Kwalliya Babban tsuntsu ne na ganima. Daya daga cikin nau'ikan tsuntsaye 6 tare da rarrabuwa ta duniya. Yanayin halayyar sa shine kusan ciyar dashi kawai akan kifi. Yana wakiltar dangin Skopin (Pandionidae). Yana nufin nau'ikan kariya.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Osprey
Linnaeus ne ya bayyana jinsin a shekara ta 1758. Sunan Pandion wanda aka fi sani da suna an bashi shi ne don girmamawa ga tsohon Athen din Pandion I, wanda aka juya shi zuwa wannan tsuntsu da nufin Allah na Zeus. Kodayake akwai sigar da ake nufi da Pandion II kuma ɗansa ya zama tsuntsu. Takamaiman ma'anar "haliaetus" ta ƙunshi kalmomin Helenanci ma'ana "teku" da "gaggafa". Ba a bayyana asalin sunan Rashanci ba.
Bidiyo: Osprey
Tsoffin burbushin halittu na wakilan dangi. Ana samun Skopins a cikin Misira da Jamus kuma sun fara zuwa ga farkon Oligocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 30 da suka gabata). Burbushin halittu, wanda tabbas za'a iya danganta su ga jinsi Osprey, ana samunsu daga baya, Miocene - Pleistocene ya ajiye a kudancin Arewacin Amurka. Babban dangin Osprey sun haɗu cikin ƙungiyar Yastrebins.
Yawan osprey na zamani a yankuna daban-daban sun bayyana fasali, wanda ke ba mu damar rarrabe ƙananan ƙananan 4:
- nau'in nau'ikan raƙuman da ke zaune a Eurasia shine mafi girma, tare da launi mai duhu. Masu ƙaura;
- yawancin Caroline suna da yawa a Arewacin Amurka. Gabaɗaya, yayi kama da na al'ada. Masu ƙaura;
- Ana samun ƙananan rarar Ridgway a cikin Caribbean. Yana da haske mai haske (a ma'anar launi, ba tunani ba). Yana zaune a zaune;
- subsungiyoyin da aka kirkira suna zaune a Australia da Oceania, tsibirin Indonesiya. Mutane daban-daban kanana ne, tare da gashin fuka-fukai waɗanda halayyar ɗagawa ne a bayan kai - combs.
Subsananan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa galibi masu rarrafe sun bambanta su azaman nau'ikan halittu masu zaman kansu: osprey, ko gabashin (Pandion cristatus). Kodayake masu binciken da suka fi son hanyoyin kayyade kwayoyin sun yi imani da cewa dukkan nau'ikan da suka dace daidai suke da matsayin jinsin.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Menene irin kayan kwalliya
Jima'i dimorphism ba shi da bambanci sosai. Mata sun ɗan fi girma da nauyi fiye da na maza, nauyinsu na iya kaiwa 2 kilogiram, yayin da maza suke da nauyin kilogiram 1.2 - 1.6. Tsuntsu mai girma ya kai 55 - 58 cm tsayi. Fukafukan fikafikan suna da ban mamaki sosai - a tsayin ɗan adam (har zuwa 170 cm)! Fuka-fukan jirgin sama na tsari na farko a cikin jirgin sama kamar yatsun yatsu ne.
Kan yana da bakin baki irin na mai farauta - ƙugiya da ɗan gajere a bayan kai, wanda hoda zata iya ɗagawa. Afafun Osprey kayan kifi ne. Suna da ban mamaki doguwa kuma suna dauke da damuna masu kamannin sikila, yatsun yatsun suna lulluɓe da spines a ciki, kuma waje yana fitowa da baya. Bawuloli suna kare buɗewar hanci daga shigar ruwa.
