Har ila yau, filayen Afirka marasa iyaka, waɗanda ke da gidajan manyan ciyayi masu yawa, suma suna da gida Scarab irin ƙwaro... Wataƙila Afirka, da kuma duniya baki ɗaya ba ta kasance cikin mawuyacin tarin dung ba saboda albarkar berayen taki, daga cikinsu akwai ƙwayayen da ke da daraja.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Scarab irin ƙwaro
Masana ilmin kimiyar ciki sun rarraba ƙwaryar ƙwarƙwara kamar ƙwarjin ƙwarya, ajin kwari, tsarin coleoptera, da dangin lamellar. Wannan dangin yana da halaye na musamman na masu raɗa-raɗa, wanda zai iya buɗewa lokaci-lokaci a cikin hanyar fan, wanda ya ƙunshi faranti masu motsi na sihiri.
Bidiyo: Scarab irin ƙwaro
A halin yanzu, kimiyya ta san wakilai fiye da ɗari na wannan nau'in, wanda yawanci ke rayuwa a cikin busassun matakai, hamada, rabin sahara, savannas. Yawancin nau'in scarab ana iya samun su ne kawai a yankin na wurare masu zafi na nahiyar Afirka. Yankin da ake kira Palaearctic, ya mamaye arewacin Afirka, Turai da arewacin Asiya, yana da kusan iri 20.
Tsawon jikin scarab beetles na iya kaiwa daga 9 zuwa 40 mm. Mafi yawansu suna da launin launi mai laushi mai laushi, wanda ke zama mai haske yayin da suka tsufa.Wasu lokuta zaka iya samun kwari masu chitin na launin azurfa mai launin azurfa, amma wannan ba safai ba. Maza sun bambanta da mata ba launi da girma ba, amma a ƙafafun baya, waɗanda aka rufe da zoben zinare a ciki.
Ga dukkan ƙwayoyin bera, tsire-tsire a ƙafafu da ciki halaye ne ƙwarai, haka nan kuma kasancewar hakora huɗu a ƙafafun ƙafafun biyu na gaba, waɗanda ke da hannu cikin haƙawa da yin ƙwallo daga taki.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yadda scarab beetle yayi kama
Jikin scarab beetle yana da sifa mai fadi, mai ɗan kaɗan, wanda aka rufe shi da exoskeleton. Exoskeleton murfi ne mai matukar wahala kuma mai ɗorewa, yawanci yana aiki azaman abin da ake kira sulke wanda ke kare jikin ƙwaro daga raunin da ke tattare da nau'in aikinsa. Shugaban scarab beetle gajere ne kuma mai faɗi tare da haƙora shida na gaba.
Bayanin kwarin kuma faɗi ne kuma gajere, madaidaici, mai sauƙin fasali, yana da tsarin ɗari da ƙananan ƙananan haƙoran gefe. Lywayar kwaron kwaron kwaron kwaron kwayar cutar ta elytra ya ninka ninki biyu na tsawon lokacin da aka bayyana, yana da rami mara tsayi shida a tsaye, kuma tsari iri daya mara kyau.
Cikin na baya yana da iyaka da ƙananan hakora, an rufe shi da ciyayi marasa yanayi a cikin yanayin gashin duhu. Gashi iri daya ake samu a dukkan nau'ikan nau'ikan tarsi. Legsafafun gaba suna amfani da ƙwaro don haƙa ƙasa da taki. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran tarsi, suna da kyau, sunada ƙarfi, masu ƙarfi kuma an sanye su da haƙoran waje huɗu, wasu daga cikinsu suna da ƙananan hakora da yawa a gindin su. Tsakanin tsakiya da na baya sun bayyana sun fi tsayi, siriri, mai lankwasa kuma suna taimakawa kwari wajen samar da kwalliyar taki da safarar su zuwa inda suke.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ballswallan juji da ƙwayoyin berayen scarab suka kafa na iya zama sau goma fiye da kwari.
A ina ne scarab irin ƙwaro yake rayuwa?
Photo: Scarab irin ƙwaro a Misira
A al'adance, an yi amannar cewa ƙwarin bera yana rayuwa a Misira, inda aka daɗe ana girmama shi kuma kusan an ɗaukaka shi zuwa wata al'ada, amma mazaunin kwari ya fi yawa. Ana samun scarab kusan a ko'ina cikin Afirka, a cikin Turai (Yammaci da kudancin ɓangaren yankin, kudancin Rasha, Dagestan, Georgia, Faransa, Girka, Turkiyya), a cikin Asiya har ma da tsibirin Kirimiya.
