Kuka Kyakkyawan ganima ce ga duk masunta, tana ɗaukar girman kai, duka cikin wasanni da kamun kifi. Mafi girman girman mutane da ikon kamun kifin a duk shekara suna sanya kamun kifi ya zama mai daɗi. Idan a yankin tsakiyar kasar ana kiran wannan nau'in kifin bream, to a yankunan kudancin Rasha ana kiransu kilak ko chebaks. Naman Bream an rarrabe shi da taushi, dandano mai laushi, adadi mai yawa na mai kuma yana da matsayin da ya cancanci dafa abinci.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Ruwa
Bream wani nau'in halittu ne, wanda shine kadai wakilin jinsin wanda ya kebanta daga dangin dangi masu yawa. Bream mallakar kifin mai rai ne, tsoffin burbushin halittu wanda yake na zamani na uku na Paleozoic, kuma wannan kusan shekaru miliyan 400 da suka gabata.
Bidiyo: Ruwa
Duk da kebantaccen yanayin, masanan ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun danganta nau'ikan kifayen guda 16 gare shi, amma rukuni uku ne kawai suka rayu har zuwa yau:
- sabawa ta kowa;
- Danube;
- Gabas.
Dukansu sun banbanta da juna kawai a girmansu. Duk da cewa bream abin fata ne mai kyau ga duk masunta, da yawa daga cikinsu suna yin kuskuren samari ga wani nau'in kifi daban har ma sun ba shi suna - dan iska. Wannan saboda gaskiyar cewa samarin suna da ɗan bambanci daban-daban fiye da na manya. A cikin ilimin ilimin kimiyyar halittu, babu irin wannan kalmar a matsayin mai kiwo. Mafi yawan lokuta, masunta basuda kwarewa suna rikitar da samari da yar tsabar azaba, wanda shima dan gidan kifin ne kuma yana da kananan bambance-bambance na waje daga mai kiwon.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wasu mutane suna tunanin cewa bream na da ƙoshin lafiya kuma yana da busasshiyar nama, amma wannan ya shafi ƙananan dabbobi ne kawai, kuma ana ɗaukar naman manya kusan mai kamar beluga kuma yana iya ƙunsar kusan kashi 9 cikin ɗari na ƙoshin lafiya.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya bream yayi kama?
Dukkanin nau'ikan rukunin jinsin bream guda biyu suna da jiki mai matse karfi sosai a bangarorin, babban fasalinsu shine tsayinsa daidai yake da sulusin tsayinsa. Sikeli na matsakaiciyar girman a tsakiyar jiki kuma ƙarami a yankin kai da jela. Sikeli ba ya nan tsakanin ƙashin ƙugu da ƙwanji, da kuma a tsakiyar layin dorsum. Finarshen dorsal yana da girma, amma gajere ba tare da kashin baya ba, wanda yake sama da rata tsakanin firam da ƙashin ƙugu. Finfin na dubiya ya ƙunshi fitilu masu yawa, wanda a cikinsu ba su gaza goma sha biyu ba.
A cikin manya na kwaya daya, bayan baya launin toka ne ko ruwan kasa, gefen kuma launin ruwan kasa ne, kuma ciki rawaya ne. Fikafikan suna da launin toka duka tare da kan iyaka mai duhu. Kan bream karami ne, bakin karamin bututu ne da za a iya karawa. A cikin manya, haƙoran haƙori ne ake kafawa a layi ɗaya, guda 5 a kowane gefen bakin. Yar shekara goma tana yin tsaka-tsakin yana da matsakaita na 70-80 cm, yayin kai nauyin kilogiram 5-6.
Matasa sun bambanta da waɗanda suka balaga ta hanyar jima'i:
- suna da karamin jiki;
- launin azurfa mai haske;
- jikinsu ya fi tsawo.
Wasu nau'in bream na iya zama baki baki daya, misali, baƙar fata Amur bream, wanda ke da iyakantaccen iyaka - kogin Amur River. Isananan nau'ikan ne kuma ba'a fahimtar rayuwarsa da kyau.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abu ne mai sauqi a rarrabe tsintsiya daga tsabar azurfa ta launin fins - a cikin samari launin toka suna da launin toka, kuma a cikin shararren azurfa - ja.
