Coelacanth

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Coelacanth - kadai wakilin da ya rage na tsohon tsari na coelacanthus. Saboda haka, ya zama na musamman - ba a sake gano abubuwan da ke tattare da shi ba, kuma binciken da yake yi ya bayyana sirrin juyin halitta, saboda yayi kama da magabatan da suka yi tafiya a kan tekun Duniya a zamanin da - tun ma kafin su isa tudu.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Latimeria

Coelacanth ya bayyana kimanin shekaru miliyan 400 da suka gabata kuma sau ɗaya wannan umarnin yana da yawa, amma har zuwa yau, ɗayan halittarta kawai ya tsira, gami da nau'ikan halittu biyu. Sabili da haka, ana ɗaukar coelacanth a matsayin tsohuwar kifi - burbushin halittu.

A da, masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa tsawon shekaru, da wuya coelacanth ya sami sauye-sauye, kuma muna ganinsu kamar yadda suke a da. Amma bayan nazarin kwayoyin halitta, an gano cewa suna canzawa a yadda yakamata - kuma ya zama sun fi kusa da tetrapods fiye da kifi.

Coelacanth (a kalma ɗaya, coelacanth, kodayake masana kimiyya suna kiran ɗayan halittar waɗannan kifaye ta wannan hanyar) suna da tarihi mai tsawo kuma sun haifar da nau'ikan nau'ikan daban-daban: girman kifin da ke cikin wannan tsari ya kasance daga santimita 10 zuwa 200, suna da jikin siffofi daban-daban - daga mai faɗi kamar eel, ƙamus ɗin ya banbanta ƙwarai kuma yana da wasu sifofin halayya.

Bidiyo: Latimiya

Daga muryar, sun kirkiro bututun roba, wanda ya sha bamban da na sauran kifaye, tsarin kwanyar shima takamaiman ne - babu wasu dabbobi da suke da irinsu wanda aka adana a Duniya. Juyin halitta ya dauki coelacanth mai nisa - shi yasa, koda ya rasa matsayin kifi wanda bai canza ba tun zamanin da, coelacanth ya rike darajar kimiya.

An yi imanin kololuwa a cikin rarraba coelacanth a duk faɗin duniyarmu ya faru ne a zamanin Triassic da Jurassic. Mafi yawan abubuwan da aka samo akan kayan tarihi sun faɗi akan su. Nan da nan bayan sun kai wannan kololuwa, galibin coelacanths sun bace - a cikin kowane hali, babu wasu abubuwa da aka gano daga baya.

An yi amannar cewa sun ɓace tun kafin dinosaur. Duk abin da ya fi ba masana kimiyya mamaki shine ganowa: ana samun su a doron duniya har wa yau! Hakan ya faru ne a shekarar 1938, kuma bayan shekara daya jinsin Latimeria chalumnae ya sami bayanin kimiyya, D. Smith ne yayi shi.

Latimeria ta fara yin karatun ta natsu, ta gano cewa suna zaune kusa da Comoros, amma duk da haka tsawon shekaru 60 basuyi zargin cewa wani jinsi na biyu, Latimeria menadoensis, yana rayuwa a wani bangare daban na duniya ba, a tekun Indonesia. Bayaninta ya kasance a cikin 1999 ta ƙungiyar masana kimiyya.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Hotuna: Kifin Coelacanth

Nau'in Comorian yana da launi mai launin shuɗi-shuɗi, a jiki akwai manyan manyan launuka masu launin toka-toka-toka. Da su ne ake rarrabe su - kowane kifi yana da kwatancen sa. Waɗannan wuraren suna kama da masu ado da suke zaune a cikin kogo ɗaya da na coelacanth da kansu. Don haka canza launi yana ba su damar sake kamanni. Bayan mutuwa, sun zama launin ruwan kasa, kuma ga nau'in Indonesiya wannan launi ce ta al'ada.

Mata sun fi maza girma, za su iya yin girma zuwa 180-190 cm, yayin da maza - har zuwa 140-150. Suna da nauyin kilogram 50-85. Kifayen da aka haifa kawai sun riga sun girma, kusan 40 cm - wannan yana hana sha'awar yawancin masu lalata, har ma da soya.

