Fasali da mazaunin toad
Amfani ne na mara wutsiya wanda yake kama da ƙoshin lafiya ko kwado. Toad karami a girma kuma yawanci yakan kai tsawon kasa da inci 7. Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na wannan halittar shi ne tsarin harshe, wanda aka hade shi tare da dukkan sashensa na baya zuwa ramin baka, yana da kamannin diski.
A saboda wannan dalili ne irin wannan iri-iri na amphibians na dangin harshe mai zagaye. Kamar yadda aka gani akan hoto na toad, itsalibanta masu siffar zuciya ne, fatar tana da kumburi, kuma launin jiki, wanda yake da ruwan toka-mai-ruwan toka mai-toka ko datti a bayanta da ɓangarorin sama na jiki, yana matsayin kyakkyawar sutturar fata ga toad a mazaunin ta na asali.
Cikin ciki na amphibian, akasin haka, ana rarrabe shi da lemu mai ƙwanƙolin haske ko launin rawaya mai haske mai ɗigo da siffofi marasa fasali, wanda kuma kyakkyawan kariya ne a cikin yanayi don wannan amphibian mara ƙoshin.
Toad lokacin da haɗari ya kusanto, wanda wani mai lura da abubuwan da ba a so ko mai farauta ya lura da shi, sai ya faɗi ciki sama, yana gargaɗi maƙiyi game da rashin ikonsa da abubuwan guba, wanda yake da shi da hasken launuka.
Ana ba da fatar amphibian ta wuce gona da iri tare da keɓaɓɓen ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke samar da ɓarin phrinolicin, wani abu mai haɗari ga halittu da yawa. Wakilan wannan jinsin na amphibians marasa wutsiya sun kasu kashi biyu, ana iya samun shida daga cikinsu a yankuna masu kyau na Turai da gabashin da arewacin Asiya.
Tsakanin su adanƙara mai launin rawayamazaunan tafki, tabkuna, rafuka da fadama na yankunan tsakiya da kudancin Turai. Tana da tsayi daga 4-5 cm da launin ruwan kasa mai launin toka mai launin baya, kuma cikin yana fitowa tare da launuka masu launin toka da shuɗi mai duhu akan asalin rawaya mai guba, wanda halittar ta sami sunan ta.
A cikin hoton akwai ɗan toda mai launin rawaya
Nau'in da ake kira toda mai jan ciki yaɗu a yankin yammacin Rasha, yana haɗuwa har zuwa Urals a cikin yankunan gandun daji masu yalwar tsire-tsire iri iri, a cikin matattakala da filayen. Tana son matattarar ruwa tare da ruwa mai kaifi, fadama da kuma kududdufai marasa zurfin ruwa tare da guntun laka, gaɓar tekun suna da wadataccen ciyayi.
A cikin hoton akwai ɗan toda mai jan ciki
A kudancin Gabas ta Tsakiya, a cikin dazuzzuka da itacen al'ul, wani nau'in ire-iren waɗannan amfaniyan yana rayuwa - toad gabas mai nisa... Bayan wannan halittar ta kasance kore mai haske ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Ciki ruwan lemo ne ko ja mai duhu, kimanin tsawon cm 5.
Yawancin nau'in toads suna ƙarƙashin kariyar jihar. Kuma wannan dabba mai ban sha'awa koyaushe ana kiyaye ta azaman dabbar ban sha'awa. A da, akwai imani cewa 'yan toka suna zaune kusa da "ramuka na duniya", wanda halittun ke binsu laƙabi. Amma a cikin yankuna da yawa an kira su unkas don sautukan halayyar da suke iya yi.
Yanayi da salon rayuwar toad
Rayuwar waɗannan amphibians ɗin tana faruwa ne a cikin ruwa mai ƙanƙan da kai, waɗanda hasken rana ke dumama su sosai a lokacin kyakkyawan yanayi. Toads yana aiki sosai a cikin watanni masu dumi, lokacin da yanayin zafin iska baya canzawa kuma ana kiyaye shi tsakanin 18-20 ° C, wanda shine mafi kyawun yanayin don rayuwarsu mai daɗi.
A ƙarshen kaka, suna nema wa kansu mafaka abin dogaro, waɗanda baƙin ciki ne daban-daban a cikin ƙasa, ramuka da ramuka na ɓarayi, inda suka faɗa cikin ɓarna, wanda ke ci gaba har zuwa lokacin bazara (ƙarshen Maris - farkon Afrilu).
