Fasali, tsari da mazaunin takalman ciliates
Siffar Infusoria ita ce mafi sauƙin rai a cikin motsi. Rayuwa a duniya ta banbanta da bambancin halittu masu rai da ke rayuwa a kanta, wani lokacin suna da hadadden tsari da kuma dukkan nau'ikan tsarin ilimin lissafi da mahimman abubuwa waɗanda ke taimaka musu rayuwa a wannan duniyar mai cike da haɗari.
Amma a tsakanin halittun halittu akwai kuma irin wadannan halittu na musamman na halitta, wanda sifar su ta dadaddiyar gaba ce, amma sune suka taba yin wani lokaci, biliyoyin shekarun da suka gabata, suka bada karfi ga ci gaban rayuwa kuma daga garesu ne hadaddun kwayoyin halittu a cikin dukkanin bambancinsu suka samo asali.
Siffofin dadaddun halittu wadanda suka wanzu a duniya a yau sun hada da silifas na infusoriana halittun unicel ne daga ƙungiyar alveolates.
Ya samo asalin sunansa ne zuwa sifar jikinsa mai siffa, wanda ba zai yi kama da tafin takalmin talaka ba wanda yake da ƙyalli da gajarta.
Irin wadannan kananan kwayoyin halitta masana kimiyyar suna sanya su a matsayin tsari mai tsari na aji ciliates, silifa su ne mafi yawan iri-iri iri-iri.
Takalmin bashi da sunan ciliate zuwa tsarin jikinsa da siffar ƙafa
Sauran nau'ikan ajin, wadanda yawancinsu masu cutar parasitic ne, suna da nau'ikan nau'uka daban-daban kuma sunada banbanci sosai, sun wanzu a ruwa da kasa, haka nan kuma a cikin hadaddun wakilan fauna: dabbobi da mutane, a cikin hanjinsu, kyallensu da kuma hanyoyin jini.
Slippers yawanci ana yin su da yawa a cikin ruwa mai tsabta mai zurfin ruwa mai tsayayyen ruwa, idan har akwai wadatattun ƙwayoyin abubuwa masu haɗuwa a cikin wannan yanayin: tsire-tsire masu ruwa, ƙwayoyin rai da suka mutu, ƙarancin iska.
Ko da akwatin kifaye na gida na iya zama yanayin da ya dace da rayuwarsu, kawai zai yiwu a gano da kuma bincika waɗannan dabbobin a hankali ta hanyar microscope, ɗauke da ruwa mai ƙyalƙyali azaman samfuri. Kyakkyawan shagon madubin Macromed zai taimaka muku zaɓi microscope don ganin infusoria.
Takalman Infusoria – protozoa rayayyun halittu, wadanda ake kira daban-daban: tailed paramecia, hakika suna da matukar kankanta, kuma girmansu yakai 1 zuwa 5 bisa goma na milimita.
A zahiri, sun banbanta, mara launi a launi, ƙwayoyin halittu, manyan internala'ikun ciki waɗanda suke tsakiya biyu, ana kiransu: babba da ƙarami.
Kamar yadda aka gani a fadada hoton takalmin ciliates, a saman farfajiyar irin wadannan kwayoyin halittar, akwai, wadanda suke a cikin layuka masu tsayi, mafi kankantar samuwar da ake kira cilia, wadanda suke aiki a matsayin gabobin motsi na takalma.
Adadin irin waɗannan ƙananan ƙafafun yana da girma kuma ya fara daga dubu 10 zuwa 15, a gindin kowane ɗayansu akwai jikin basal a haɗe, kuma a cikin kusancin kusa akwai jakar parasonic, wanda membrane mai kariya ke zanawa.
Tsarin takalmin ciliate, duk da bayyananniyar sauki a gwajin na waje, yana da isassun matsaloli. A waje, irin wannan kejin ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar sikashi mafi laushi mai laushi, wanda ke taimakawa jikinsa don kula da sifa koyaushe. Kazalika da zaren kariya masu kariya wadanda ke cikin layin dutsen cytoplasm kusa da membrane.
