Rabin-doki, rabin zebra da dan rakumin dawa - irin wannan shine okapi, wanda bincikensa ya zama kusan babban abin da ya shafi kimiyya a karni na 20.
Bayanin okapi
Okapia johnstoni - Johnston's okapi, ko kuma kawai okapi, shine kawai artiodactyl na jinsi iri daya Okapia, memba na dangin rakumin dawa... Koyaya, kamannin da aka fi sani basu da yawa da raƙuman daji kamar yadda suke tare da kakanninsu, haka kuma da zebra (dangane da launi) da dawakai (a zahiri)
Bayyanar
Okapi kyakkyawa ne mai kyau - kyallen riga mai launin ja-cakulan a kai, gefuna da gwatso kwatsam sai ya canza a ƙafafu cikin farin sautin tare da ratsi-ratsi baƙar fata wanda ba kwatankwacin tsarin zebra ba. Wutsiya tana matsakaici (30-40 cm), yana ƙare a cikin tassel. Fiye da duka, okapi yayi kama da doki mai launi mai launi, wanda ya sami horan ƙaho (ossicons) tare da jaraba, ana maye gurbinsu kowace shekara.
Yana da babban artiodactyl, kusan tsayin m 2, wanda yayi nauyi a cikin girma har zuwa tsakiya na 2.5 a tsayi a bushe na 1.5-1.72 m. Saman kai da kunnuwa suna maimaita cakulan na jiki, amma bakin (daga tushe na kunnuwa zuwa wuya) farare farare mai manyan idanu masu duhu. Kunnuwan okapi suna da fadi, tubular kuma suna da motsi sosai, wuyan ya fi girafiya yawa kuma yayi daidai da tsawon 2/3 na jiki.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Masassarar tana da doguwa siririya, kusan 40 santimita harshe, tare da taimakon dabbar tana wankanta, tana nutsuwa tana lumshe idanuwansa ba tare da matsi ba don isa ga auricles.
Laban na sama ya kasu kashi biyu a tsakiya ta karamin tsiri na tsaye na fatar fata. Okapi bashi da wata gallbladder, amma akwai aljihunan kunci a kowane gefen bakin inda za'a adana abinci.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Okapi, ba kamar raƙuman raƙuman ruwa ba, sun fi son kasancewa su kaɗai kuma da wuya su taru cikin ƙungiyoyi (yawanci hakan na faruwa ne yayin neman abinci). Yankunan maza na maza suna haɗuwa da juna kuma basu da iyakoki masu iyaka (sabanin yankuna mata), amma koyaushe suna da girma a yankin kuma suna isa 2.5-5 km2. Dabbobi suna yin kiwo galibi a rana, suna yin shuru suna yin shuru cikin nutsuwa, amma wani lokacin suna ba wa kansu damar neman maraice. Suna hutawa da daddare ba tare da sun rasa hankalinsu na al'ada ba: ba abin mamaki bane cewa daga azancin okapi, ji da ƙamshi sun fi haɓaka.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Okapi Johnston bashi da igiyar murya, saboda haka ana yin sautuka lokacin da kuke shaƙar iska. Dabbobin suna magana a tsakanin su tare da busa ƙaho, taushi ko tari mai taushi.
Okapi an rarrabe shi da kyau kuma yana son lasar kyakkyawar fatarsu na dogon lokaci, wanda hakan baya hana su yiwa yankinsu alamar fitsari. Gaskiya ne, irin waɗannan alamun ƙanshin maza ne kawai ke barin su, yayin da mata ke ba da labarin kasancewar su ta hanyar shafa wuyansu da ƙanshin ƙanshin turare a jikin akwatinan. Mazaje suna shafa wuyansu akan bishiyoyi.
Idan aka hada baki daya, misali, a gidan zoo, okapis zasu fara bin tsarin sarauta, kuma a cikin gwagwarmayar neman daukaka sai su doke abokan hamayyarsu da kawunansu da kofato. Lokacin da aka samu jagoranci, dabbobi mafiya rinjaye hatta a zahiri suna kokarin fifita wadanda ke karkashinsu ta hanyar gyara wuyansu da daga kawunan su sama. Matsayi mafi ƙarancin matsayi galibi yakan ɗora kansu / wuyansu kai tsaye a ƙasa yayin nuna girmamawa ga shugabannin.