A ina bream ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Ruwa a cikin Rasha
Irin wannan kifin yana rayuwa a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin rafuka, tabkuna, tafki mai yashi ko ƙasa mai laka. Wurin zamansu na yau da kullun ya rufe bakin tekun Black, Caspian, Azov, Baltic, Aral, Barents da White teas.
Wani nau'ikan ɓarna mai rauni yana rayuwa a cikin bakin manyan koguna masu zurfin gaske waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa cikin waɗannan tekunan, suna shiga cikin ruwan kogunan don tsirowa. Ba a samo shi a cikin koguna da tsaunuka masu yawa na Caucasus, da kuma a ƙasashen kudancin CIS. Bream kifi ne na kowa don Arewa, Tsakiyar Turai, Arewacin Asiya, Arewacin Amurka.
Bream ya fi son kasancewa cikin jikin ruwa inda babu ƙarancin ruwa ko kaɗan. An fi samun haka a baya, zurfin rami. Da ƙyar manya ke kusa da bakin teku, suna tazara da tazara mai nisa daga bakin teku. Matasan sun fi son ruwan bakin ruwa, inda suke ɓuya a cikin dajin bakin teku. Ruwa yana barci a cikin rami mai zurfi, kuma wasu nau'ikan suna fitowa daga rafuka zuwa cikin teku.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yin kamun kifin yana yiwuwa a cikin shekara, kawai banda shine lokacin haɓaka. Ana kama shi a cikin ruwan buɗewa yayin lokacin dumi da daga kankara a lokacin watannin hunturu. Zhor yana farawa a farkon Yuni kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa tsakiyar rani, sannan ya sake dawowa zuwa Satumba. A lokutan zhora, bream yana cizon kowane lokaci na rana.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo ɓarna. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene bream ke ci?
Photo: Kifi bream
Bream na iya ciyarwa kai tsaye daga ƙasan tafki saboda tsari na musamman na bakinshi. Manya a zahiri suna busa laka ko yashi mai yashi don neman abinci, kuma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci manyan garken ɓaura sun sami damar tsabtace manyan wuraren da ke ƙasa. Motsawa tsakanin bream yayin ciyarwa yana samar da adadin kumfar iska masu tashi sama zuwa sama daga ƙasa.
Tunda wannan kifin yana da raunin haƙoran pharyngeal, abincin da ya saba da shi ya ƙunshi: bawo, algae, ƙananan ƙananan invertebrates, ƙwarin jini, katantanwa da tsutsa na sauran nau'ikan kifin. A lokacin ciyarwa, bream yana shan ruwa tare da abinci, wanda sai a riƙe shi tare da taimakon fitowar ta musamman. Hanyar ciyarwar ta musamman ta baiwa wannan wakilin gidan cyprinid damar zama babban jinsin mazaunin su kuma ya matse bakin azurfa, roach da wasu nau'ikan kifin kogin.
A lokacin sanyi, musamman a rabinsa na biyu, bream baya aiki, yana cin karancin sa da talauci. Wannan shi ne farko saboda karancin iskar oxygen da ƙarancin yanayin zafi na ruwa, da kuma tara iskar gas da yawa a ƙarƙashin kankara, wanda daga baya ya narke cikin ruwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Gwanin manya wanda ya rayu tsawon shekaru 10-15 zai iya ɗaukar nauyi sama da kilogiram 8 8 tare da tsayin jiki na kusan santimita 75. A cikin ruwan dumi, yawan ci gaban ya fi na ruwan sanyi. An lura cewa mutane da ke rayuwa a cikin koguna ba su da nauyi sosai.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Kuka a cikin ruwa
Bream kifi ne na zamantakewar al'umma wanda ke tattara cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi. A saman garken koyaushe manyan manya ne waɗanda ke tsara motsi. A lokacin dumi, hannayen kifin suna cikin wurare tare da raƙuman ruwa ko ruwa mara kyau kuma suna ciyarwa koyaushe. Tunda shararriyar wata halitta ce mai tsananin kunya da taka tsantsan, da rana yana cikin zurfin gaske, yayin da da daddare mutane da yawa ke zuwa ƙasa don neman abinci, kuma wannan shine lokacin da ake ɗauka mafi kyawun kifi
Suna yin zurfin kaka da damuna cikin ramin "hunturu", kuma da zaran kankara ta fara narkewa, togaciyar zata tafi wuraren ciyarwar su. Koyaushe ra'ayoyi suna mamaye wuraren sanyi a tsari cikin tsari. Duk manyan mutane suna zaune a cikin zurfin wurare, yayin da ƙananan suka fi girma kuma a lokaci guda kifayen suna da kamar girman ma'auni.
