Bombardiers wani nau'in matsakaici ne wanda ƙirar ƙira ce wacce ta sami suna saboda wata dabara ta kariya ta asali: daga glandon da ke ƙarshen ciki, ƙwaro yana harba maƙarƙashiya da ruwan zafi mai zafi ga abokan gaba.
Karfin igwaro na ƙwaro yana tsoratar da abokan gaba, amma yana jan hankalin masana kimiyya. Masana ilimin jikin dan adam sunyi nazarin yadda ake harbi dalla dalla, amma asalinsa har yanzu ana takaddama.
Bayani da fasali
Bombardier irin ƙwaro - kwari, tsawon 5-15 mm. Bayyanuwa da yanayinsu kwatankwacin na ƙasar beetles wanda yake nasa. Jikin babban kwari yana da tsayi, oval ne. Babban launi yana da duhu tare da ƙarfe mai ƙyalƙyali; wasu sassa na jiki galibi ana zana su cikin launuka masu launin ja-ja-ja.
Kan raunin da aka dawo dashi cikin rauni, wanda yake a kwance a kwance, tare da ɗan gangaren ƙasa. Ya ƙare a cikin ƙananan mandodin mai kama da sikila, an daidaita shi don riƙewa da yage ganima - sauran ƙananan kwari. Palps sun ƙunshi sassa 3.
Idanun suna matsakaiciya a cikin girma kuma suna dacewa da salon rayuwa mai cike da bakin ciki. Setaya daga cikin setra supborbital yana gefen gefen idanu. Babu ƙarin idanu. A cikin ƙwaro irin na Brachininae, naan eriya kashi goma ne.
Kashi na farko yana da bristle, ana iya ganin kwalliya iri-iri iri a sashi na karshe na eriya. Wari daga usan Paussinae suna da eriya mai ado ƙwarai. Kan da kwatancen, eriya, da gabobin jiki yawanci ja ne ja.
Legsafafun suna da tsayi, an daidaita su don tafiya a ƙasa mai tauri. Tsarin gabobin jiki hadadden abu ne. Kowane ya ƙunshi sassa 5. Ta hanyar nau'in su, suna masu gudu. Akwai keɓancewa a gaban goshi: akwai ƙira a ƙasan ƙafa - na'urar don tsabtace eriya.
Elytra suna da wuya, yawanci suna rufe jikin ƙwaro kwata-kwata, amma a wasu jinsunan ya fi gajarta jiki. Endsarshensu nau'ikan uku ne: zagaye, "yanke" wanda yake daidai da layin tsakiyar jiki, ko kuma an gitta shi a ciki. Elytra na ƙwaro shuɗi ne, kore, wani lokacin baƙi. Suna da dogon rami mara tsayi.
Fuka-fukan suna ci gaba matsakaici, tare da hanyar sadarwa ta jijiyoyin caraboid. Bama-bamai sun fi amincewa da ƙafafunsu fiye da fikafikan su. Suna gudu daga abokan gaba, suna amfani da jiragen sama don haɓaka sabbin yankuna. Kwarin da ke wasu mutanen da aka rufe, galibi marasa tsari, sun yi watsi da jiragen sama gaba ɗaya.
Cikin kwarin ya kunshi 8 sternites, sassan m na zobba na yanki. Maza da mata sun yi kama da juna. Maza suna da ƙarin ɓangarori a ƙafafunsu waɗanda aka tsara don riƙe mata yayin ɗaukar hoto.
Mafi shahara daga cikin bama-bamai suna fasa, suna zaune a Turai da Asiya, a cikin Siberia zuwa Tafkin Baikal. A arewa, kewayon ƙwaro ya ƙare a subundlar tundra. A kudanci ya isa hamada ya bushe busassun busassun itace. Bombardier irin ƙwaro yana rayuwa ba wai a filin ƙasa kaɗai ba, ana iya samun sa a cikin tsaunuka, amma ba sa zuwa yankin dusar ƙanƙara ta dindindin.
Gabaɗaya, ƙwaro ya fi son bushewa zuwa ƙasa mai matsakaici. Ba su da dare. Da rana suna ɓoyewa a ƙarƙashin duwatsu da sauran mafaka, a cikin magariba da daddare suna fara ciyarwa. Iyakar ayyukan fashewar abubuwa yana faduwa ne a lokutan faduwar rana. Sun fi son wannan lokacin ba kawai don neman abinci ba, har ma don daidaitawa.