Gabaɗaya, ya bayyana cewa ƙwayoyin berayen scarab sun fi son ɗumi ko yanayin zafi mai ƙanƙantar da hunturu, waɗanda suka dace da yankuna da ke sama, da kuma tekun Baƙi da Bahar Rum. Etwaro sun fi son rayuwa a kan ƙasa mai yashi a cikin savannas, busassun steppes, hamada da kuma hamadar hamada, yayin da suke ƙoƙarin kauce wa yankuna masu gishiri.
Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa ƙwaro yana rayuwa a zirin Kirimiya, amma mai yiwuwa, saboda gishirin manyan yankuna na yankin, sun fi girman ɗan'uwansu da danginsu na Masar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Fiye da shekaru 20 da suka gabata masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun yi kokarin gano alamun sikandi a Australia, amma wadannan yunkurin bai yi nasara ba. A bayyane a wannan nahiyar Uwar Halitta ba ta da buƙatar tsari. Kuma ba abin mamaki bane, Ostiraliya koyaushe sananniya ce ba don yalwar dabbobin duniya ba, amma saboda rashin dacewarta, musamman tunda duk ɓangaren tsakiyarta busasshiyar hamada ce wacce dabbobi basu da yawa.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo irin ƙwaron nan. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene ƙwarjin ƙwaryar scarab yake ci?
Photo: Scarab irin ƙwaro a yanayi
Berayen Scarab suna cin abinci akan sabon taki mai shayarwa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa suka sami cikakkiyar matsayin tsarin tsari ko masu amfani dashi. Sakamakon lura, an lura cewa ƙwaro ƙwai dubu 3-4 na iya tashi zuwa ƙaramin tarin taki guda. Takin ya zama sabo ne, saboda ya fi sauƙi don ƙirƙirar ƙwallo daga gare ta. Bewaro suna yin ƙwallan dung a cikin hanya mai ban sha'awa: tare da taimakon haƙora a kai da ƙafafun gaba, rake kamar shebur. Lokacin ƙirƙirar ƙwallo, ana ɗaukar ƙaramin yanki na takin mai-zagaye a matsayin tushe. A zaune a saman wannan yanki, kwaron yakan zama sau da yawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ya raba taki da ke kewaye da shi da gefen gefen kansa, kuma a lokaci guda, 'yan baya na gaba sun debo wannan taki, suka kawo shi ga kwallon suka danna shi a ciki daga bangarori daban-daban har sai ta sami sifa da girman da ake so. ...
Kwari sun ɓoye kwallayen da aka kafa a cikin wasu keɓaɓɓun kusurwa kuma, don neman wuri mai kyau, suna iya mirgine su tsawon mitoci da yawa, kuma yayin da ƙwaro yake motsawa daga tarin, saurin da yake buƙata don birgima abincinsa. Idan scarab ya shagala ba zato ba tsammani aƙalla na ɗan lokaci, to, ana iya ɗaukar ƙwalla da ƙarfin ta wasu byan uwan da ke da hankali. Sau da yawa yakan faru cewa ana shirya faɗa mai ƙarfi don ƙwallan taki, kuma koyaushe akwai masu neman su fiye da masu mallaka.
Bayan sun sami wurin da ya dace, ƙwaro ya haƙa rami mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin ƙwallon, ya mirgine shi a can, ya binne shi kuma ya zauna kusa da abincinsa har sai ya ci shi gaba ɗaya. Wannan yakan ɗauki makonni biyu ko fiye. Lokacin da abincin ya ƙare, ƙwaro ya sake shiga neman abinci kuma komai ya fara sakewa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tabbatarwa a kimiyyance cewa babu dabba mai cin nama a yanayi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Babban scarab irin ƙwaro
Ana ɗaukar ƙwayar bera mafi ƙarfi kuma mafi ƙwazo, tana iya motsi 90 nauyinta. Yana da fasaha ta al'ada ta musamman - ya kirkiro daga taki kusan adadi na yau da kullun - yanayi. Kuna iya ganin scarab a mazaunin sa daga tsakiyar Maris zuwa Oktoba. Ƙwaro yana yin aiki da rana, kuma da daddare, idan bai da zafi sosai, sai su huda cikin ƙasa. Idan ya yi zafi sosai da rana, kwari sukan fara zama ba na dare ba.