Kwancensa na cytoskeleton, ban da dukkan abubuwan da ke sama, sune: microtubules, alveolar cisternae; gawawwakin basal tare da cilia da waɗanda suke kusa, ba su da su; fibrils da filamens, da sauran gabobin. Godiya ga cytoskeleton, kuma ba kamar wani wakilin protozoa ba - amoeba, silifas na infusoria ba zai iya canza fasalin jikin ba.
Yanayi da salon rayuwar takalman ciliates
Wadannan halittu masu karamin karfi galibi suna cikin motsi kamar motsi, suna samun saurin kusan milimita biyu da rabi a dakika daya, wanda ga irin wadannan halittun da basu dace ba sun ninka sau 5-10 na tsawon jikinsu.
Motsa takalmin ciliates ana aiwatar da shi ne ta hanyar wuce gona da iri a gaba, yayin da yake da al'adar juya juzu'in jikinsa.
Takalmin, yana kaɗa ƙafafun ƙafafuwansa da kuma dawo da su a hankali zuwa ga wuraren su, yana aiki ne kamar waɗannan gabobin motsi kamar dai suna jirgin ruwa ne a cikin jirgin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, yawan irin waɗannan shanyewar jiki yana da sau kusan sau dozin sau uku a kowace dakika.
Game da gabobin ciki na takalmin, babban cibiya na ciliates yana da hannu wajen samar da metabolism, motsi, numfashi da abinci, kuma ƙarami ne ke da alhakin aikin haifuwa.
Ana yin numfashin waɗannan halittu mafi sauƙi kamar haka: oxygen ta cikin abubuwan haɗin jiki yana shiga cikin cytoplasm, inda, tare da taimakon wannan ɓangaren sunadarai, ana sanya abubuwa masu rai cikin kwayoyi kuma ana canza su zuwa carbon dioxide, ruwa da sauran mahaɗan.
Kuma sakamakon waɗannan halayen, ana samun kuzari, wanda oran microorganism ke amfani dashi don rayuwarsa. Bayan duk wannan, ana cire carbon dioxide mai cutarwa daga tantanin halitta ta samansa.
Yanayin takalman infusoria, a matsayin kwayar halitta mai rayuwa, ya kunshi karfin wadannan kananan kwayoyin ne don amsa yanayin muhalli: tasirin inji da sinadarai, danshi, zafi da haske.
A gefe guda, suna motsawa zuwa tarin ƙwayoyin cuta don gudanar da ayyukansu mai mahimmanci da abinci mai gina jiki, amma a ɗaya ɓangaren, ɓoyewar ɓarnatarwar waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin suna tilasta wa ciliates ɗin su yi iyo daga gare su.
Takalma kuma suna yin tasiri ga ruwan gishiri, daga abin da suke cikin sauri don barin, amma da yardar rai suna motsawa cikin yanayin ɗumi da haske, amma ba kamar euglena, silifas na infusoria don haka dadadden abu wanda ba shi da ido mai saukin haske.
Infusoria silifa abinci mai gina jiki
Kwayoyin tsire-tsire da ƙwayoyin cuta iri-iri waɗanda ake samunsu da yawa a cikin yanayin ruwa sune tushen samar da takalmin silili... Kuma tana aiwatar da wannan aikin ne da taimakon ƙaramin ramin cellular, wanda shine nau'in bakin da ke shayar da abinci sannan kuma ya shiga cikin pharynx na cellular.
Kuma daga shi zuwa cikin kwayar narkewar abinci - kwayar halitta wacce ake narkar da abinci mai gina jiki. Abubuwan da aka sakawa ciki ana magance su na awa ɗaya lokacin da aka fallasa su cikin acidic sannan kuma yanayin alkaline.