Ikon tashi sama ana nuna shi musamman ta ƙananan kwari waɗanda suka fito daga pupa. An haifar da ilhami don haɓaka sabon yankuna. A nan gaba, sha'awar tashi a tsakanin masu zira kwallo ta dushe.
Bombardier beetles wani ɓangare ne na dangin ƙwaro na ƙasa kuma suna kama da su sosai.
Tare da kusancin hunturu, raguwar rana, aikin kwari yana raguwa. Tare da yanayin sanyi, beetles sun fada cikin wani irin bacci, suna da diapause, wanda ake tafiyar da rayuwa a jiki zuwa kusan sifili. Hakanan, jikin ƙwaro zai iya amsa lokacin fari.
Lura da rayuwar kwari, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa da rana, a karkashin duwatsu, ƙwaro yana tarawa cikin ƙungiyoyin da ba su da yawa kawai, amma kuma masu bambancin abubuwa. Da farko, ana tsammanin iyakantattun matsugunai sune dalilin nishaɗin ƙungiya.
Bambancin kabilun da ke kungiyoyin ya ba da shawarar cewa matsalolin tsaro ne suka sa aka hada kungiyar. Adadin bama-bamai da yawa na iya karewa sosai yayin kai hari. A karkashin murfin "manyan bindigogi" ya fi sauƙi a ɓoye daga abokan gaba don wasu nau'in ƙwaro waɗanda ba su da ikon yin ruwan bama-bamai.
A wasu lokutan bama-bamai kan samar da kananan garken tumaki tare da wasu kwari.
Hanyar kariya daga makiya
Bombardier irin ƙwaro yana kare kansa a cikin mafi asali hanya. Tsarin kariyarta bashi da kama tsakanin kwari. Ganin kusancin abokan gaba, ƙwaroran suna ba da umarni, ƙamshi mai daɗi, cakuda mai ɗumi na ruwa da gas a cikin hanyar sa.
A ramin ciki akwai gland biyu - kayan haɗa wuta. Ana adana cakuɗin faɗa a cikin yanayin "disassembled". An sanya nau'ikan sunadarai guda biyu a cikin gland guda biyu, kowannensu ya kasu kashi biyu. Compaya daga cikin sashin (tankin ajiya) ya ƙunshi hydroquinones da hydrogen peroxide, ɗayan (ɗakin amsawa) ya ƙunshi cakuda enzymes (catalase da peroxidase).
Ana samar da cakuda kai tsaye kafin a harbe shi. Lokacin da kwado ko tururuwa suka bayyana a cikin gani, hydroquinones da hydrogen peroxide daga tankin ajiya ana matse su a cikin dakin amsawa. Oxygen yana fitowa daga hydrogen peroxide a ƙarƙashin aikin enzymes.
Don kare kansu, gurnetin da ke harba bindiga ya harbi iska mai guba a kan abokan gaba
Magungunan sunadarai yana gudana da sauri, yawan zafin jiki na cakuda ya tashi zuwa 100 ° C. Matsin lamba a cikin ɗakin fashewar yana ƙaruwa sau da yawa kuma cikin sauri. Thewaro yana yin harbi, yana saka ciki don ya bugi abokan gaba. Bombardier irin ƙwaro a cikin hoton yana nuna ikon harbawa daga wurare daban-daban.
An rufe ganuwar ɗakin tare da matakan kariya - cuticle. Kari akan haka, gungun gland na enzyme unicel masu zagaye suna tare da bangon. Cakuda na ruwa da iskar gas da ke tserewa daga bututun ba zafi da ƙamshi kawai yake ba, yana samar da sauti mai ƙarfi wanda ke inganta tasirin hanawa.
Jirgin da aka jagoranta yana kewaye da gajimare na abubuwa masu saurin tarwatsewa. Yana yin nasa rabo a cikin kare ƙwaro - yana rikitar da mai tashin hankali. Equippedofar tana sanye take da maɓuɓɓuka masu haske waɗanda suka canza shi zuwa bututun sarrafawa. A sakamakon haka, alkiblar harbi ya dogara da matsayin jiki kuma ana yin ta ta amfani da abubuwan nunawa.
Hakanan jeren jifa yana iya daidaitawa: ƙwaro yana samar da cakudadden gas mai ruwa tare da saukad da girma daban-daban. Aerosol tare da manyan ɗigon ruwa yana tashi kusa, kyakkyawan cakuda yana harbawa a nesa.
Lokacin da aka kori, duk kayan da suka dace ba su cinyewa. Sun isa isasshen iska mai iska. Bayan harbe-harbe 20, hannun jari na kayan aikin sun kare kuma kwaro yana bukatar a kalla rabin awa don samar da sinadarai. Yawancin lokaci ƙwaro yana da wannan lokacin, tunda jerin 10-20 mai zafi da iska mai guba sun isa su kashe ko kuma aƙalla su kori abokan gaba.
