Cochineal Shin kwari ne masu ban mamaki da ban sha'awa. A waje, suna kama da aphids, kodayake masu bincike da masanan dabbobi sun danganta su ga tsutsotsi. Suna wanzuwa a yankin nahiyar Afirka, haka nan a cikin sauran ƙasashe da yankuna na duniya. Kowane mutum na jinsi maza da mata suna da manyan bambance-bambance ba kawai a cikin alamun waje ba, har ma a cikin yanayin haɓaka. Akwai nau'ikan cochineal da yawa waɗanda ke rayuwa a yankuna daban-daban. A yawancin kafofin adabi, ana samun sa a ƙarƙashin sunan tsutsa mai suna cochineal worm.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Cochineal
Cochineal shine kwarin hemiptera. Masana kimiyya ba za su iya ambata ainihin lokacin asalin waɗannan kwari ba. Ko da a cikin Baibul, an ambaci shi game da zane mai launi mai laushi, wanda aka ciro daga tsutsa mai burgundy.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abin mamaki, ana samun fenti na musamman daga matan waɗannan kwari. Don wannan, ana tara ƙwayoyin da ba su da lokacin yin ƙwai da hannu. Bayan haka, a ƙarƙashin aikin yanayin zafi mai yawa ko tare da taimakon acetic acid, an bushe shi kuma an nika shi foda. An tabbatar da cewa kwaro daya, wanda girman sa bai wuce milimita biyu ba, zai iya samar da wani rini, wanda ya isa ya bata kayan, girman santimita da yawa.
Ko da a cikin Rasha ta d were a, mutane suna da sha'awar cirewa da kiwo na kwari don samun fenti. A shekarar 1768, Catherine II ta bayar da wata doka wacce a ciki ta nuna bukatar neman tsutsa a yankin Tarayyar Rasha. Ba da daɗewa ba, a cikin 1804, Yarima Rumyantsev ya juya ga Yarima Kurakin tare da buƙatar aiwatar da duk bayanan da ke akwai game da ƙarancin tsutsar da aka yi karatu a yankin territoryasar Rasha. Kurakin, bi da bi, yana tattara cikakken jerin bayanai: bayanin bayyanuwa, sake zagayowar rayuwa, mahalli, tsada a lokacin karatu. Ya kuma yi karatu dalla-dalla game da dokoki da hanyoyin tattarawa, da kuma fasaha don samun launin launi.
Bidiyo: Cochineal
Bayan wannan, kwaron ya yadu a cikin yanayin wucin gadi don samun launin launi. An yi amfani dashi sosai a cikin masana'antu daban-daban. A karni na 20, aka kirkiro samar da dyes na roba, wanda ke taimakawa wajen raguwar amfani da dyes na halitta wadanda aka ciro daga cochineal. Koyaya, har yanzu ana amfani dashi a ilimin kimiyyar magunguna, sarrafa abinci, kayan kamshi, da dai sauransu.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya cochineal yayi kama
Kowane ɗayan mace da namiji sun bambanta da juna a zahiri. Mata ana rarrabe su da ɗan ƙaramin jiki, mai ɗauke da jiki. Ba su da fikafikai kuma suna kama da ƙananan kwari. Girman jiki ya kai kimanin milimita 1-10, girman jikin maza ya fi ƙanƙanta, kuma ya kai milimita 2-6. Nauyin jiki 'yan gram ne kawai. An zana jikin a cikin launi ceri mai yalwa.
A jikin mata akwai gland na musamman wanda yake ɓoye wani sirrin sirri wanda yake samar da ƙwarjin kariya. Launi ne mai launin toka-fari. Jikin tsutsotsi an lullube shi da sirara, dogon zaren. A jikin kwari akwai abubuwan da ake kira grooves wadanda suka raba jiki zuwa bangarori masu tsayi da zoben mai wucewa. Kwari suna da sashin kai, wanda rami mai zurfi ya rabu da shi daga jiki. A cikin yankin babban yankin, ana shirya kawai, idanu masu ɗan fitarwa kaɗan. A cikin maza, idanuwa sun fi rikitarwa, masu fasali, da kuma girma sosai.
Kowane mutum na jinsi maza, waɗanda suka shude gaba ɗaya game da ci gaban su, a zahiri suna kama da sauro. Suna da fikafikai har ma suna iya tashi. Hakanan, an banbanta su da mata ta wani nau'in kayan kwalliya - dogayen jiragen kasa fari ko madarar zaren. Tsawonsu ya ninka tsawon jiki sau da yawa. Kwari suna da gabobi da nau'i biyu, tare da taimakon da suke motsawa, kuma suna iya barin mafakarsu, suna rarrafe zuwa saman.
Ina cochineal ke zama?
