwaron na Asiya a Switzerland, New Zealand, England. Tare da kayan masu yawon bude ido, kwari sun koma sabbin yankuna, an yi nasarar daidaita su a can.
Tun daga 2014, an samo kwaro a cikin Rasha. An yi nasarar fara bayyana a Sochi, Krasnodar Territory. Yanayi mai danshi da dumi sun ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar kwaron marmara, ɓarkewar yaduwar ɗimbin yawa da asarar amfanin gona da aka fara yi.
Rosselkhoznadzor yana da izini don sanya takunkumi kan samfuran kayan kwalliyar da aka shigo da su cikin Tarayyar Rasha, amma wannan bai isa ba don kawar da kwaron a ko'ina.
Kwaron kwatankwacin ba shi da abokan gaba na halitta saboda ƙanshin wannan ƙwarin. Kawai a cikin ƙasashen Asiya ana samun kayan aikin gurɓataccen gida akan ƙwayoyin ƙwarin gado. A wasu yankuna, an yi ƙoƙari don ba da kwandunan kwari da magungunan ƙwari, amma ƙwarin ba sa damuwa da sunadarai. Fada da marmara kwaro wuya.
A cikin hoton, larvae da samari na ƙwarin marmara
Kwari masu kaunar zafi suna aiki a lokacin bazara, lokacin da suke ciyarwa mai yawa da kiwo. Da farkon yanayin sanyi, kwari sukan fara neman mafaka don hunturu.
Ana iya samun manyan gungu na kwari da ruwan kasa a cikin sheds, gidajen ƙasa, da kuma gine-gine masu zaman kansu. Mutane da yawa suna mamaki menene haɗarin kwarin marmara, kamar yadda suke tsoron ba kawai ƙanshi mai daɗi ba, har ma da cizon, yaduwar kamuwa da cuta.
Kwarin kwari da wuya su ciji, amma suna iya nuna zalunci a lokacin kiwo, kodayake ba a daidaita proboscis don huda fatar mutum ba. Shafin huda ya zama ja, itching ya bayyana, mai yiwuwa bayyanar bayyanar rashin kumburin fata, kumburi.
Don kawar da tasirin kumburi, ana ba da shawarar a kurkura yankin cizon da ruwan sabulu, a shafa sanyi. Kuna iya amfani da maganin shafawa na musamman na maganin kwari tare da kayan antibacterial don guje wa saurin rashin lafiyan abu.Ranar diapause yana da alaƙa da dakatar da ayyukan haihuwa, kwari suna adana kuzari don farkawa daga bazara.
Kasancewar sun zauna a cikin raƙuman rami, ratayan kayan sawa, kwari suna ɗaukar karuwar awoyin rana, canjin yanayin zafi. Wani lokaci dumi na mazaunin mutum yana jawo kwari, wanda yakan zama fitilun da ke haskakawa, suna tarawa a rufi. Irin wannan mamayewar ba ta farantawa mutane rai.
Gina Jiki
Pickaukar ƙwayar marmara a cikin abinci babbar barazana ce ga aikin gona. Girgizar dukkanin bishiyoyi da fruita fruitan itace da sauran shuke-shuken lambu yana fuskantar barazanar hallaka. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari tare da aibobi daga kwari ciji basu dace da abinci ba, aiki. Manoma sun yi asarar riba daga lalata masara, dawa, da goro, da peach, da apples, da persimmons, da pears.
Ba wai kawai 'ya'yan itacen ke mutuwa ba, amma galibi tsiron kansa, tun da kwaro yana tsotsa ruwan' ya'yan itace daga tushe da ganye. A Abkhazia kadai, an kidaya nau'ikan tsire-tsire 32 wadanda kwaron ya cutar da su. Masu lambu sun yi asara daga lalacewar raspberries, blueberries, barkono mai zaki, kokwamba, tumatir.
A kowane mataki na ci gaban kwari, larvae da manya suna cin abinci iri ɗaya. Masana kimiyya sun lura cewa idan babu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, ƙwayar marmara tana cin ciyawa, don haka yanayin yunwa ba ya barazanar ta.
