Caiman - mafi tsufa mazaunin duniyarmu, wanda kamanninta bai kasance canzawa ba. Canjin mazauni da makiya na gaba na caiman sun taka rawa wajen ƙirƙirar halayen haɓaka da halaye na musamman. Cayman wakilin wakili ne na odar kadoji, amma yana da bambance-bambance na asali, godiya ga abin da za'a iya gane shi a sauƙaƙe.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Cayman
A cikin asalin caimans, masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa kakanninsu tsoffin dabbobi ne masu rarrafe - pseudo-suchia. Sun rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 230 da suka gabata kuma sun haifar da dinosaur da kada. Tsoffin caimans sun bambanta da wakilan zamani na jinsi a doguwar ƙafa da ɗan gajeren bakin baki. Kimanin shekaru miliyan 65 da suka gabata, dinosaur din sun gushe, kuma kadoji, gami da caimans, sun iya daidaitawa da rayuwa a cikin sabon yanayi.
Bidiyo: Cayman
Kwayar halittar caiman wani bangare ne na dangin kada, jinsin dabbobi masu rarrafe, amma sun fita daban a zaman bangarori masu zaman kansu saboda sifofin tsarin waje. A kan cikin caimans, yayin aiwatar da juyin halitta, wani kasusuwan kasusuwan jikin mutum ya samu tsari a cikin sifar farantin da aka hada ta da jijiyoyin motsi. Irin wannan "sulken" kariya yana kiyaye caimans daga hare-haren kifayen masu farauta. Wani fasalin wadannan halittu masu rarrafe shi ne rashin kashin jini a cikin kogon hanci, don haka kokon kansu yana da nassi na hancin kowa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: "Caymans, ba kamar kifi da kadoji na ainihi ba, ba su da ƙwayar cuta a tsarin idanunsu, don haka ba za su iya rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai yawan gishiri ba."
Tsarin jiki na caimans ya dace da rayuwa cikin yanayin ruwa. Don yawo cikin ruwa cikin sauki kuma ba zato ba tsammani ya bugi wanda aka azabtar, jikin caiman ya yi tsayi a tsayi, kan yana kwance tare da danshi mai tsawo, gajerun kafafu da doguwar jela mai ƙarfi. Idanun suna da membran na musamman waɗanda suke rufe yayin nutsar da su a ƙarƙashin ruwa. A kan ƙasa, waɗannan mabiyan suna iya motsawa cikin sauri, kuma samari na iya ma gudu a tsere.
Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: “Caymans na da ikon samar da sauti. A cikin manya wannan sautin yana kama da haushi na kare, kuma a cikin jarirai caiman - ƙwarjin kwado.
Halin halittar caimans ya hada da nau'ikan 5, biyu daga cikinsu (Cayman latirostris da Venezilensis) tuni sun riga sun bace.
A halin yanzu, ana iya samun nau'ikan caimans 3 a cikin yanayi:
- Cayman kada ko gama gari, mai kyan gani (yana da rassa huɗu);
- Cayman mai fuska mai fadi ko hanci (babu wani yanki);
- Paraguay caiman ko piranha, Yakar (babu wani yanki).
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: kada kiman
Wakilan nau'ikan caimans uku suna kama da juna, amma suna da bambancin ra'ayi na waje daban.
Caiman kada yana da alamomin alamun waje masu zuwa:
- Girma - tsawon jiki na maza - 1.8-2 mita, da mata - 1.2-1.4 mita;
- Nauyin jiki ya fara ne daga 7 zuwa 40 kg. Mulos ɗin yana da tsayi mai tsayi tare da ƙarshen gefen taɓe. Tsakanin idanu akwai ci gaban kashi wanda ke haifar da bayyanar tabarau, wanda daga wannan sunan ne asalin wannan nau'in ya fito. A gefen ido akwai wata dasashe mai kusurwa uku, wanda aka gada daga magabata;
- Akwai hakora 72-78 a cikin bakin, babban muƙamuƙin ya rufe haƙoran ƙananan. A kan ƙananan muƙamuƙi, haƙoran farko da na huɗu suna da girma, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake kafa tatsuniyoyi a saman muƙamuƙin;
- Launin baligi ya bambanta daga koren duhu zuwa launin ruwan kasa, kuma matasa suna da launin rawaya-kore mai launin rawaya tare da launuka iri-iri a jiki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: “Caimans kada na canza launinsu zuwa baƙi a yanayin ƙarancin yanayi. Ana samar da wannan ƙarfin fatarsa ta ƙwayoyin launuka masu launi - melanophores. "
Babban caiman mai fadi, idan aka kwatanta shi da wasu nau'in, yana da halaye masu zuwa:
- Girma - maza har zuwa mita 2 a tsayi, amma akwai wakilai har zuwa mita 3.5. Mata sun fi guntu;
- Babban bakin caiman yana da fadi kuma yana da girma, a gefensa akwai ci gaban kashi;
- A saman muƙamuƙin babu hutu don manyan hakoran ƙananan, kamar a cikin kada caiman;
- Jiki - a bayan baya akwai sikeli masu yawa, kuma a ciki akwai layuka da yawa na farantin ƙashi;
- Launi koren zaitun ne, amma ya fi wuta. Akwai tabo mai duhu akan fatar ƙananan muƙamuƙi.