Photo: Cochineal kwarin
Yankin rarraba wannan nau'in kwari yana da girma sosai. Akwai nau'ikan kwari iri-iri, kowanne daga cikinsu yana mallakar wani yanki na musamman. Kudancin Amurka ana ɗaukarta azaman mahaifar tarihi.
Yankunan yankuna na Cochineal:
- Armeniya, galibi gaɓar Kogin Arak;
- wasu yankuna na Azerbaijan;
- Kirimiya;
- wasu yankuna na Belarus;
- kusan dukkanin Ukraine;
- Yankin Tambov;
- yankuna daban na yammacin Turai;
- Kasashen Asiya;
- Samarkanda.
Kwari suna rayuwa cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin hamadar gishirin ruwa, da kuma inda actakin kakakus. A cikin karni na 16, an kawo wasu nau'ikan murtsatsi, wanda galibi kwari ke lalata su, zuwa kasashen Turai kuma suka koyi shuka su a can. Bayan wannan, jan kwari sun fara zama cikin nasara a cikin yanayin wucin gadi.
A wasu ƙasashe da yankuna, an ƙirƙiri gonaki na musamman akan abin da ake hada cochineal da yawa. Irin waɗannan gonakin sun wanzu a Guatemala, Tsibirin Canary, Spain, da tsibiran Afirka. An tattara kwari da yawa a cikin Mexico da Peru, inda har yau ana fitar da fenti mai launi daga tsutsotsi. A Turai, sun kuma yi ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar irin gonakin, amma waɗannan yunƙurin ba su yi nasara ba saboda yanayin yanayin yanayi da ƙwarewar masaniya da ilimi.
Yanzu kun san inda ake samun cochineal. Bari muga abin da wannan kwaron yake ci.
Menene cochineal ke ci?
Hotuna: Red cochineal
Cochineal wani abu ne mai kama da cuta. Kwarin na rayuwa daga shuke-shuke. Tare da taimakon proboscis na musamman, yana manne wa ɓangaren farji na shuke-shuke kuma yana ciyar da ruwan itace a tsawon rayuwarsa. Abu ne gama gari ga maza su matsa daga wata shuka zuwa wani. Mata suna ciyar da rayuwarsu duka a kan shuka ɗaya tak. Suna zazzage masa a zahiri. Abin da ya sa dole ne ma'aikatan da ke tara kwari su zazzage su daga ganyayyaki masu faɗi tare da goga mai tauri.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kwari suna sayan ƙwaya mai ƙyalli saboda gaskiyar cewa suna ciyar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace na jan cactus na jan.
Idan wadatar abinci ta wadatar, to kwari suna hayayyafa hayayyafa kai tsaye a saman ganye. Saboda wannan, a gonaki da yawa inda ake yin kwari a cikin yanayi na wucin gadi, ba a tara su da burushi ko wasu na'urori, sai kawai a cire ganyen a adana su a cikin shinge na musamman. Don haka, yayin da tsiron ya ci gaba da rayuwa, kwari suna rayuwa kuma suna hayayyafa a kansu. Da zarar ganyen cactus ya fara bushewa, an girbe cochineal kuma ana sarrafa shi don samun launin launi ja.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: cowararren mata
Kwaron na halittun zamanin ne, yana tafiyar da rayuwa mafi yawa a karkashin kasa. An zaɓa a saman kawai lokacin lokacin kiwo. Mata suna rayuwa ta rayuwa mai laushi. Suna cinye dukkan gajeren rayuwar su akan shuka daya, kuma basa barin sa. A zahiri suna manne da shi.
Zuwa yau, masana kimiyya suna tattara cikakkun bayanai gwargwadon iko game da abubuwan da kwaron ke da muhimmanci. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, sha'awa a ciki a matsayin tushen rini yana ƙara girma.
An sani cewa mutane mata suna hawa saman ƙasa ne kawai a lokacin da lokacin yin kiwo ya ke. Wannan yana faruwa galibi kusan watan Satumba. A wannan lokacin ne kwari suke saduwa, bayan haka sai su mutu. Mata sun fi maza tsawon wata guda. Wannan shi ne saboda buƙatar barin zuriya.
Kwari basu da aiki, musamman mata. Maza suna motsawa kadan, kuma suna sauri saboda tsarin gabobin da gaban fukafukai daya. A dabi'ance, kwari ba su da kyau, musamman mata a lokacin kiwo.
Abin lura ne cewa tsutsayen mata na farko sun fara sifa mai kamannin pear, sa'annan tayi kyau, ko kuma zagaye kawai. A wannan lokacin, sun rasa eriya da gabobi, suna yin mafitsara. Samuwar kumburi halayyar mata ne da ta maza.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Cochineal
A wannan lokacin, idan daidaikun mata da na miji suna shirye su hayayyafa, sai su yi rarrafe zuwa saman duniya. Nan da nan bayan hawan mace, namiji ya mutu. Mace na rayuwa kusan kwanaki 28-30. A cikin matan da suka hau saman jiki, kusan dukkanin ramin ciki suna cikin tsarin haihuwa.