Kwarangwal din coelacanth yayi kamanceceniya da na magabatan sa. Abubuwan ƙyallen Lobe abin lura ne - akwai kusan su takwas daga cikinsu, waɗanda aka haɗa guda biyu suna da ɗamara masu ƙyalƙyali, daga irin wannan a zamanin da, ɗamarar kafada da ƙugu sun ɓullo a ƙashin bayan bayan tafiya ƙasa. Juyin halittar notochord a cikin coelacanth ya ci gaba ta hanyarsa - maimakon kashin baya, suna da wani bututu mai kauri, wanda a cikinsa akwai ruwa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba.

Tsarin kwanyar ma na musamman ne: mahaɗin ciki ya raba shi gida biyu, sakamakon haka, coelacanth na iya rage ƙananan muƙamuƙi kuma ya ɗaga na sama - saboda wannan, buɗe bakin ya fi girma kuma ƙwarewar tsotsa ta fi girma.

Kwakwalwar coelacanth karama ce: nauyinta kadan ne kawai, kuma tana daukar kashi daya da rabi na kwanyar kifi. Amma suna da hadadden epiphyseal hadaddun, saboda abin da suke da kyau na daukar hoto. Manyan idanu masu haske ma suna ba da gudummawa ga wannan - suna dacewa da rayuwa cikin duhu.

Hakanan, coelacanth yana da wasu fasali na musamman da yawa - kifi ne mai matukar birgewa, wanda masu bincike ke gano sabbin abubuwa wadanda zasu iya ba da haske kan wasu sirrin juyin halitta. Tabbas, ta fuskoki da yawa kusan yayi daidai da tsoffin kifaye daga lokacin da babu tsari mai tsari a doron kasa kwata-kwata.

Ta yin amfani da misalin ta, masana kimiyya na iya ganin yadda kwayoyin halittar zamanin da suka yi aiki, wanda ya fi karatun kwarangwal tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, gabobin jikinsu ba a kiyaye su kwata-kwata, kuma kafin gano coelacanth, mutum ya yi tunanin kawai yadda za a tsara su.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kwancen coelacanth yana da rami mai laushi, godiya ga abin da yake iya kama ko da ƙananan canji a cikin wutar lantarki. Saboda haka, ba ta buƙatar haske don sanin ainihin inda wanda aka azabtar yake ba.

A ina coelacanth yake rayuwa?

Hotuna: Kifin Coelacanth

Akwai manyan yankuna uku na mazaunin sa:

  • mashigin Mozambique, kazalika da yankin kaɗan zuwa arewa;
  • daga bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu;
  • kusa da tashar jirgin ruwan Malindi na kasar Kenya;
  • Tekun Sulawesi.

Wataƙila wannan ba ƙarshenta ba ne, kuma har yanzu tana zaune a wani yanki mai nisa na duniya, saboda an gano yanki na ƙarshe na mazauninta kwanan nan - a ƙarshen 1990s. A lokaci guda, ya yi nesa da na farkon - don haka ba abin da ya hana gano wani nau'in coelacanth a gaba ɗaya a ɗaya ɓangaren duniyar.

Tun da farko, kimanin shekaru 80 da suka gabata, an sami coelacanth a mahadar Kogin Chalumna (saboda haka sunan wannan nau'in a Latin) kusa da gabar Afirka ta Kudu. Da sauri ya bayyana cewa wannan samfurin an kawo shi daga wani wuri - yankin Comoros. Yana kusa da su cewa coelacanth yafi rayuwa.

Amma daga baya an gano cewa yawan su har yanzu suna rayuwa a bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu - suna zaune a Sodwana Bey. An sake gano wani a gabar Kenya. A ƙarshe, an gano wani nau'in na biyu, wanda ke rayuwa mai nisa nesa da ta farko, a cikin wani teku - kusa da tsibirin Sulawesi, a cikin tekun mai wannan sunan, a cikin Tekun Pacific.

Matsaloli tare da gano coelacanth suna da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa yana rayuwa cikin zurfin, yayin da kawai a cikin tekun masu zafi mai zafi, yankunan da galibi ba a inganta su sosai. Wannan kifin yana jin daɗi sosai idan zafin ruwan ya kusan 14-18 ° C, kuma a wuraren da yake zaune, irin wannan zafin yana a zurfin mita 100 zuwa 350.