Paraguay Cayman yana da siffofi masu zuwa na bayyanar:
- Girma - tsayin jiki galibi yana cikin mita 2, amma tsakanin maza akwai mutane na mita 2.5 - 3;
- Tsarin muƙamuƙi, kamar kada caiman;
- Launin jiki launin ruwan kasa ne, yana bambanta tsakanin haske da sautunan duhu. Akwai raƙuman ruwan kasa masu duhu akan gangar jikin da wutsiyar.
Ina caiman yake rayuwa?
Photo: Dabba caiman
Mazaunin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da faɗi sosai kuma ya dogara da yanayin zafi na nau'in caiman. Yankin rarrabuwa da kalandar caiman yanki ne na wurare masu zafi da na ƙasan kudu da Amurka ta Tsakiya. Ana samun sa daga Guatemala da Mexico zuwa Peru da Brazil. Ofayan reshenta (fuscus) an sake matsuguni zuwa yankin kowane jihohin Amurka wanda ke iyaka da Tekun Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico).
Caiman kada ya fi son jikin ruwa tare da tsayayyen ruwan sha, kusa da ƙananan koguna da tafkuna, da kuma yankuna masu sanyin ruwa. Ba zai iya rayuwa tsawon lokaci a cikin ruwan gishiri ba, bai fi kwana biyu ba.
Babban caiman mai fadi yana da tsayayya ga yanayin ƙarancin zafi, sabili da haka, ana samun sa a gefen tekun Atlantika a tafkunan Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, da arewacin Argentina. Wurin da ya fi so shi ne dausayi da ƙaramar kogi da ke shigowa da sabo, wani lokacin ruwan gishiri kaɗan. Hakanan zai iya zama a tafkunan kusa da gidajen mutane.
Paraguayyan Cayman ya fi son zama a yankunan da ke da yanayi mai ɗumi. Yana zaune a kudancin Brazil da Bolivia, a arewacin Argentina, Paraguay a cikin filayen marshy. Ana iya ganin shi sau da yawa tsakanin tsibirin tsire-tsire masu iyo.
Menene caiman yake ci?
Hotuna: Cayman Alligator
Caimans, sabanin manyan danginsu masu cin nama, ba su dace da cin manyan dabbobi ba. Wannan gaskiyar ta faru ne saboda tsarin muƙamuƙi, ƙaramar jiki, da kuma fargabar farko ta waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Yawan rayuwa a cikin yankuna masu dausayi, caimans na iya cin riba daga irin waɗannan dabbobi:
- Invertebrates na ruwa da kuma kashin baya;
- 'yan amshi;
- kananan dabbobi masu rarrafe;
- kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
A cikin abincin ƙananan dabbobi, kwari da suka sauka akan ruwa sun fi yawa. Yayinda suke girma, suna canzawa zuwa ciyar da manyan abubuwanda aka samu - crustaceans, molluscs, kifin kogi, kwadi, da ƙananan beraye. Manya suna iya ciyar da kansu da matsakaiciyar sihiri, anaconda mai haɗari, da kunkuru.
Caimans suna haɗiye abincinsu gaba ɗaya ba tare da cizon sa ba. Banda ita ce kunkuru tare da bawo mai kauri. Ga masu faɗakarwa da Paraguay caimans, katantanwar ruwa abune mai daɗin gaske. Saboda wannan fifiko a cikin abinci mai gina jiki, wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe ana daukar su a matsayin jerin wuraren ajiyar ruwa, tunda suna tsara adadin wadannan molluscs.
Wani suna na Paraguayyan caiman shine piranha, saboda gaskiyar cewa yana cin waɗannan kifin masu farauta, don haka yana daidaita yawan mutanen su. Hakanan akwai yanayin cin naman mutane a cikin caimans.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Cayman dabba
Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe galibi suna rayuwa su kadai kuma wani lokacin suna iya zama nau'i-nau'i ko kungiyoyi, yawanci a lokacin kiwo. Lokacin da busassun lokutan suka zo, sukan taru ƙungiya-ƙungiya don neman jikin ruwa da bai riga ya bushe ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: "A lokacin fari, wasu wakilan caimans sun yi zurfin zurfafa cikin silin da hibernate."
