Guillemot - mafi girman fuka-fukai na dangin auch. Ta dauki wannan wuri na girmamawa bayan bacewar nau'ikan loons marasa fuka. Wannan nau'in jinsi ne mai yawa, wanda lambobi sama da miliyan 3 a cikin Rasha kawai. Wannan tsuntsu ne na teku, rayuwarta ta kare akan yawo kankara da tsaunuka masu tsayi. A lokacin kiwo, yankunan mulkin tsuntsaye sun kai dubun dubun tsuntsaye. Kuna iya koyon abubuwa da yawa masu ban sha'awa game da guillemot nan.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hoto: Kaira
Genwararren Uria ya gano ta masanin kimiyyar dabba ta Faransa M. Brisson a cikin 1760 tare da kafa ƙaramin billilan (Uria aalge) a matsayin jinsin mara suna. Tsuntsayen da ba a san su ba suna da alaƙa da auk (Alca torda), da auk (Alle alle) da kuma ɓataccen jirgin maraƙin, kuma tare suna cikin dangin auks (Alcidae). Duk da farkon gano su, bisa ga binciken DNA, basu da kusanci da Cepphus grylle kamar yadda aka shawarta a baya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sunan jinsin ya fito ne daga tsohuwar Urushalima Uria, tsuntsayen ruwa da Athenaeus ya ambata.
Kwayar halittar Uria ta ƙunshi nau'ikan jinsuna biyu: ƙaramin kudirin da aka ƙididdige (U. aalge) da kuma mai kaifin bill mai nauyi (U. lomvia)
Wasu sanannun jinsunan Uria suma an sansu:
- uria bordkorbi, 1981, Howard - Monterey, Late Miocene Lompoc, Amurka;
- uria affinis, 1872, Marsh - marigayi Pleistocene a Amurka;
- uria paleohesperis, 1982, Howard - marigayi Miocene, Amurka;
- uria onoi Watanabe, 2016; Matsuoka da Hasegawa - Pleistocene na -arshen Zamani, Japan.
U. brodkorbi yana da ban sha'awa domin shine kawai sanannen wakilin auks da aka samo a cikin yanayin yanayi da yanayin zurfin tekun Pacific, banda ƙasan wajen kewayon U. aalge. Wannan yana nuna cewa jinsin Uria, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haraji ga duk sauran auks kuma ana tsammanin sun samo asali ne a cikin Tekun Atlantika kamar su, na iya samo asali ne a cikin Karibiya ko kusa da Isthmus na Panama. Rarrabawar Pacific na yau zai kasance wani ɓangare na fadada Arctic daga baya, yayin da mafi yawan sauran layin suna samar da launuka tare da ci gaba da kewayon cikin Pacific daga arctic zuwa subtropical water.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Tsuntsun Guillemot
Guillemots tsuntsayen teku ne masu ƙarfi da baƙin fuka-fukai waɗanda suka rufe kansu, baya da fikafikansu. Farin fuka-fukai sun rufe kirjinsu da ƙananan gangar jikinsu da fikafikansu. Dukkanin nau'ikan guillemots suna da girma daga 39 zuwa 49 cm, kuma suna auna wani wuri kusa da kilogiram 1-1.5. Bayan dadadden fuka-fuka auk (P. impennis), wadannan tsuntsayen sun zama manyan wakilan auks. Girman fikafikan su 61 - 73 cm.
Bidiyo: Kaira
A lokacin hunturu, wuyansu da fuska sun zama baƙi. Bakinsu mai tsinin mashi yana da launin toka-toka-toka tare da layin fari wanda yake gudana tare da gefen saman muƙamuƙin. Za a iya rarrabe masu tsararren biyun (U. lomvia) daga masu sihiri masu ƙararrawa (U. aalge) ta ƙa'idojinsu masu ɗan ƙarfi, waɗanda suka haɗa da kai da wuya da nauyi, da gajeren doka mai ƙarfi. Hakanan suna da karin baƙar fata kuma sun ɓace mafi yawancin raƙuman ruwan kasa a gefuna.
Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: Jinsuna wani lokacin suna haɗuwa da juna, wataƙila fiye da yadda aka zata a baya.