Tunda abinci yayi karanci a irin wannan zurfin, coelacanth na iya tashi sama da dare don abun ciye-ciye. Da rana, yakan sake nitsewa ko ma ya je ya huta a cikin kogon da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa. Dangane da haka, sun zaɓi wuraren zama inda irin waɗannan kogunan suke da sauƙin samu.

Sabili da haka, suna son kewaye da Comoros sosai - saboda aikin tsauni mai tsafta, da yawa ɓoyayyun ɓoye a cikin ruwa sun bayyana a wurin, wanda ya dace sosai da coelacanth. Akwai wani mahimmin yanayi: suna rayuwa ne kawai a waɗancan wuraren da ruwa mai tsabta ke shiga cikin teku ta waɗannan kogunan.

Yanzu kun san inda kifin kifin coelacanth yake rayuwa. Bari muga me zata ci.

Menene coelacanth yake ci?

Hotuna: Coelacanth na zamani

Kifi ne mai farauta, amma yana iyo a hankali. Wannan ya ƙayyade abincinsa - galibi ya ƙunshi ƙananan dabbobi waɗanda ba sa iya yin iyo ko da daga shi.

Yana:

  • matsakaici-kifi - beryx, snapper, kadinal, eels;
  • kifin kifi da sauran kayan kwalliya;
  • anchovies da sauran ƙananan kifi;
  • kananan sharks.

Coelacanth suna neman abinci a cikin kogwannin da suke zaune a mafi yawan lokuta, yin iyo kusa da bangonsu kuma suna tsotsa cikin abincin da aka ɓoye a ɓoye - tsarin kwanyar da muƙamuƙinsa yana basu damar shan abincin da ƙarfi. Idan bai isa ba, kuma kifin yana jin yunwa, to da daddare sai yayi iyo ya nemi abinci kusa da farfajiyar.

Zai iya isa ga manyan ganima - an yi hakora don wannan, kodayake ƙananan. Duk sannu-sannu, idan coelacanth ya kama abin da yake ci, zai yi wuya a tsere - wannan kifi ne mai ƙarfi. Amma don cizon da yaga nama, hakoranta ba su dace ba, don haka dole ne ku haɗiye wanda aka azabtar duka.

A dabi'ance, yakan dauki tsawon lokaci kafin narkewa, wanda coelacanth din yana da bawul din da ya bunkasa sosai - takamaiman gabobin da ke cikin umarnin kifi da yawa. Narkar da shi a ciki yana da tsayi, amma yana ba ka damar cin kusan komai ba tare da mummunan sakamako ba.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana iya yin nazarin coelacanth mai rai ne kawai a karkashin ruwa - idan ya tashi sama, damuwar numfashi na faruwa ne saboda ruwan dumi sosai, kuma yana mutuwa koda kuwa an sanya shi cikin sauri a cikin ruwan sanyi da aka saba.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hotuna: Latimeria daga littafin Red

Coelacanth yana yin kwana a cikin kogo, yana hutawa, amma da dare sai su tafi farauta, yayin da dukansu na iya zurfafawa cikin rafin ruwa, kuma akasin haka, ya tashi. Ba sa kashe kuzari da yawa akan iyo: suna ƙoƙari su hau halin yanzu kuma su ba shi izinin ɗaukar kansu, kuma fincinsu kawai suna saita shugabanci da tanƙwara game da matsaloli.

Kodayake coelacanth kifi ne mai kasala, tsarin fincinsa fasali ne mai matukar ban sha'awa don nazari, suna ba shi damar yin iyo ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Na farko, yana buƙatar hanzarta, wanda yake doke ruwa tare da haɗiɗɗen fikaɗinsa da ƙarfi, sannan kuma ya ratsa cikin ruwan fiye da ninkaya a kai - bambanci daga yawancin kifin yayin motsi yana da ban mamaki.

Farkon abin da aka fara amfani da shi ya zama kamar jirgin ruwa, kuma wutsiyar wutsiyar ba ta da motsi a mafi yawan lokuta, amma idan kifin yana cikin haɗari, zai iya yin kaifin ƙaho tare da taimakonsa. Idan tana bukatar juyawa, sai ta danne fiska daya a jiki, ta kuma daidaita dayan. Akwai ɗan alheri a cikin motsi na coelacanth, amma yana da matukar tattalin arziki wajen kashe ƙarfinsa.