Don manufar sake kamanni a cikin rana, caimans sun fi son zama cikin laka ko tsakanin daskararrun, inda za su iya, ɓoyewa, cikin nutsuwa cikin rana a mafi yawan lokuta. Rikicin caimans zaiyi sauri komawa ruwa. Mata na zuwa ƙasa don yin gida a can kuma su yi ƙwai.
Da daddare, da zaran magariba ya fadi, wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe sukan tafi farauta a duniyar su ta karkashin ruwa. Lokacin farauta, gaba daya suna nitsewa cikin ruwa, hancinsu da idanunsu kawai suka fito saman.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: “Akwai sanduna a cikin tsarin idanun caiman fiye da mazugi. Saboda haka, suna gani daidai da dare. "
Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da kwanciyar hankali, kwanciyar hankali har ma da tsoro, saboda haka basa afkawa mutane da manyan dabbobi da nufin ganima. Wannan halayyar wani bangare ne saboda kankantar su. Caimans suna rayuwa daga shekara 30 zuwa 40, a cikin fursunoni tsawon rai ya fi guntu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Caiman Cub
A cikin yawan caiman, a matsayin rukunin tsari, akwai matsayi tsakanin maza dangane da girman jiki da balagar jima'i. Wato, a cikin takamaiman mazaunin, kawai mafi girman namiji da balagagge yayin jima'i ana ɗaukarsa mafi rinjaye kuma zai iya haifuwa. Sauran maza da ke zaune tare da shi a yanki ɗaya suna da 'yar damar da za a ba su damar yin kiwo.
Ana ɗaukar Caimans da balagagge ta hanyar jima'i, sun kai tsawon jiki na babban mutum yana da shekaru 4 zuwa 7. Haka kuma, mata sun fi maza girma cikin girma. Lokacin dacewa don haifuwa yana daga Mayu zuwa Agusta. A lokacin damina, mata na yin sheƙen kwanciya, ba da nisa da tafkin mahalli a cikin shrubs ko ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi ba. Nests ana samunsu ne daga shuke-shuke da yumbu, wani lokacin kuma sukan haƙa rami a cikin yashi.
Don kiyaye zuriya, mace na iya gina gidajan yawa ko haɗa kai da wasu don ƙirƙirar gida ɗaya, sannan sa ido tare. Wani lokacin hatta namiji na iya kula da gida yayin da mace ke farauta. Wata mace tana yin ƙwai 15-40 wanda ya kai girman ƙwai ko ƙwai. Domin daidaikun maza da mata su kyankyashe a dunkule ɗaya, mace tana yin ƙwai a cikin yadudduka biyu don ƙirƙirar bambancin yanayin zafi.
Balaga na amfrayo yana faruwa a tsakanin kwanaki 70-90. A watan Maris, ƙananan caimans suna shirye don haifuwa. Suna fitar da sautunan "croaking" kuma mahaifiya ta fara tono su. Sannan, a cikin bakin, yana canza su zuwa cikin tafkin. A yayin girma, dabbobi matasa koyaushe suna kusa da mahaifiyarsu, wacce ke kiyaye su daga abokan gaba. Mace guda ɗaya na iya kare ba yaranta kawai ba, har ma da baƙi. Matasan mutane suna haɓaka cikin ƙwazo na farkon shekaru biyu, to, haɓakar su tana raguwa. A cikin manyan caimans masu girma, manya da ƙwararrun mutane nan da nan suka fita dabam, daga baya zasu hau saman matsayin manya.
Abokan gaba na caimans
Hotuna: Cayman
Kodayake caimans dabbobi ne masu cin nama, amma suna daga cikin jerin kayan abinci mafi girma, masu saurin wuce gona da iri. Dukkanin nau'ikan caimans guda uku na iya zama ganima ga jaguars, babban anacondas, manyan otters, garken manyan karnuka da suka ɓata. Suna rayuwa tare da yanki tare da kadoji na ainihi da baƙin caimans (wannan shine Kudancin Amurka ta kada), waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi masu rarrafe sukan zama abin ganimarsu.
Bayan kwanciya, mace kada tayi ƙaramin ƙoƙari da haƙuri don kare gida da ƙwai daga manyan ƙadangare waɗanda ke lalata kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na gidajen caiman. A zamanin yau, mutane ma abokan gaba ne na caimans.