Barazana ga tsire-tsire ita ce cutar phytoplasmosis, wanda ɗauke da marmara mai ruwan kasa ke ɗauke da shi. Alamomin cutar aibobi ne akan murhun murhu, yellowness na ganye.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Lokacin kiwo don kwandunan kwari yana farawa kusan tsakiyar Afrilu. Kowace mace tana kawo zuriya sau uku a shekara. Adadin ƙwai da aka sa a kowace kaka guda 250-300 ne.
Anyi karatun tazarar rayuwar kwaroron marmara sosai, tsawon sa shine watanni 6-8. A lokacin bazara, mata na sa ƙwai a bayan ganyen. An kafa tarin ƙananan ƙwallo, kowannensu yana da kusan 1.5 mm a diamita. Launin ƙwai fari ne, rawaya mai haske, wani lokacin launin ruwan kasa ne, mai ja. Ganyayyakin da kamawar ta bayyana a kansu sun zama rawaya kuma sun faɗi a kan lokaci.
Bayan makonni 2-3, larvae (nymphs) sun bayyana. Bugu da ari, ci gaban kwaroron marmara ya wuce matakai biyar, halayyar wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan scutellids. A kowane mataki, bayyanar tsutsa tana canzawa. Samuwar kwarin baligi na tsawon kwanaki 35-45, ya danganta da yanayin zafin yanayi.
Canjin yanayin kwari a lokacin girma tare da sauya fasali ya kasance yana yaudarar masana kimiyya tsawon lokaci - yana da wahala a iya tantance cewa wannan kwaro ne guda a matakai daban-daban na ci gaba:
Mataki na 1 - nymphs mai zurfin lemu, tsayin kusan 2 mm;
Mataki na 2 - larvae ya yi duhu zuwa baƙi;
Mataki na 3 - launi ya zama haske, kusan fari, tsayinsa ya kai 12 mm;
Mataki na 4-5 - lokacin da ake buƙata kafin a sami girma da sifar ƙwayar cuta.
Lokacin kowane mataki kusan mako guda ne. A cikin yanayin nymph, kwari ba sa iya tashi, amma daga baya suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa cikin saurin zuwa 3 m / s. Balaguron kwari da marmara galibi ana yin sa ne a jiragen ƙasa da jirage ɗauke da 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari.
Hanyoyi don magance kwaro
Masana kimiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa ingantaccen yaƙi da ƙwayar marmara yana farawa ne da farkon gano shi. Matakan kariya na taimakawa kiyaye girbi har zuwa 45%.
Mafi yawan hanyoyin da suka tabbatar da kansu a aikace:
- baiton pheromone ne na musamman tarkuna don marmara Byanshin kamshi ne ke jawo su, ana ɗaukar kwari cikin kwantena (kwalba), waɗanda ganuwar su ake bi da wani abu mai mannewa. Har kusan kwari 600 ake tattarawa a cikin tarkon kowane mako;
- fesa tsire tare da maganin naman kaza (nau'ikan Beauveria bassiana). Sakamakon sarrafawa, har zuwa kashi 60% na kwarin marmara sun mutu;
- tarin kwari ta hanyar hannu, bayan haka ana kula da dasa shi ta hanyar sinadarai.
Yadda ake ma'amala da kwaroron marmara, yawan jama'a yana yanke shawara ne bisa ga yawan rarar sa. A cikin gidajen rani, masu mallakar suna sanya kwalaye cike da tsoffin jaridu da kwali a ƙarshen kaka.
Mutane da yawa suna amfani da tarkon marmara na gida.
Kwarin kwari sun ɓuya a cikin su da fatan yin nasara. Ungiyoyin ɗaruruwan sun ƙone. Wasu lokuta masu sha'awar lambu suna sanya kwantena na ruwan sabulu a ƙarƙashin hasken fitilar tebur da dare. Kwarin da suka taru don dumama kansu ba zasu iya fita daga mafita ba.
Babu fa'ida daga kwaroron marmara. Kwari sun wakilci sojojin kwari wadanda dan Adam ya dade yana fada dasu. Amma akwai kyakkyawar sha'awa ga halittar da ke da kwarjini sosai, mai iya dacewa da yanayin yanayi a nahiyoyi daban-daban. Af, idan kuna buƙatar guba kwandunan kwari, to wannan rukunin yanar gizon zai taimaka muku.