Wannan gabaɗaya babban abu ne a cikin yanayin coelacanth: yana da gajiyawa da rashin himma, galibi ba tashin hankali bane, kuma duk ƙoƙarin da kwayar wannan kifin take da shi shine adana albarkatu. Kuma wannan juyin ya samu ci gaba sosai!

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hotuna: Latimeria

Da rana, coelacanth sukan taru a cikin kogo cikin rukuni-rukuni, amma a lokaci guda babu wani salon halayya guda daya: kamar yadda masu binciken suka kafa, wasu mutane koyaushe suna taruwa a cikin kogo iri daya, yayin da wasu ke ninkaya zuwa daban daban kowane lokaci, don haka canza kungiyar. Abin da ya haifar da hakan har yanzu ba a tabbatar da shi ba.

Coelacanth masu daukar hoto ne, amfrayo tun kafin haihuwa suna da hakora da kuma tsarin narkewar abinci - masu bincike sunyi imanin cewa suna ciyar da kwayayen da suka wuce kima. Waɗannan mata suna ba da shawarar waɗanda mata masu ciki da yawa da aka kama: a cikin waɗanda ciki ke ciki a farkon matakai, an sami ƙwai 50-70, kuma a cikin waɗanda amfrayo ɗin ke kusa da haihuwa, akwai mafi ƙarancin su - daga 5 zuwa 30.

Hakanan, amfrayo suna ciyarwa ta hanyar shan madara mai ciki. Tsarin haihuwa na kifin gabaɗaya ya bunkasa sosai, yana ba da damar riga an ƙirƙira shi kuma ya zama babban soya da za a haifa, yana iya tsayawa wa kansa kai tsaye. Ciki ya wuce shekara daya.

Kuma balaga na faruwa ne daga shekara 20, bayan haka haihuwa tana faruwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 3-4. Takin ciki na ciki ne, kodayake har yanzu masana ba su san cikakken bayani ba. Har ila yau, ba a kafa shi a inda samarin coelacanth ke zaune ba - ba sa zama a cikin kogo tare da dattawa, tsawon lokacin bincike, biyu kawai aka samu, kuma kawai sun yi iyo a cikin teku.

Abokan gaba na coelacanth

Hotuna: Kifin Coelacanth

Babban bala'in coelacanth babban kifi ne, kuma, duk da sannu a hankali, yana iya kare kansa. Daga cikin mazaunan da ke makwabtaka da tekuna, manyan kifaye ne kawai ke iya ma'amala da shi ba tare da wata matsala ba. Sabili da haka, kawai coelacanth suna tsoron su - Bayan haka, sharks suna cinye kusan duk abin da kawai ke kama ido.

Ko da takamaiman dandano na naman coelacanth, mai kamshin gaske kamar rubabbe, baya damunsu kwata-kwata, ba sa kyamar cin gawar gaske. Amma wannan dandano ta wata hanya ya ba da gudummawa wajen adana coelacanth - mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wuraren zamansu, ba kamar masana kimiyya ba, sun san su na dogon lokaci, amma kusan ba su ci su ba.

Amma wani lokacin har yanzu suna ci, saboda sun yi imanin cewa naman coelacanth yana da tasiri kan malaria. A cikin kowane hali, kamun da suka yi ba shi da aiki, saboda haka mai yiwuwa an riƙe yawan jama'a kusan matakin daya. Sun sha wahala sosai a lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri kasuwar baƙar fata ta gaske, inda suke siyar da ruwa daga abin da ba a saba gani ba.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kakannin coelacanth suna da huhu cikakke, kuma amfanoninsu har yanzu suna da su - amma yayin da amfrayo ke girma, ci gaban huhun yana raguwa, kuma a ƙarshe suna ci gaba da rashin ci gaba. Ga coelacanth, kawai sun daina zama dole bayan sun fara zama a cikin ruwa mai zurfi - da farko, masana kimiyya sun ɗauki waɗannan ɓatattun ɓaure na huhu don mafitsarar kifin.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hotuna: Kifin Coelacanth

An san jinsunan Indonesiya a matsayin masu rauni, kuma Comorian na gab da halaka. Dukansu suna karkashin kariya, an hana kamun kifinsu. Kafin gano wannan kifin a hukumance, kodayake mazaunan yankunan bakin teku sun san su, ba su kama su ba, tunda ba su ci su ba.