Launi ya bambanta, an ajiye shi cikin launuka masu launin fari da launin ruwan kasa. An sanya rawanin, dukkan gefen gefen jiki, "wando" na ƙafafu masu ƙarfi da murfin a gefen gefen fikafikan an zana shi da fari. Bayan wuya, baya da saman fikafikan launin ruwan kasa ne. Raƙan ruwan kasa, kamar ɗan fashi, yana ratsa idanun mai farautar daga baki zuwa wuya. Ana samun wurare masu launi iri ɗaya a dunƙulen wuyan hannu, a kan kirji suna yin motley "abun wuya", kuma a kan jela da ƙasan gashin fuka-fukan jirgin na tsari na biyu da na uku - ratsi. Fatar ƙafafu launin toka ne, baki yana da baƙi kuma ido mai ƙwaya mai rawaya.
Mata suna sanya haske, bayyananne "abin wuya" kuma gabaɗaya sun yi duhu. Oaramar ospreys har zuwa watanni 18 da haihuwa sun bambanta ta hanyar "rawanin wuya", yanayin zane a baya da saman fikafikansa, da idanu masu launin ruwan lemu. Kaji - rigunan da aka zana ƙasa bayan haihuwa suna da fari tare da ɗigon ruwan duhu masu duhu, daga baya launin launin ruwan kasa mai-speckled.
A ina ne odar take zaune?
Hotuna: Osprey a cikin jirgin
Yankin osprey tare da dukkanin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa yana rufe yankuna masu yanayin yanayi, na yanayin zafi da na wurare masu zafi na Eurasia, Afirka, da Amurka duka, da Ostiraliya da Oceania. An rarraba tsuntsaye ba daidai ba a kan yankin kewayon, ba su da yawa kuma sun warwatse. Guji yankunan hamada da mai tsayi.
Zai yiwu a rarrabe yankunan kewayon inda:
- ƙauraran tsuntsayen gida;
- sedan baya osprey zaune;
- ana samun tsuntsayen ƙaura a lokacin ƙaura na yanayi;
- bakin haure daga arewa sun mamaye jirgin ruwa.
A kan yankin ƙasar Rasha, iyakar arewacin iyakar ta yi daidai da 67 ° N. a bangaren Turai, sa'annan ya wuce a cangorar ta 66 ° a cikin Tekun Ob, zuwa gabas yana canjawa har zuwa kudu: zuwa bakin kogin. Tananan Tunguska, ƙananan ƙananan Vilyui, ƙananan ƙananan Aldan. A gefen Okhotsk yana kan arewacin Magadan zuwa Kamchatka. Iyakar kudu a yankin Turai tana gudana a ƙasan Don da Volga delta. A cikin Siberia da Gabas ta Tsakiya, ana iya samun odar har zuwa iyakar kudancin ƙasar.
A cikin Rasha, mai farautar yakan zabi bakin ruwayen da ke kewaye da tsoffin bishiyoyi (pines) tare da busassun saman a matsayin wurin zama. Yana son ƙarancin gandun daji da manyan tafkuna tare da tsaftataccen ruwa, rafuka masu ƙyama da faɗuwa. Ba ya guje wa yankunan teku da tsibirai. Shafukan da aka tanada gidajensu galibi an iyakance su ne a yankin kurmi, kodayake tsuntsaye na iya zama a wajensa - a dazukan da ke kwararar tarko. A kan ƙaura ana iya samun su a cikin wuraren buɗe tudu. A kudanci, wuraren da ba su da bishiyoyi, manyan bishiyoyi suna yin sheƙarsu a kan tsaunukan bakin teku, a tsibiran bakin teku har ma da ƙananan garuruwan da ke gefen teku.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samu kifin kifi. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene osprey take ci?
Hotuna: Tsuntsun Osprey
Abincin Osprey ya kunshi kashi 99% na kifi. Tun da wannan mai farautar ya kama farauta, duk wani nau'in da ke da ɗabi'a ta tashi zuwa saman ruwa sai ya zama abin cutarwarsa.
A banda, suna kama wasu dabbobin da suka dace da nauyi, duka yin iyo da waɗanda ba su iyo:
- macizan ruwa;
- kunkuru;
- amphibians na girman da ya dace;
- kananan kada;
- tsuntsaye;
- zomaye;
- muskrat;
- voles;
- furotin.