Etwaro suna tashi da kyau sosai, saboda haka, suna haɗuwa cikin manyan garken tumaki, suna yawo a kusa da biye da garkunan manyan ciyawar ciyawar. Scarabs na iya ɗaukar ƙanshin sabon taki daga nisan kilomita da yawa. Laƙabin scarab an laƙaba shi da tsari na ƙasar yashi saboda dalili, saboda kusan rayuwarsa duka tana da alaƙa da taki. Dubun ƙwaro da yawa suna iya sarrafa tarin sharar dabba a cikin abin da bai fi awa ɗaya ba kafin ta bushe.
Kwallayen dung suna birgima da ƙwaro a nesa na ofan mita da yawa daga tarin zuwa wuri mai inuwa, inda ake binne su a cikin ƙasa a ci su a cikin 'yan makonni biyu. Yawancin lokuta faɗa mai zafi yakan tashi tsakanin ƙwaro don ƙwallon da aka yi da dung. Lokacin da kwallaye ke birgima, ana yin ma'aurata "masu aure". A cikin yanayi mai sanyin yanayi, inda damuna ke sanyi, ƙwayoyin bera ba sa yin bacci, amma suna jiran sanyi, suna yin tanadi a gaba, suna ɓuya a cikin zurfafan ramuka da ci gaba da aiki.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Masar scarab irin ƙwaro
Kamar wannan, lokacin wando bai kasance don scarabs ba. Bewayoyin beetles suna yin ƙwai duk lokacin da suke aiki. Kuma sun sami kansu kamar ma'aurata yayin aiki. Berayen Scarab suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 2. Matasan kwari na shirya kwallayen dung domin abincinsu. A kusan watanni 3-4 na rayuwa, maza suna haɗuwa da mata a cikin "iyalai" kuma suna fara aiki tare, suna shirya abinci ba don kansu kaɗai ba, har ma ga zuriya ta gaba.
Da farko dai, kwari suna tona rami har zuwa zurfin cm 30 tare da ɗakin kwana a ƙarshen, inda ake birgima ƙwallan dung sannan kuma daga nan ne za a yi abin da ake yi. Namiji, bayan ya cika aikinsa, ya bar gida, kuma mace ta yi ƙwai (1-3 inji mai kwakwalwa.) A cikin kwallayen dung, yana ba su siffar pear. Bayan haka, mace ma ta bar gida, tana cika ƙofar daga sama.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Femaleaya mace mai takin ciki lokacin aiki na iya ƙirƙirar gida zuwa gida goma, sabili da haka, sa ƙwai har zuwa 30.
Bayan kwanaki 10-12, larvae suna ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai, wanda nan da nan suka fara cin abincin da iyayensu suka shirya. Bayan kamar wata guda na irin wannan rayuwa mai cike da abinci, kowane tsutsa ya juye izuwa pupa, wanda bayan makonni biyu ya zama cikakken ƙwaro. Scarabs, bayan ya canza daga pupae, ya kasance cikin ƙwallan dung, har zuwa kaka, ko ma har zuwa bazara, har sai ruwan sama ya yi taushi a ƙarshe.
Matakan rayuwa na scarabs:
- kwai;
- tsutsa;
- 'yar tsana;
- babban ƙwaro.
Abokan gaba na scarab beetles
Photo: Yadda scarab beetle yayi kama
Arawayoyin Scarab sun fi girma, ana iya ganinsu daga tsayi da ƙwarin kwari. Bugu da kari, suna da matukar sha'awar ayyukansu don haka basu lura da komai ba sai taki da takwarorinsu. A saboda wannan dalili, kwari suna da saukin ganewa, kamawa da ci don tsuntsayen ganima, da kuma na wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa. Kurke, magpies, jackdaws, moles, foxes, busshings suna farautar ƙwaro a ko'ina, duk inda yake zaune.
Koyaya, kaska ana ɗaukarta a matsayin maƙiyi mafi haɗari fiye da masu farauta. Wani fasali na irin wannan kaska shine ikon kutsawa cikin ƙwaryar ƙwaro tare da haƙoranta masu kaifi, hawa ciki su cinye shi da rai. Tickaya daga cikin kaska don scarab baya haifar da haɗari mai girma, amma idan akwai dayawa daga cikinsu, wanda yakan faru sau da yawa, ƙwaro yakan mutu a hankali.
Af, sakamakon haƙawa da aka yi a Misira, an sami ɓoyayyun ɓaure na scarabs tare da ramuka na halayya, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa kaska ta daɗe ta kasance mafi munin abokan scarabs. Bugu da ƙari, an gano bawo da yawa cewa tunanin annoba na lokaci-lokaci na cizon kumburi wanda sau ɗaya ya lalata yawan mutanen ƙwairo ya nuna kansa.