Mutum yana da irin wannan mummunan tasirin ga yawan caiman:
- Cutar da mazaunin - wannan ya hada da sare dazuzzuka, gurbatar jikin ruwa tare da shara daga shuke-shuke masu samar da wutar lantarki, gargadin sabbin wuraren noma;
- Rage yawan mutane sakamakon farauta. Fatar waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe yana da wuyar sarrafawa don ƙera kayayyakin fata, kawai banda shine bayyanar fuska mai faɗi. Caimans Crocodile, don ƙaramin girmansu da halaye na zaman lafiya, galibi ana sayar dasu don siyarwa a cikin farfajiyar sirri.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: "A cikin 2013, caimans da ke zaune a Tortuguero National Park a Costa Rica sun kamu da cutar gwari mai guba, wacce ta shiga Rio Suerte daga gonar ayaba."
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Little Cayman
Adadin mutane a cikin caiman ya ragu sosai a tsakiyar karni na 20 sakamakon kamewa da fatauci da ba a sarrafawa. Wannan gaskiyar tarihi ya kasance ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a wannan lokacin kadoji masu nau'ikan fata na daf da halaka. Sabili da haka, don sake cika kasuwar kayan fata da kayan ɗanɗano, mutane sun fara farautar caimans, duk da cewa fatarsu ta dace da aiki kawai daga ɓangarorin jiki.
Caiman fata ba shi da daraja (kusan sau 10), amma a lokaci guda, ya cika wani muhimmin ɓangare na kasuwar duniya a yau. Duk da girman aikin cutarwa na mutane, an adana yawan caiman saboda matakan kariya ga irin wannan dabbobi da kuma dacewar su da canjin yanayin rayuwa. A cikin caimans kada, kusan adadin mutane a cikin jama'a miliyan 1 ne, a cikin manyan caimans - 250-500 dubu, kuma a cikin Paraguay wannan adadi ya fi ƙasa - dubu 100-200.
Tunda caimans masu farauta ne, a yanayi suna taka rawar doka. Cin ƙananan rodents, macizai, molluscs, beetles, worms, ana ɗaukarsu masu tsabtace muhalli. Kuma godiya ga amfani da piranhas a matsayin abinci, suna kiyaye yawan kifin da ba na cin nama ba. Kari akan haka, Caimans suna wadatar da rafuka masu zurfi tare da nitrogen da ke cikin sharar dabbobi.
Kariyar Cayman
Hotuna: Littafin Cayman Red
Dukkanin nau'ikan caimans guda uku suna ƙarƙashin shirin inganta rayuwar dabbobin na CITES. Tunda yawan caimans kada ya fi yawa, ana saka su a cikin Annex II na wannan Yarjejeniyar. Dangane da shafi, ana iya yin barazanar kashe wadannan nau'ikan caimans idan ba'a kula da wakilansu ba. A Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil, jinsinsu yana karkashin kariya, kuma a Panama da Colombia, farautar su ta takaita sosai. A Kyuba da Puerto Rico, an tura shi musamman zuwa madatsun ruwa na gida don kiwo.
A gefe guda kuma, Aimanpa na kowa Aimanpoman, yana zaune a kudu maso gabashin Colombia, yana cikin Shafi na 1 na Yarjejeniyar CITES, ma'ana, wannan nau'in yana cikin haɗari kuma kasuwancinsa yana iya yiwuwa sai dai banda. Babu wakilai sama da dubu na wannan rukunin. Hakanan an haɗa caimans masu faɗin-baki a cikin Shafi I na Yarjejeniyar CITES, maimakon saboda fatarsu ita ce mafi dacewa da yin samfuran fata daga gare ta. Bugu da kari, galibi suna kokarin sanya shi a matsayin ingancin karya fata kirin kirin.
Nau'in mutanen Paraguay na caimans an haɗa su cikin Littafin Red Book na Duniya. Domin kara yawan jama'arta, an samar da shirye-shirye na musamman wadanda ake aiwatarwa a kasashen Bolivia, Argentina, da Brazil. A kasashen Ajantina da Brazil, suna kokarin hayayyafa yawan wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe, wadanda ke samar musu da yanayi a gonakin "kada". Kuma a Bolivia, sun saba da kiwonsu a cikin yanayin yanayi.
Caiman dabbobi marasa ban mamaki da ke rayuwa a duniyar tamu. Suna da ban sha'awa ga tarihin su, abin ban mamaki kuma, a lokaci guda, bayyananniyar bayyanar, kazalika ba hanyar rayuwa mai rikitarwa ba. Tunda su tsofaffin mazaunan Duniya ne, suna da haƙƙin girmamawa da tallafawa daga ɗan adam.
Ranar bugawa: 03/16/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 18.09.2019 a 9:32