Masana ilimin halittar jikin dan adam a karshen karnin da ya gabata sun gano akalla jinsin daya wanda harbi ya kunshi abubuwa da dama da suke fashewa. Cakuda na ruwa da gas ba a kirkiresu lokaci guda, amma ya ƙunshi abubuwan fashewar abubuwa 70. Yawan maimaitawa shine bugun jini 500 a kowane dakika, ma'ana, yana ɗaukar sakan 0.14 na ƙananan microexplosions 70.
Wannan makaniki na harbi yana ba da tasirin sassauƙa na matsi, zafin jiki da ilmin sunadarai a jikin maharbin kansa - mai zira kwallaye.
A wata sigar, an ceci ƙwaro daga tasirin makamin nasa ta dalilin fashewar abin a wajen jikinsa. Masu sakewa ba su da lokacin amsawa, ana jefar da su, a hanyar fita daga cikin ƙwarin, suna haɗuwa kuma a wannan lokacin fashewa ya faru, yana haifar da zafi, aerosol mai cutarwa.
Irin
Bombardier irin ƙwaro — kwari, na suban gida-gida biyu: Brachininae da Paussinae. Su, bi da bi, suna cikin dangin ƙasa. Yawancin masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa duka rassa suna haɓaka da kansu. Wasu kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa rukunin gidajen sun hada kakanni ɗaya.
Tattaunawa game da yuwuwar fitowar kai tsaye da haɓaka tsarin kariya iri ɗaya ya wuce matsalolin tsarin tsarin halittu kuma wani lokacin yakan sami ma'anar falsafa. Usan gidan Paussinae an rarrabe shi ta hanyar tsarin waswasi. Bugu da kari, wadannan kwari sukan zabi su ne ta hanyar tururuwa, wato, su ne myrmecophiles.
Ba a ɗan nazarin ƙwaro irin na wannan gidan. Coleoptera daga cikin dangin gidan Brachininae sune sanannu da karatu. Ya haɗa da zuriya 14. Brachinus shine asalin halittar farko irin na bombardier beetles wanda aka bayyana kuma aka gabatar dashi a cikin tsarin kimiyyar halittu. Jinsin ya hada da nau'ikan masu aikin kirkin Brachinus ko fasa fasa bamabamai.
Wannan nau'ikan nomenclature ne; kwatancin da sunan dukkanin jinsin (taxon) ya dogara ne da bayanai game da shi. Baya ga fashewar bam din, nau'in halittar Brachinus ya hada da wasu nau'ikan 300, 20 daga cikinsu suna zaune a Rasha da wasu jihohin makwabta. Sauran nau'ikan bama-bamai ana iya samun su a ko'ina, sai dai a yankunan da ke da mummunan yanayi.
Duk da kasancewar fukafukai, masu zira kwallaye sun fi son motsawa a ƙasa
Gina Jiki
Omwayoyin Bombardier kwari ne masu cin nama a duk matakan rayuwarsu. Daga lokacin da aka haife su har zuwa yarinya, larvae suna jagorantar rayuwar parasitic. Suna cin kwayoyi masu dauke da sunadarai na wasu ƙwaro.
A cikin girma, maharan bamabamai suna tsunduma cikin tattara ragowar abinci a farfajiyar ƙasa, ƙarƙashin duwatsu da kayan kwalliya. Bugu da kari, ƙwaro yana kashe ƙananan takwarorinsu. An cinye larvae da pupae na duk wani abu da maharin zai iya sarrafawa.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
A cikin bazara, ƙwaro yakan sa ƙwai a cikin manya-manyan lamuran ƙasa. Wani lokaci ana gina ɗakin kwai daga laka. Aikin mata shine kare kama daga daskarewa. Qwai suna da siffar oval, dogon diamita ya kai 0.88 mm, gajere kuma ya kai 0.39 mm. Memunƙarar amfrayo fari ne, translucent.
Shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa. Farar fata sun fito daga ƙwai. Bayan sa'o'i 6-8, larvae yayi duhu. Tsarin su na al'ada ne ga ƙwarraren ƙasa - halittu ne masu ƙwanƙwasa tare da gabobin jiki da kyau. Bayan fitowan, larvae din suna neman pupae na wasu beetles.