Guillemots tsuntsaye ne masu ruwa tare da ƙafafun kafa, gajerun ƙafa da fikafikai. Saboda an ture ƙafafunsu can baya, suna da tsayayyiyar hanya madaidaiciya, kwatankwacin ta penguin. Guillemots maza da mata sunyi kama. Kajin da ke yin kawa suna kama da manya dangane da layinsu, amma suna da ƙaramin bakin bakin bakin ciki. Suna da ƙaramin, wutsiyar baƙar fata. Partananan ɓangaren fuska ya zama fari a lokacin sanyi. Jirgin yana da ƙarfi kuma kai tsaye. Saboda gajerun fikafikan su, yajin su na da sauri. Tsuntsaye suna yin raɗaɗi da yawa na raɗaɗi a cikin mazaunan mallaka, amma sun yi shiru a teku.
A ina guillemot ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Kaira a Rasha
Guillemot ya kasance gaba ɗaya yana rayuwa a cikin Tekun Arctic da ƙananan ruwa na Arewacin Hemisphere. Wannan tsuntsayen ruwa mai ƙaura yana da faɗin ƙasa da yawa. A lokacin bazara, ta sauka a gabar duwatsu na Alaska, Newfoundland, Labrador, Sakhalin, Greenland, Scandinavia, Tsibirin Kuril a Rasha, Kodiak Island da ke gefen kudu na Alaska. A lokacin hunturu, 'yan tawaye suna kusa da buɗe ruwa, yawanci suna zama a gefen yankin kankara.
Guillemots suna rayuwa a cikin ruwan bakin teku na waɗannan ƙasashe:
- Japan;
- Gabashin Rasha;
- Amurka;
- Kanada;
- Greenland;
- Iceland;
- Arewacin Ireland;
- Ingila;
- Kudancin Norway.
Wuraren lokacin hunturu sun faro daga bakin kankara zuwa kudu zuwa Nova Scotia da arewacin British Columbia, kuma ana samunsu a gefen gabar Greenland, Arewacin Turai, Mid Atlantic, Pacific Northwest na Amurka, da Tekun Pacific a kudu zuwa tsakiyar Japan. Bayan guguwa mai karfi, wasu mutane na iya tashi zuwa kudu. Wannan nau'in yana faruwa ne a cikin hunturu a cikin manyan garken cikin teku, amma wasu ɓatattun mutane na iya bayyana a cikin rami, tsibirin kogi, ko kuma wasu ruwan.
A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, suna farauta nesa da bakin teku kuma ƙwararrun masanan ne, suna kaiwa zurfin sama da mita 100 don bin ganima. Tsuntsayen ma na iya tashi da kilomita 75 a cikin awa daya, duk da cewa yana yin iyo sosai fiye da yadda yake tashiwa. Guillemots kuma suna yin manyan gungu a bakin rairayin dutse, inda mata yawanci suke kwan ƙwai a kan wani ɗan kunkuntar layin da ke kan dutsen mai tsayi. Kadan ya kan faru a kogon dutse da rami. Jinsunan sun fi son zama a kan tsibirai maimakon a gaɓar tekun.
Yanzu kun san inda tsuntsayen dabbar ke rayuwa. Bari muga me zata ci.
Menene guillemot ke ci?
Hotuna: Guillemot tsuntsayen teku
Halin dabba na ɗan damfara ya bambanta dangane da nau'in ganima da wurin zama. Yawancin lokaci sukan dawo cikin mulkin mallaka tare da abu guda na ganima, sai dai idan an kama ƙananan halittu. Kamar yadda masu amfani da ruwa ke amfani da su, dabarun kame-kame na dabarun ya ta'allaka ne akan yuwuwar samun kuzari daga abin farauta da kuma kuzarin kuzarin da ake buƙata don kama abincin.
Guillemots tsuntsaye ne masu cin nama kuma suna cinye rayuwar ruwa iri-iri, gami da:
- pollock;
- gobies;
- fama;
- capelin;
- ƙwayoyin cuta;
- squid;
- bulala;
- annelids;
- kayan kwalliya;
- babban zooplankton.
Guillemot yana ciyarwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa a zurfin sama da mita 100, a cikin ruwa mai ƙarancin ƙasa da 8 ° C. Ire-iren wadannan yan kunar bakin waken sunada kwarewar kisa, sun kame ganima a cikin bibiyar aiki. A gefe guda kuma, wakilan jinsi masu yawan kauri suna kashe karin lokacin farauta, amma karancin kuzari don neman ganimar kasa, a hankali tana zamewa ta kasan don neman diga ko duwatsu.