Bodiesungiyoyi masu zuwa suna wakiltar shi:
- kwai biyu;
- guda biyu kuma basu biya oviducts;
- farji;
- spermatheca
Bayan saduwa ta auku, ana binne mace a cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin santimita 1.5-2. A cikin ƙasa, mata na amfani da gland dinsu don sakar zaren na musamman, wanda daga ita ake samar da jaka, ko kwaroron ƙwai. Kowace mace ta haifi ɗa guda. Tana iya yin ƙwai har sau 800-1000 a lokaci guda. Bayan an boye kwayayen cikin kwaroro lafiya, mace ta kwanta kuma ta mutu, ta rufe su da jikinta. Bayan haka, zai zama kariya ga zuriya mai zuwa.
A cikin ƙasa ƙarƙashin jikin mace, a cikin rawanin kariya, suna ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7-8. A ƙarshen Maris, a farkon Afrilu, dogayen, ƙyanƙyashe ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙirar. An bayyana su da kasancewar eriya, gabobi, da kuma dogayen gashin baki kamar na proboscis. Tare da taimakon waɗannan kwalliyar, mata suna manne wa shuke-shuke da za su yi haƙuri da su. Sannan mata a hankali suna kara girma, sun rasa eriya da gaɓoɓi, kuma suna haifar da mafitsara. Hakanan abu ne na gama gari ga maza su haifar da mafitsara. Duk da haka, girman ƙwarjin namiji kusan rabin na ƙwayar mata. A kusan ƙarshen bazara, ƙwayoyin halittar da aka kafa suna fuskantar metamorphosis, a lokacin da ake yin ƙafafuwa da eriya a cikin mata.
Abokan gaba na cochineals
Hotuna: Yaya cochineal yayi kama
Lokacin rayuwa cikin yanayin halitta, kwari kusan basu da abokan gaba na zahiri. Wannan ya faru ne saboda kasancewar su ba tushen abinci bane ga tsuntsaye, wasu kwari ko dabbobi. An dauki mutum a matsayin maƙiyin cochineal kawai. A baya can, ana lalata kwari da yawa don samun abin da ake kira fenti mai launi - carmine. Ana samun wannan nau'in rini a ƙarƙashin sunan carmine, ko ƙari na abinci E 120. Yanayin amfani da carmine yana da faɗi sosai.
A ina ake amfani da launin launi:
- Masana'antar abinci. An kara shi ga abubuwan sha da ke cikin carbon da giya, a cikin samar da kayayyakin nama, kayan marmari, jelly, marmalade, ice cream, biredi, hatsi;
- Kirkirar kayan kwalliya da kayan kamshi. An kara launin launukan fenti a lipstick, lip gloss, blush, eyeshadow, da sauransu;
- Kayan kayan tsafta. Wadannan sun hada da sabulai, gwal din wanka, man goge baki, da sauransu;
- Masaku. Samarwa da rini na yadudduka, zaren, zaren;
- Samar da kayan zaki na madara. Yin gilashi, jams, adana, wasu nau'ikan kayan zaki.
Akwai babban yiwuwar cewa carmine zai kasance a cikin abinci mai ɗanɗano ko ƙamshi kamar strawberries, raspberries, strawberries or cherries.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Cochineal kwarin
A yau, yawan mutanen cochineal ba sa fuskantar barazana. Koyaya, akwai lokutan da kusan ba ya faruwa a mazaunin ta. Wannan ya faru ne saboda tarin kwarin da yawa, tare da wargaza koren ganyen cactus tare da kwarin.
A cikin karni na 19, kwata-kwata an hallaka su gaba daya. Bayan haka, sun fara kirkirar gonaki don nomar wucin gadi da kiwo na cochineal. Hakanan an ƙirƙiri ajiyar yanayi. Masana kimiyya sun sami damar samar da wata dabara ta musamman wacce zata basu damar samun kwari har sau 5-6 fiye da yadda zai yiwu a yanayi.
A lokacin da mutane suka koyi yin dyes na roba, buƙatar samun carmine ta ɓace kai tsaye. Gonakin kwari sun ci gaba da kasancewa ne kawai don kara yawan kwari da hana su karewa gaba daya. Koyaya, bayan lokaci, fa'idodin amfani da dyes na roba sun fara yin shakku, sannan suka sanar da yanayin cutar sankara da cutar da lafiyarsu.
Cochineal - wadannan kwari ne na ban mamaki wadanda 'yan Adam suka dade suna amfani da su don samun jan fenti carmine. A halin yanzu ana amfani dashi a cikin masana'antar magunguna da masana'antar abinci.
Ranar bugawa: 28.01.2020
Ranar da aka sabunta: 07.10.2019 a 23:42