A lokacin farautar, auduga a hankali tana yawo a saman ruwa a tsawan mita 10 zuwa 40. Bayan sun gano wata manufa, sai tsuntsun ya yi shawagi na wani lokaci, sannan ya garzaya zuwa gaba, yana rike da faratan yatsu a gaban bakinsa. Yana iya nitsewa zuwa zurfin 1 m (a cewar wasu kafofin, har zuwa 2), amma galibi sau da yawa kawai yana huce saman ruwan tare da farcen. Bayan an debo ganima, kabewa tana ɗauke da ita, tana riƙe da ƙafafuwan biyu don cin abinci a cikin yanayi mai nutsuwa ko ciyar da abokin tarayya a kan gida.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Osprey angler
A yankunan kudanci tare da damuna masu dumi da ruwa mai daskararre, itacen osprey na zama a zaune, kuma inda kamun kifi ba zai yiwu ba, sun zama tsuntsaye masu kaura. Suna tashi daga Arewacin Amurka zuwa Kudancin Amurka, daga Turai - zuwa Afirka, daga arewacin Asiya - zuwa kudu da kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Tashi daga kudu daga Satumba zuwa Oktoba, dawowa daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu.
Tsuntsayen da ke zama, ba tare da damuwa da dangi ba, suna iya yin yawo, suna yin tashi don abinci na awowi da yawa. Galibi basa tashi sama da kilomita 10-14 daga mazauninsu. "Yaren" Osprey ya fi talauci. Ainihi, waɗannan jerin masu tawali'u ne, masu raɗaɗi, suna bambanta da sauti da tsawonsu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wadannan maharan sun fi son kifi 150-300 g, nauyin rikodin abin farauta shine 1200 g Tsawon kifin ya kai cm 7 - 57. Domin cikawa, tsuntsun yana bukatar abinci 300 - 400 g a kowace rana, a cewar wasu kafofin yana bukatar har zuwa 800 g.
Yawan mace-macen kananan tsuntsaye da ke kasa da shekara 2 ya yi yawa - a kan kashi 40%. Babban dalilin da yasa kananan dabbobi ke mutuwa shine rashin abinci. Amma osprey na iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci - shekaru 20 - 25. A cikin 2011, an rubuta rikodin tsawon rai - shekaru 30, a cikin 2014 - shekaru 32 ... Wataƙila wannan ba shi ne iyaka ba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Biyu na Osprey
A cikin sassa daban-daban na babban yankin, lokacin saduwa yana farawa ne a lokuta daban-daban. Tsuntsayen da ke zaune sun fara gina gida gida a watan Disamba-Maris, tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura - a cikin Afrilu-Mayu. Osprey ya tashi zuwa wuraren shakatawa a kan kansu, kodayake suna da mata ɗaya kuma suna kiyaye ma'aurata koyaushe tsawon shekaru. Maza sun fara zuwa, mata zasu zo bayan aan kwanaki.
A yankin dazuzzuka, itacen osprey yakan yi gida-gida a saman bishiyun manyan bishiyoyi, kan manyan layin lantarki, da hasumiyoyi masu manufa daban-daban, da dandamali na wucin gadi da masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhalli suka miƙa musu. Lokacin zaɓar wuri, suna ba da kusancin kyakkyawan tafki, don haka bai wuce kilomita 3-5 ba. Wani lokacin akan gina gidajan sama da ruwa.
Nisa tsakanin nests daga 100 m zuwa kilomita da yawa. Galibi, kowane gida yana zaune nesa da sauran, amma ana samun yankuna ne kusa da wuraren ajiyar kifi. Gida an yi shi ne da shukoki, algae ko ciyawa, gansakuka - duk abin da aka samu don ado. Wani lokaci akan sami layin kamun kifi ko jakankunan roba. Gidajen suna amfani da ma'aurata guda dindindin tsawon shekaru, kowace kakar ana sabunta su kuma ana kammala su.