Bugu da kari, dangane da wurinta, U. Lomvia na iya samun bambancin abincin da ke da alaƙa da wuri. A gefen teku na kankara, suna ciyarwa a cikin layin ruwa da kuma a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren kankara mai sauri. Ya bambanta, a gefunan takardar kankara, U. lomvia tana ciyarwa a ƙarƙashin dusar kankara, a kan ruwan teku, da kuma cikin layin ruwa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Guillemots
Guillemots suna da girma, gungu-gungu a cikin mazauna a kan dutsen dutse inda suka yi kiwo. Saboda tashin hankalin da suke yi, ana daukar tsuntsaye a matsayin masu iya iyo fiye da matukan jirgin. Manya da kajin da ke gudu suna yin tafiya mai nisa a cikin tafiye-tafiye masu ƙaura daga mazaunan ƙauyuka zuwa wurin balaga da hunturu. Kaji suna iyo kusan kilomita 1000 tare da iyaye maza a matakin farko na tafiya zuwa lokacin hunturu. A wannan lokacin, manya suna narkewa a jikin hunturu kuma na ɗan lokaci sun rasa ikon tashi sama har sai sabbin fuka-fukai sun bayyana.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Guillemots yawanci suna aiki a rana. Tare da taimakon masu adana bayanan tsuntsaye, masana kimiyya suka tabbatar da cewa suna tafiya kilomita 10 zuwa 168 hanya daya zuwa wuraren ciyarwa.
Waɗannan tsuntsayen teku ma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halittun cikin ruwa dangane da abincin da suke ci. Guillemots ana gaskata shi don sadarwa ta amfani da sautuka. A cikin kajin, waɗannan yawanci sautunan farat ɗaya ne, waɗanda ke da saurin saurin saurin kiran kira mai fita. Ana kiran wannan kiran ne lokacin da suka bar mulkin mallaka, kuma a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kajin da iyaye.
Manya, a gefe guda, suna samar da ƙananan bayanan rubutu da sauti mara kyau. Waɗannan sautuka suna da nauyi, suna tuno da dariya "ha ha ha" ko mafi tsayi, ƙara mai kara. Lokacin tashin hankali, murres yana fitar da rauni, sautin rerawa. Duk da cewa jinsin halittu suna iya zama tare, a dunkule, kisan kai abune mai ban tsoro da rigima. Suna zama tare kawai tare da manyan mazaunan Arctic, misali, tare da manyan cormorants. Wannan yana taimakawa 'yan tawaye wajen kai hare-hare ga masu farautar dabbobi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Biyu daga guillemots
Guillemots sun fara yin shekaru tsakanin shekaru biyar zuwa shida kuma gida a cikin manyan, m, yankuna masu mulki a kan kunkuntun dutse. A cikin mulkin su, tsuntsaye suna tsaye gefe da gefe, suna yin gida mai kyau don kare kansu da kajinsu daga masu farautar iska. Yawanci sukan isa wuraren shakatawa a cikin bazara, daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu, amma da yake har yanzu ana rufe dusar kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, oviposition yana farawa a ƙarshen Mayu ko farkon Yuni, dangane da yanayin zafin teku.
Mata suna yin ƙwai a kusan lokaci guda don aiki tare da lokacin ƙyanƙyashe da lokacin da yara za su tsallake raƙuman ruwa zuwa cikin teku don aiwatar da doguwar ƙaurarsu ta hunturu. Guan matan guillemots suna yin kwai ɗaya tare da harsashi mai kauri da nauyi, daga launin kore zuwa launin ruwan hoda, tare da wuri mai fasali.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Thewai na guillemots masu siffa ne na pear, don haka ba ya birgima yayin da aka tura shi a madaidaiciya, wanda ke ba ka damar tura shi ba da gangan ba daga wani babban layi.
Mata ba sa gina gida, amma suna yada tsakuwa kewaye da shi tare da wasu tarkace, suna ajiye ƙwai a wuri tare da najasa. Dukansu maza da mata bi da bi suna ɗaukar kwai a tsawon kwanaki 33. Kajin yana kyankyashe bayan kwanaki 30-35 kuma iyayen duka suna kula da kajin har sai da ta tsallake kan dutsen a lokacin 21 na shekaru.
Duk iyayen biyu suna ba da kwan a koyaushe, suna ɗaukar sauyawar awa 12 zuwa 24. Kaza suna yawanci ciyar da kifin da iyayensu suka kawo a wurin kiwo tsawon kwanaki 15-30. Kaza yawanci kan yi yawo da kimanin kwanaki 21 da haihuwa. Bayan wannan lokacin, mace ta tafi teku. Mahaifi namiji ya kasance yana kula da kajin na tsawon lokaci, bayan haka sai ya tafi teku da kajin da daddare cikin sanyin yanayi. Maza suna yin makonni 4 zuwa 8 tare da zuriyarsu kafin su sami cikakken 'yanci.