Me yasa hakan ke faruwa? Masana kimiyya basu da amsar da za ta dace da wannan ba, amma ana iya ɗauka cewa ta wannan hanyar yanayi na ƙoƙarin tsara adadin wani nau'in.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Scarab irin ƙwaro
A cewar masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu, Tsarkakkar scarab ita ce kawai nau'in kwaro, amma ba da dadewa ba, an ware jinsin kwari sama da dari kuma an gano su a cikin dangin Scarab daban.
Mafi na kowa su ne:
- Armeniacus Menetries;
- cicatricosus;
- variolosus Fabricius;
- winkleri Stolfa.
Jinsunan ƙwaro na sama ba su da cikakken nazari, amma a zahiri sun bambanta da juna kawai a cikin girma, inuwowi na harsashi mai ɗanɗano, kuma rabon ya faru ne dangane da mazaunin. Mutane sun fahimci yadda ƙwayoyin bera ke da amfani a tsohuwar Masar, lokacin da suka lura da cewa ƙwayoyin ɓoye marasa kwazo suna lalata taki da lalacewar abinci. Saboda iya tsarkake duniya daga sharar dabbobi da mutane, wanda ke da mahimmanci a yanayi mai tsananin zafi, an fara bautar da baƙaƙen baƙi da zama cikin tsafi.
A lokacin fir'auna kuma daga baya, a tsohuwar Masar, akwai wata bautar allahn kheper Kheper, wanda shine allahntakar tsawon rai da lafiya. A lokacin da ake hakar kaburburan fir'auna, an sami adadi mai yawa na gumakan dutse da ƙarfe na Kheper, da kuma zinare na zinare a siffar ƙwaryar ƙwarya.
Ana samun nasarar amfani da ƙwayoyin Scarab a halin yanzu a matsayin “mai amfani” na taki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bayan mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Amurka da Ostiraliya, inda aka fara kiwon dabbobi da yawa a cikin adadi mai yawa, kwari na gida sun daina jimre da taki mai yawa. Don magance matsalar, an yanke shawarar shigo da adadi mai yawa na waɗannan ƙwarraren can. Kwari a cikin Ostiraliya ba su da tushe na dogon lokaci, amma sun jimre da aikin.
Scarab irin ƙwaro
Photo: Scarab irin ƙwaro daga littafin Red
Yawan berayen scarab a yau ana ɗaukar su masu yawa a duniya, saboda haka, a yawancin ƙasashen da suke zaune, ba a ɗaukar matakan kariya. Koyaya, ba kowane abu bane yake da kyau ba. Sakamakon lura da suka yi a shekarun da suka gabata, masana ilimin kimiyyar halittar mutum sun bayyana wani abu mara dadi. Tushenta ya ta'allaka ne da cewa a wuraren da garken dabbobi na gida, galibi dawakai da shanu, suke kiwo, yawan raunin da ake samu koyaushe yana canzawa.
Sun fara neman dalili kuma ya zama cewa hawa da sauka a cikin yawan ƙwanƙwasa suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da magungunan kwari da manoma ke amfani da su don yaƙar ƙwayoyin cuta: fleas, horseflies, da sauransu. An yi sa'a, maganin kwari a kan dabbobi na yanayi ne, don haka ƙwaro ke saurin murmurewa.
Gwajin ƙwarya, wanda ke rayuwa a tsibirin Kirimiya, an lasafta shi a cikin Littafin Ja na Yukren a ƙarƙashin halin wasu halittu masu rauni. Idan muka yi la’akari da gaskiyar cewa an dakatar da aikin Kogin Kirimiya ta Arewa, sakamakon haka kasa ta fara zama gishiri a duk yankin teku, to ya kamata mu yi tsammanin cewa yanayin kwaroro a Crimea zai kara tabarbarewa ne kawai.
Scarab irin ƙwaro ba shi da haɗari ga mutane kwata-kwata: ba ya tarawa, ba ya lalata tsire-tsire da kayayyaki. Akasin haka, ciyar da taki, ƙwaro ya wadatar da ƙasa da ma'adanai da oxygen. Daga cikin tsoffin Masarawa, ana ɗaukar ƙwayar bera alama ce da ke kula da alaƙa tsakanin mutane da Sun Allah (Ra). Sun yi imani cewa kwari ya kamata ya kasance tare da mutum a rayuwar duniya da lahira, yana nuna hasken rana a cikin zuciya. Tare da ci gaban kimiyya da magani, Masarawa na zamani sun koyi ɗaukar mutuwa a matsayin abin da babu makawa, amma alamar scarab ta kasance a rayuwarsu har abada.
Ranar bugawa: 08/03/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/28/2019 a 11:58