Kafin aure, namiji yana tsalle, yana yawo a da'ira akan gida inda mace take zaune. Yana wallafa jerin ihu, ya tashi sama, ya fika fikafikan sa kuma ya rike kifin kyauta a tafin hannu. Bayan minti 10, yana yanke shawara cewa ya yi ƙoƙari sosai, sai ya tashi zuwa gida zuwa wurin uwargidansa. Lokacin da mata ko miji suka fara yin kwan, namiji yana daukar abincin ta kuma zai iya shiga cikin kwantawa. Zina tana faruwa ne yayin da namiji bai kawo isasshen abinci ba kuma dole mace mai yunwa ta juyo ga wasu. Ko kuma miji ya fara aiki ga iyalai biyu idan gidajan suna kusa da juna.
Akwai daga ƙwai 2 zuwa 4, launi yana da fari da ruwan tokala masu ruwan kasa. Ana haihuwar kajin cikin kwanaki 38 - 41. Tare da rashin abinci, ba duk kajin ke rayuwa ba, amma waɗanda suka fara kyankyashe ne kawai. Makonni biyu mace tana zafafa su koyaushe, sannan ba sau da yawa, ta keɓe lokaci don neman abinci. Matasa sunyi alƙawari a cikin watanni 1.5 - 2.5 kuma suna iya farauta da kansu, kodayake sun daɗe suna ƙoƙari su roƙi abinci daga iyayensu. Don hunturu, kowa ya tashi da kansa. Osprey ya balaga ta hanyar jimawa da shekaru 3 - 5 kuma yana amfani da ƙuruciyarsa shekarun "ƙasashen waje" - a filayen hunturu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ostiraliya ta yi rijista gidajan da aka yi shekara 70 ana amfani da su. Suna nan kan duwatsu na bakin teku kuma manya-manyan tarin daskararru ne da rassa, waɗanda aka yi wa ado da algae, sun kai mita 2 a tsayi, 2 m a faɗi da nauyin kilogram 135.
Abokan gaba na Osprey
Hotuna: Tsuntsun Osprey
Ko da irin wannan babban mai farautar yana da makiya. Waɗannan maharaƙan sun fi girma - gaggafa, waɗanda ke cinye ɓaure, suna gasa tare da ita don abinci da wuraren gina gida. Kuma waɗanda ke aiki a ƙarƙashin ɓoye duhu sune mujiya da na mujiya, waɗanda suka fi son ɗaukar kajinsu.
Daga cikin dabbobin da ke lalata gida, zaka iya suna:
- maciji;
- raccoon;
- kananan masu cin dusar kankara;
- kada Yana kama osprey a cikin ruwa idan ta nitse.
A dabi'ance, mutumin shima ya fada cikin adadin abokan gaba, kodayake ba da gangan ba. Ya zama cewa osprey yana da matukar damuwa ga magungunan ƙwari, musamman DDT da dangoginsu, waɗanda ada suna da girma. Wadannan sunadarai sun shiga jikinsu ta hanyar kifi sun haifar da siraran kwan kwan da mutuwar amfrayo, kuma sakamakon haka, raguwar haihuwa. Tsuntsayen da suka manyanta suma sun halaka. Tsakanin 50s zuwa 70s na karnin da ya gabata, yawan nau'in kiwo a gabar tekun Atlantika na Amurka ya ragu da kashi 90%; a cikin Chesapeake Bay, yawansu ya ragu da rabi. A cikin Turai, a cikin kasashe da yawa (Pyrenees, Ingila, Ireland, Faransa) ɓaure sun ɓace gaba ɗaya.