Bayan ganowa, wannan ya ci gaba na wani lokaci, amma sai jita-jita ta bazu cewa ruwan da aka ciro daga mawaƙinsu na iya tsawanta rayuwa. Akwai wasu, alal misali, wanda zai iya yin tasirin soyayya daga cikinsu. Bayan haka, duk da hanin, sun fara kama su sosai, saboda farashin wannan ruwan sun yi yawa sosai.

Mafarauta sun fi aiki sosai a cikin 1980s, sakamakon haka masu binciken suka gano cewa yawan mutanen ya ragu sosai, ga mahimman dabi'u - a ƙididdigar su, coelacanth 300 ne kawai suka rage a yankin Comoros a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. Saboda matakan da aka dauka kan masu farauta, an samu daidaituwar adadinsu, kuma yanzu an kiyasta kusan mutane 400-500.

Yaya yawancin coelacanth da ke zaune a bakin tekun Afirka ta Kudu da kuma a Tekun Sulawesi har yanzu ba a kafa su ba har ma kusan. An ɗauka cewa kaɗan ne daga cikinsu a cikin lamarin na farko (da wuya muyi magana ne game da ɗaruruwan mutane). A na biyu, yaduwar na iya zama babba - kusan daga mutane 100 zuwa 1,000.

Kariya na coelacanth

Hotuna: Kifin Coelacanth daga littafin Red Book

Bayan da Faransa ta gano coelacanth a kusa da Comoros ta Faransa, wacce a lokacin tana karkashin mulkin mallaka, an gane wannan kifin a matsayin dukiyar kasa kuma an dauke shi a karkashin kariya. Kama su duk haramun ne ga kowa, sai waɗanda suka sami izini na musamman daga hukumomin Faransa.

Bayan tsibiran sun sami 'yanci na dogon lokaci, ba a dau matakan kariya ga coelacanth ba kwata-kwata, a sakamakon haka farautar ta ci gaba da bunkasa sosai. Sai kawai a ƙarshen 90s aka fara gwagwarmaya da shi, kuma aka fara zartar da hukunci mai tsanani ga waɗanda aka kama da coelacanth.

Haka ne, kuma jita-jita game da ikon banmamaki sun fara raguwa - sakamakon haka, yanzu ba a kama su ba, kuma sun daina mutuwa, kodayake yawansu har yanzu ba su da yawa, saboda waɗannan kifin suna haihuwar a hankali. A cikin Comoros, an ayyana su a matsayin taskar ƙasa.

Gano yawan mutane kusa da Afirka ta Kudu da wani nau'in Indonesiya ya ba masana kimiyya damar yin numfashi cikin walwala, amma ana ci gaba da kare coelacanth, an hana kama su, kuma an ɗaga wannan haramcin ne kawai a lokuta na musamman don dalilai na bincike.

Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: Coelacanths na iya iyo a matsayi mara ban mamaki: misali, ciki ko baya. Suna yin hakan a kai a kai, abu ne na dabi'a a garesu kuma basu fuskantar wata damuwa. Lallai ya zama dole a gare su su mirgine tare da kawunansu ƙasa - suna yin hakan ne tare da samun daidaito na yau da kullun, kowane lokacin da ya rage a wannan matsayin na mintina da yawa.

Coelacanth yana da matukar mahimmanci ga kimiyya, sakamakon lura da shi da kuma nazarin tsarin sa, sabbin bayanai na yau da kullun game da yadda juyin halitta yake gudana koyaushe ana gano shi. Kadan ne daga cikinsu suka rage a doron kasa, don haka suke bukatar kariya - abin farin ciki shi ne, jama'a ba da dadewa ba sun daidaita, kuma har yanzu ba a yi barazanar bacewar wannan nau'in na kifin ba.

Ranar bugawa: 08.07.2019

Ranar sabuntawa: 09/24/2019 da karfe 20:54

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