Abokan gaba na 'yan tawaye
Hotuna: Tsuntsun Guillemot
Guillemots galibi suna fuskantar haɗari ga masu cin iska. Gullun da aka sani da toka an san su suna cin ƙwai da kajin da ba a kula da su. Koyaya, wani yanki mai tarin yawa na guguwa, wanda tsuntsaye ke tsayawa rukuni-biyu, yana taimakawa kare manya da yaransu daga hare-haren iska ta gaggafa, da kwarya, da sauran tsuntsayen da ke cin karensu ba babbaka, da kuma daga hare-hare daga ƙasa daga dawakai. Kari kan haka, mutane, gami da kungiyoyi a Kanada da Alaska, suna farauta kuma suna cinye ƙwai na dregs don abinci.
Shahararrun mashahuran masu neman tsira sun hada da:
- kyalkyali (L. hyperboreus);
- shaho (Accipitridae);
- babban hankaka (Corvus corax);
- Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus);
- mutane (Homo Sapiens).
A cikin Arctic, mutane galibi suna farautar 'yan tawaye a matsayin tushen abinci. An asalin Kanada da Alaska a kowace shekara suna harbin tsuntsaye a kusa da yankunan da suke zaune ko kuma yayin ƙaurarsu daga gabar Greenland a matsayin wani ɓangare na farautar gargajiya don abinci. Kari akan haka, wasu kungiyoyi, kamar Alaskans, suna tattara kwai don abinci. A cikin shekarun 1990, matsakaita gidaje a tsibirin St. Lawrence (wanda yake yamma da babban yankin Alaska a cikin Tekun Bering) sun cinye ƙwai 60 zuwa 104 a kowace shekara.
Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar guillemot a cikin daji na iya kaiwa shekaru 25. A arewa maso gabashin Kanada, an kiyasta yawan rayuwar manya a shekara 91%, da 52% sama da shekaru uku. Guillemots suna da saukin kamuwa da barazanar mutum kamar malalar mai da raga.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Tsuntsun Guillemot
A matsayinta na ɗayan mafi yawan tsuntsayen teku a Arewacin Hemisphere, an kiyasta yawan mutanen duniya na guillemots sun kai sama da 22,000,000 a cikin kewayon da yawa. Saboda haka, wannan jinsin baya kusantowa ga mashigar halittar masu rauni. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai barazanar, musamman daga malalar mai da gillnets, gami da karuwar yawan masu lalata dabi'a kamar guluka.
Adadin mutanen Turai ya kai kimanin mutane 2,350,000–3,060,000 da suka manyanta. A Arewacin Amurka, yawan mutane yana ƙaruwa. Kodayake yawan mutane a Turai yana ƙaruwa tun daga 2000, amma an sami raguwar kwanan nan a Iceland (gida kusan kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'ar Turai). Sakamakon raguwar rahoton da aka ruwaito a Iceland, ƙididdigar da ƙididdigar ƙimar yawan jama'a a Turai tsakanin 2005 da 2050 (ƙarnoni uku) ya kasance daga 25% zuwa sama da 50%.
Wannan nau'in yana cikin gasa kai tsaye tare da kamun kifi don abinci, kuma wuce kifin wasu hannayen jari yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga guillemot. Rushewar kayan masarufi a cikin Tekun Barents ya haifar da raguwar kashi 85% na yawan kiwo a Tsibirin Bear ba tare da alamun farfadowa ba. Mutuwar daga kamun kifin gillnet na iya zama mahimmanci.
Gaskiya mai Nishadi: Gurbatar man daga jiragen ruwa sun nutse a lokacin yakin duniya na II ana ganin sun taimaka wajen raguwar yankuna a cikin tekun Irish a tsakiyar karni na 20, wanda yankunan da abin ya shafa basu gama murmurewa ba.
Farauta a cikin Tsibirin Faroe, Greenland da Newfoundland ba shi da tsari kuma yana iya faruwa a matakan da ba za a ci gaba ba. Babu wani kimantawa na yau da kullun da aka yi na matakan kama kama wannan nau'in. Guillemot Har ila yau, yana da damuwa game da canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafin teku, tare da canjin 1˚C a yanayin zafi mai alaƙa da raguwar yawan 10% na shekara-shekara.
Ranar bugawa: 13.07.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/24/2019 da 22:46