Ta hanyar kudin su, wadanda za su ci gaba za a ciyar da su kuma su bunkasa. Zuwa yau, nau'in kwaya daya ne kawai aka sani, wanda kwayayensu suka zama wadanda abin ya shafa - wadannan kwaroron kasa ne daga jinsi na Amara (abin da ake kira dusky beetles). Tsutsayen tsutsar Bombardier suna ciza ta ƙwaryar pupae kuma suna cin ruwan da ke gudana daga rauni.
Bayan kwanaki 5-6, maharan bamabamai sun fara mataki na biyu na tsutsar ciki, yayin da ake kiyaye tushen abinci. Tsutsa na ɗauke da sifa iri ɗaya da kwatankwacin malam buɗe ido. Bayan kwana 3, mataki na uku ya fara. Kyanwa ta cinye abincinta. Lokacin rashin motsi ya shiga. Bayan hutawa, tsutsa tsutsa, bayan kimanin kwanaki 10 kwari ya ɗauki kamannin ƙwaro, kuma matakin manya ya fara.
Canjin canji daga ƙwai zuwa ƙwarin kwari girma na ɗaukar kwanaki 24. A lokaci guda, kwancen kwan yana aiki tare da tsarin rayuwar Amara na ƙasar beetles (dusky beetles). Ficewar larbar bombardier daga qwai yana faruwa a lokacin da dimple dinsu ya zama pupate.
Bombardiers, waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai sanyi da sanyi, suna ba ƙarni ɗaya a shekara. Irin ƙwaro da suka ƙware a wurare masu zafi na iya yin kamala ta biyu a lokacin bazara. Mata suna buƙatar shekara 1 don kammala tsarin rayuwarsu. Maza na iya rayuwa tsawon lokaci - har zuwa shekaru 2-3.
Irin ƙwaro
Kasancewa masu cin abincin polyphagous, bamabamai basa haifar da illa ga mutane. Sabanin haka, idan tsutsa, tsutsa ko ƙwaro irin ƙwaro, bama-bamai kai hari kuma ya cinye su. A cikin arangama tsakanin mutum da kwari, masu zira kwallaye suna gefen mutum.
Jirgin bam din ya fito da sauri kuma yana tare da pop
An yi ƙoƙari don amfani da yanayin ɓarnatar da bama-bamai. Suna so su shiryar da su ta hanyar tsakar gida, wadanda a yau ake ci gaba da bunkasa masana'antu da kuma warwatse a kan lambuna don yaƙi da masu ƙaura.
Masu tayar da bam a cikin yanayi suna cin naman kwari, kwari, kwai ya tashi da kayan lambu, da sauransu, amma tunanin yaduwar bama-bamai bai bunkasa ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
- Halin Bombardier irin ƙwaro, hanyoyin da ke faruwa yayin harbi ana nazarin su ne ba kawai masana kimiyyar halitta ba. Injiniyoyi suna amfani da mafita da aka aiwatar a jikin bam ɗin lokacin da suke ƙirar na'urorin fasaha. Misali, an yi kokarin kirkirar wasu tsare-tsare don sake kunna injunan jirgi kwatankwacin tsarin kariya daga bama bamai.
- Bombardier ba wai kawai yana tsoratar da makiyansa ne ta hanyar amfani da iska mai zafi ba. Wani lokacin kwaro bashi da lokacin amsawa ga barazanar kuma kwadon ya hadiye ta. Bombardier ya yi “harbi” yayin cikin cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe. Kwadin ya ƙi, ya tofa abubuwan da ke cikin ciki, ƙwaro ya kasance da rai.
- Bama-bamai ya zama abin da aka fi so a ka'idar halittu. Asalinsa ya ta'allaka ne da cewa wasu al'amuran yanayi suna da rikitarwa da baza'a dauki sakamakon juyin halitta ba.
Abubuwan da aka zana na ƙirar ƙirar ƙira suna faɗin cewa tsarin kare ƙwarjin bama-bamai ba zai iya bunkasa a hankali ba, mataki zuwa mataki. Koda sauƙaƙaƙƙan sauƙaƙa ko cire mafi ƙanƙan abubuwa daga tsarin "manyan bindigogi" na ƙwaro yana haifar da cikakken rashin iya aiki.
Wannan ya bawa magoya bayan ka'idar kirkirar kirkirar fasaha don yin jayayya da cewa tsarin kariyar da bam din yayi amfani dashi ya bayyana a cikakkiyar sifa nan take, ba tare da samun ci gaba ba, a hankali. Yarda da kirkirar halitta a matsayin ka'idar kimiyar kimiya ba ta fayyace asalin tsarin kariyar mai harin bam din ba.