Duk da hanyoyin ingantaccen kariya da yanayi ya bayar ga toad da gland mai guba, amphibians galibi galibi suna faɗawa cikin dabbobi daban-daban: ferrets, bushiya, heron, kwadin kandami, macizai da macizai.
Koyaya, ya kamata a sani cewa har yanzu makiyan toads suna ciyar da su sosai ba tare da son rai ba, sun fi son sauran abinci kuma suna cin wannan abinci mai ɗanɗano da rashin lafiya sai da gaggawa. Guba ta toads ba ta da haɗari ga mutane.
Akasin haka, gamsai da waɗannan shanawa suka ɓoye, ɗauke da peptides na ƙwayoyin cuta, yana da abubuwa masu amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta masu yawa waɗanda mutane suka daɗe suna amfani da su.
Kakanninmu sun lura cewa idan aka jefar da toda (ko sanyi, kamar yadda suka kira shi) a cikin kwalbar madara, to ba zai yi tsami ba na dogon lokaci kuma yana riƙe da kaddarorinsa masu amfani. Koyaya, fitowar toads a idanuwa na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi da ƙonawa.
Kuna iya siyan toads a cikin shagunan dabbobi da akwatin kifaye na kan layi kusan 400 rubles. Dole ne a ajiye su a cikin keɓaɓɓun keɓaɓɓun wurare tare da fitilu, inda galibi ana sanya mutane 1-2, amma kiyaye ƙungiya ma yana yiwuwa.
Toad abinci
Toads suna cin abinci a kan tsutsotsi na duniya, ƙwaro da ƙwayoyin ruwa. Hakanan suna amfani da ƙananan nau'in kwari a matsayin abinci: asu, kwari, sauro da ƙuda. Daga cikin waɗannan dabbobin, akwai wasu lokuta na cin nau'ikan nasu.
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu, masu kiwo a gida a matsayin abinci, galibi suna ba su dafaffun dankalin turawa da kayan kwalliyar tebur, suna ƙara naman nama cikin abincin. Yin amfani da gaurayayyun abinci yana hanzarta ci gaban tadpoles. Don yankuna su ci gaba da kyau, abincin su ya kamata ya zama ya bambanta, wadatattu kuma su sami ƙarin bitamin.
In ba haka ba, bayan ƙarshen lokacin metamorphosis, ƙananan mutane suna girma daga cikinsu, da yawa daga cikinsu sun zama masu rauni kuma sun mutu. Kuma don samun nasarar haɓaka haifuwarsu, zaku iya amfani da kwayoyi na musamman na hormonal, kamar su surfagon da pituitary hormones.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai na toad
A cikin lokutan rana daga watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta, toad na maza yana nishadantar da zababbunsu da wasu sauti na musamman wadanda suke yi a lokacin saduwa. Bambancinsu da bambance-bambance daga ƙwanƙirar kwadi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa suna yin haifuwa ne a kan shaƙar iska, kuma ba kan fitar da numfashi ba, kamar yadda yake ga sauran 'yan amshi.
Wadannan karin waƙoƙin sun fi kama da nishi fiye da ƙararrawa. Lokacin saduwa kyallen amphibian abokin tarayya ya kama abokin tarayya a gindin kwatangwalo, don haka yana aiwatar da aikin haihuwarsa. Kuma tsarin haifuwa da kansa yana faruwa ne a cikin yanayin ruwa, inda mata ke yin ƙwai da yawa (ƙwai 80-900) akan shuke-shuke a ƙarƙashin ruwa.
Ci gaban ƙwai yana faruwa a cikin kwanaki da yawa. Bugu da ari, amfrayo da larvae sun bayyana, cikar zagayowar ci gabanta wanda ke faruwa a daidai lokacin daidai yake da watanni biyu ko dan kadan.
Tadpoles ɗin da aka samu a farko sun rataye rayuwa a kan tsire-tsire tare da kawunansu sama, kuma a rana ta uku sun fara rayuwa mai kyau. Manya sun sami ikon haifuwa ta shekaru 2-3. Tsarin rayuwa na toads a cikin yanayi an kiyasta shi zuwa shekaru 15, amma a cikin ƙwallaya waɗannan amfaniyar galibi suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 29.