Bayan haka, ana ɗauke da sinadarin mai gina jiki ta haɓakar cytoplasm zuwa dukkan sassan jikin ciliate. Kuma ana cire shara a waje ta hanyar wani irin tsari - foda, wanda ake sanyawa bayan bude bakin.
A cikin ciliates, ana cire ruwa mai yawa da yake shiga jiki ta hanyar abubuwan kwalliyar da ke gaba da bayan wannan tsarin. Suna tarawa ba ruwa kawai ba, har ma da abubuwan ɓarnatarwa. Lokacin da lambar su ta kai iyakar kimarta, sai su zube.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Tsarin haihuwa na irin wadannan halittu masu rai na farko yana faruwa ne ta hanyar jima'i da kuma jinsi, kuma karamin mahaifa kai tsaye kuma yana da hannu cikin aiwatar da haihuwa a duka al'amuran.
Haihuwar Asexual abu ne mai matukar mahimmanci kuma yana faruwa ta hanyar rarrabuwa mafi yawan kwayar halitta zuwa gida biyu, dukkan su suna kama da juna, sassan. A farkon fara aikin, gira-gizai biyu suna samuwa a cikin jikin sililin.
Sannan akwai rarrabuwa a cikin 'ya' yan mata guda biyu, kowane ɗayan yana samun nasa silibers na organoid, kuma abin da ya ɓace a cikin kowace sabuwar ƙwayoyin halitta an sake ƙirƙira sabuwa, wanda ke ba wa waɗannan sauki damar aiwatar da ayyukansu na rayuwa a nan gaba.
Jima'i, waɗannan ƙananan halittu da yawa sukan fara haifuwa ne kawai a cikin al'amuran na musamman. Wannan na iya faruwa tare da ba zato ba tsammani na yanayi mai barazanar rai, misali, tare da saurin kamuwa da sanyi ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki.
Kuma bayan aiwatar da tsarin da aka bayyana, a wasu lokuta, dukkanin kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin saduwa da juna na iya juyawa zuwa cikin duwawu, suna fadawa cikin wani yanayi na rayayyen rayayye, wanda ke ba da damar jiki ya wanzu a cikin mummunan yanayi na isasshen lokaci mai tsawo, wanda zai iya kaiwa shekaru goma. Amma a ƙarƙashin yanayi na yau da kullun, shekarun ciliates ba su daɗe, kuma, a matsayin mai mulkin, ba za su iya rayuwa fiye da rana ba.
Yayin haifuwa ta jima'i, kananan kwayoyin halitta suna hade a hade na wani lokaci, wanda ke haifar da sake rarraba kayan halittar gado, wanda sakamakon hakan damar mutum biyu ke karuwa.
Irin wannan yanayin masana kimiyyar kimiyya suna kiran shi conjugation kuma yana ci gaba kusan rabin yini. A yayin wannan sake rarrabawar, adadin kwayoyin halitta ba ya karuwa, amma kawai ana musayar bayanan gado ne a tsakanin su.
Yayin da ake haɗuwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta tsakanin su, harsashin kariya ya narke kuma ya ɓace, kuma gada mai haɗawa ta bayyana maimakon. Sannan manyan cibiyoyin kwayoyin biyu sun bace, kuma kanana sun kasu kashi biyu.
Don haka, sababbin ƙwayoyi huɗu sun tashi. Bugu da ari, dukansu, ban da ɗaya, an hallaka su, kuma na ƙarshen ya sake kasu kashi biyu. Musayar sauran halittu masu rai yana faruwa tare da gadar cytoplasmic, kuma daga abinda ya haifar, sabbin halittun da aka haifa, manya da kanana, sun tashi. Bayan haka ciliates din suna rarrabu da juna.
Mafi sauƙin kwayoyin halittar rayuwa suna aiwatar da rayuwa gabaɗaya ayyuka, takalmin infusoria lalata nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma kansu suna zama abinci don ƙananan ƙwayoyin dabbobi. Wasu lokuta ana yin irin wannan tsarin ne don abinci na soyayyen kifin kifin.