Masanan Ichthyologists sunyi imanin cewa ƙungiyar musamman ta hunturu ba zaɓaɓɓe ba ne. Tare da wannan tsari na sanyawa, hanyoyin tafiyar da rayuwa a jikin kifin ba su da ƙarfi sosai fiye da lokacin hunturu shi kaɗai, wanda ke nufin cewa an sami kuzari da ƙarfi.
An lura cewa nau'ikan ɓoye na bream, waɗanda basa taɓa yin ƙaura zuwa wasu sassan ruwa don haɓaka ko ciyarwa, na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30. Semi-bore form yana da tsarin rayuwa wanda ya fi gajarta sau biyu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Kuka a cikin ruwa
Dogaro da yanayin yanayi, ɓatancin ya zama balagar jima'i a lokuta daban-daban. A cikin yankuna masu dumi yana da shekaru 3-5, a cikin ruwan sanyi, balaga yana faruwa a shekaru 6-9. Har ila yau, yanayin yana shafar lokacin da ɓarna ta fara: a tsakiyar yankin ƙasar, ɓarnawar ɓarna na farawa ne a farkon watan Mayu, wani lokacin a watan Yuni, a kudu a watan Afrilu, a arewa sai a watan Yuli.
Da farkon lokaci mai mahimmanci, maza suna canza launinsu zuwa mai duhu, kuma takamaiman kumburi sun bayyana a kawunansu, suna kama da ƙananan ƙwanji. An rarraba garken bream zuwa rukuni daban-daban gwargwadon shekaru. Dukan garken ba sa barin ta haihuwa a lokaci ɗaya, amma ƙungiya ƙungiya ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Kowannensu yayi fage daga kwanaki 3 zuwa 5, ya danganta da yanayin yanayi. Don filayen da ke haifar da ɗabi'a, an zaɓi wuraren ruwa mara ƙanƙan da ciyayi da yawa. Abu ne mai sauki a gane fashewar sifa - shimfidaddunsu, manyan duwawunsu lokaci-lokaci suna bayyana a saman ruwa. Ba tare da la'akari da mazaunin bream da yanayin ba, ɓatancin haihuwa yana ɗaukar aƙalla wata guda.
Adultaya daga cikin manyan mutane yana iya kwanciya har zuwa ƙwai dubu 150 a lokaci guda. Mace tana sanya kayan ado tare da caviar rawaya zuwa algae, kuma waɗanda ba za a iya haɗe su ba suna shawagi a saman kuma kifayen suna cinye su. Bayan kwanaki 6-8, tsutsa ta bayyana, kuma bayan wata daya sai soyayyar ta bayyana. Idan zafin jiki ya sauka ƙasa da digiri 10, to akwai yiwuwar mutuwar ƙwai.
Da farko, soyayyen suna iyo tare da wasu samari na wasu nau'ikan kifayen, kuma a ƙarshen bazara ko lokacin kaka suna shiga cikin manyan makarantu. Suna cikin neman abinci koyaushe kuma suna girma zuwa tsawon santimita goma a cikin wata biyu. Zasu kasance a cikin wuraren da aka hayayyafa har zuwa bazara, kuma bayan kammala wata mahimmin tsari, manya suna zuwa can cikin zurfin kuma, bayan sun yi rashin lafiya, sun fara ciyarwa kuma.
Abokan gaba na keta
Photo: Kifi bream
Fry of bream suna da kyakkyawar damar rayuwa a farkon rayuwarsu idan aka kwatanta da yara na sauran nau'ikan kifayen, saboda suna da halin girma da girman ci gaba. A cikin shekara ta farko ko biyu bayan haihuwa ne samari suka fi fuskantar rauni kuma yawancin masu lalata za su iya cin su, misali, pikes. Da shekara uku, kusan ba a yi musu barazana ba, amma kifayen kifi ko manyan mutanen da ke ƙasa suna iya cin nasarar ɓarnatar da manya.
Baya ga wasu kifaye masu farauta, wannan halittar ta daban tana fuskantar barazanar wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin parasites, wadanda da yawa suna zama akan jikin kwaya. Suna shiga cikin ruwa tare da najasar tsuntsaye daban-daban masu ciyar da kifi, sannan kuma tare da abincin da suka samu kansu a ciki. Ci gaba a cikin hanjin kifi, ƙwayoyin cuta na iya kashe ma manya.