Yawan osprey shima mummunar tasirin ci gaban ƙasa ne: sare bishiyoyi, kamun kifi, gurɓatar jikin ruwa. Mafarauta, waɗanda suke son lalata gida-gida kuma kawai suna nuna sha'awar rashin lafiya, suna ba da gudummawarsu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yawan Osprey a Ireland sun ɓace a farkon ƙarni na 19, a Ingila sun ɓace a 1840, a Scotland a 1916. Dalilin ɓarnar shi ne babban sha'awar tara ƙwai da dabbobi masu cushe. Infaunar wauta ta wuce, kuma osprey mai ƙaura ta fara mamaye tsibiran kuma. A cikin 1954, sun sake yin gida a Scotland.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Menene irin kayan kwalliya
A cikin Lissafin IUCN na ƙarshe, osprey yana da matsayi na nau'in tare da ƙaruwa mai yawa. Girman yawan mutanen duniya ya kai kimanin mutane dubu 100 - 500. Tabbas, matakan kariya (haramcin amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da harbi da tsuntsaye masu farauta) sun haifar da karuwar sanannun adadin tsuntsayen a duk nahiyoyin. A cikin Turai, inda yanayin ya kasance mafi wahala, sauran adadin ya karu a Scandinavia da Jamus. Tsuntsaye sun koma Ingila, Scotland, Bavaria, Faransa. Dangane da bayanan kasashen waje na 2011 - 2014. a Burtaniya akwai gidajen zama 250 - 300, a Sweden 4100, a Norway - 500, a Finland - 1300, a Jamus - 627, a Russia - 2000 - 4000.
Jinsin yana da matsayi na 3 (ba safai ba) a cikin Littafin Ja na Rasha. Dangane da bayanan da aka gabatar a ciki, mafi yawan gidajan (kusan 60) suna cikin Darwin Reserve (Vologda Region). Akwai nau'i-nau'i dozin iri-iri kowannensu a cikin yankuna Leningrad da Tver, a kan Kola Peninsula da kuma a ƙasan Volga. Asa da nau'i-nau'i goma suna zaune a cikin yankin Nizhny Novgorod da kuma sauran Yankin Earthananan Baƙin Duniya. A cikin Siberia, an lura da kananan ƙananan gida a arewacin yankin Tyumen da kudancin Krasnoyarsk Territory; mafi yawan waɗannan maharba (kusan 500 nau'i biyu) suna zaune a cikin Magadan da Amur Regions, Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka da Chukotka. Gabaɗaya, ba fiye da ma'aurata 1000 a duk faɗin ƙasar ba.
Osprey mai gadi
Hotuna: Osprey daga littafin Red
A cewar ra'ayin masana na kasa da kasa a fannin muhalli, wannan nau'in yana da kyakkyawan fata na rayuwa, makomarsa ba wani abin damuwa ba ne. Amma kar ka bari ka kiyaye. Osprey ya kasance yana da kariya a Turai, Arewacin Amurka da Ostiraliya, inda ake yin rikodin da sanya ido akan duk yawan jama'arta. An ci gaba da shirye-shirye don dawo da tsuntsaye zuwa wuraren da aka taɓa lalata su (misali, a Spain).
An jera a cikin jerin CITES, wanda ya hana cinikin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin wannan nau'in, ƙarin haɗin taron Bonn da Berne. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa kan kare tsuntsayen masu kaura, wadanda Rasha ta kulla da Amurka, Japan, Indiya, da Koriya. Ana yin osprey a cikin littafin Red Data na Rasha da kuma a cikin littattafan yanki na ƙasa na duk wuraren da yake zaune.
Matakan tsaro da aka gabatar suna da sauki:
- adana wuraren zama;
- shigar da dandamali don nests;
- canja wurin nests daga layin watsa wutan lantarki masu tallafi, inda suke tsara da'irori;
- ƙirƙirar "wuraren hutawa" a kusa da nests tsakanin radius na 200-300 m;
- tsabtace tafki;
- karuwa a hannun jari
Yau fure amintacce ne, babu abin da ke yi masa barazana, kuma a wasu wuraren lambarta na ƙaruwa kullum. Wannan yana ba mu bege cewa tsoho mai girma da ɗaukaka zai kasance tare da mu na dogon lokaci. Fahimtar cewa ba mu kaɗai bane a doron ƙasa a hankali amma tabbas ya isa ga kowane mutum. Kuma sakamakon ayyukan da aka yi ya tabbatar da cewa koyaushe akwai damar canza yanayin zuwa mafi kyau tare da ƙarancin nau'in. Kusan koyaushe.
Ranar bugawa: 08/05/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/28/2019 da 21:37