Kifi musamman suna wahala daga gare su a cikin watanni na bazara, lokacin da ruwan da ke tafkunan ya sami ɗumi sosai ta hanyar hasken rana. Gishiri da cututtukan fungal na gills - bronchial mycosis suna da haɗari sosai. Marasa lafiya, raunana mutane sun daina cin abinci koyaushe kuma sukan zama ganima ga umarnin tafki - gull, manyan pikes. Duk da cutar da ƙwayoyin cuta ke haifarwa, ba su da tasiri sosai a kan adadin wannan wakilin gidan kifin.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: breungiya gama gari
Adadin adadin bream na iya bambanta da yawa dangane da matakin nasarar spawning. Babban yanayin spawn shine babban ambaliyar ruwa. Kwanan nan, an lura da raguwar yawan wuraren da ke haifar da ɗabi'a, wanda ba zai iya shafar ƙaruwar yawan wannan nau'in ba.
Amma saboda yawan haihuwa da saurin ci gaban dabbobi dabbobi, wasu adadi kadan na makiya a cikin mazauninsu, da yawan jama'a na wakili na musamman na jinsi, babu wani abu da yake barazana a wannan lokacin kuma matsayinsa ya tabbata. Baƙar fata Amur bream kawai, wanda aka jera a cikin Red Book of Russia, yana cikin haɗari.
Yanayin masunta yanzu yayi kadan. Ana aiwatar dashi ne kawai a lokacin bazara da lokacin kaka. Dokokin kamun kifi da ake dasu yanzu sun tanadi amfani da mafi mahimmancin ra'ayi na manyan mutane. Don adana hajojin kifaye na kasuwanci, an ƙirƙiri kamun kifi na musamman, ana ɗaukar matakai don ceton samari masu lalata daga ƙananan magudanan ruwa bayan asarar sadarwa da manyan koguna. Don ƙwarewar haɓaka mafi inganci, ana amfani da filayen samar da ruwa mai iyo.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bream kifi ne na lumana kuma wani lokacin yakan iya nuna halaye masu ɓarna, mai da martani ga cokali da bait, don haka kamun kifi da sandar juyawa ba koyaushe ke kawo sakamako ba.
Kariya na bream
Hotuna: Yaya bream yayi kama?
Idan makomar yawan mashaya ba ta haifar da damuwa tsakanin kwararru ba, to baƙar fata ta Amur tana gab da ƙarewa kuma an haɗa ta cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha. A kan yankin ƙasarmu, yana zaune a ƙananan ƙananan kawai a cikin jirgin Amur. A wannan lokacin, ba a san takamaiman lamba ba, amma lokacin kamun kifi iri daban-daban, ba safai ake samunsu ba. An san cewa bream yana balaga ne kawai ta hanyar shekaru 7-8 kuma yana rayuwa kusan shekaru 10.
Babban dalilan raguwar yawan kifin kifi:
- babban kamun kifi a cikin manyan filayen da ke cikin yankin Sinawa na Amur;
- yanayi mara kyau don haɓaka saboda ƙarancin ruwa na Kogin Amur.
Tun daga shekarun tamanin na karnin da ya gabata, an hana kamun kifin wannan nau'in na tsinke a yankin na Rasha; ana kiyaye shi a cikin tarin ajiyar yanayi. Don dawo da yawan jama'a, ya zama dole a sake hayayyafa a cikin yanayi na wucin gadi, kiyaye halittar kwayoyin halitta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan akan yankin ƙasarmu baƙar fata blackan baƙar fata nau'in haɗari ne mai ƙarancin matsuguni, to a China abun kifi ne. Saboda yawan ci gabanta, an daɗe ana amfani da shi azaman "kifin gida": ana motsa yara kanana daga wuraren ajiyar ruwa zuwa tafkunan kogi, inda aka ɗaga su cikin aminci zuwa girman da ake buƙata.
Kuka Sanannen abu ne ba wai kawai a tsakanin masunta ba, har ma tsakanin gourmets - masoyan kifi, saboda naman sa mai laushi ne, mai daɗi kuma mai wadataccen ƙoshin lafiya. Idan ana so, ana iya yin bream a cikin kandami a dacha naka, yana ba wa danginku tushen asalin samfurin amfani.
Ranar bugawa: 08/11/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 a 17:59