Har yaushe okapi ke rayuwa
An yi imanin cewa a cikin okapis na daji suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15-25, amma suna rayuwa mafi tsayi a wuraren shakatawa na zoological, galibi suna hawa kan alamar shekaru 30.
Jima'i dimorphism
Namiji daga mace, a matsayin mai mulkin, ana rarrabe da ossicons... Gananan ƙaruwa na miji, tsawon cm 10-12, suna kan kasusuwa na gaba kuma an karkatar da su baya da gangan. Owanin ossicons galibi ba shi da tushe ko ƙarewa a cikin ƙananan kwalliyar jaraba. Yawancin mata ba su da ƙaho, kuma idan sun girma, ba su kai na maza girma ba kuma koyaushe suna da fata gaba ɗaya. Wani bambancin ya shafi launin jiki - matan da suka manyanta sun fi na maza duhu.
Tarihin binciken Okapi
Magabacin okapi shi ne shahararren matafiyin Biritaniya kuma ɗan Afirka mai binciken Henry Morton Stanley, wanda a cikin 1890 ya isa gandun dazuzzukan Kongo. A can ne ya haɗu da wadanni waɗanda ba su da mamakin dawakan Turai, suna cewa kusan dabbobi iri ɗaya suna yawo a dazukan yankin. Ba da jimawa ba, bayanan game da "dawakin gandun daji", wanda aka bayyana a ɗayan rahotannin Stanley, an yanke shawarar bincika Baturen Ingila na biyu, Gwamnan Uganda Johnston.
Wani lokaci mai dacewa ya gabatar da kansa a cikin 1899, lokacin da bayan dutsen "dokin gandun daji" (okapi) ya bayyana wa gwamnan dalla-dalla ta hanyar wadanni da wani mishan mai suna Lloyd. Shaida ta fara zuwa daya bayan daya: ba da jimawa ba mafarautan na Beljiyom suka gabatarwa da Johnston gutsuttsarin 2 na fatun okapi, waɗanda ya aika zuwa ga Royal Zoological Society (London).
Yana da ban sha'awa! A can ya zama cewa fatun ba sa cikin kowane nau'in dawa da ke yanzu, kuma a lokacin hunturu na 1900 an buga wani bayanin wata sabuwar dabba (ta masaniyar dabbobin ta Sklater) a ƙarƙashin takamaiman sunan "dokin Johnston".
Kuma bayan shekara guda kawai, lokacin da kwanya biyu da cikakkiyar fata suka isa London, ya zama a bayyane yake cewa sun yi nesa da equine, amma sun yi kama da ragowar magabatan rakumin dawa. Dole ne a sake sunan dabbar da ba a sani ba cikin gaggawa, ta ari sunan ta na asali "okapi" daga pygmies.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Ana samun Okapi ne kawai a cikin Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyar Kongo (a da Zaire), kodayake ba da daɗewa ba, ana iya samun waɗannan kayan fasahar a yammacin Yuganda.
Yawancin dabbobin sun fi karkata ne a arewa maso gabashin Jamhuriyar Congo, inda akwai dazuzzuka masu yawa da ke da wahalar isa. Okapi ya fi son zama kusa da kwaruruka da makiyaya, wanda bai fi kilomita 0.5-1 sama da matakin teku ba, inda ciyayi masu yalwa suke.
Okapi rage cin abinci
A cikin dazuzzuka na wurare masu zafi, galibi a ƙananan matakan su, okapi neman harbe / ganye na bishiyoyin euphorbia da shrubs, da kuma ofa fruitsan itace iri-iri, suna fita waje zuwa ciyawar ciyawar ciyawa lokaci-lokaci. Gabaɗaya, wadataccen abincin okapi ya haɗa da nau'ikan sama da 100 daga dangin shuka 13, yawancinsu wasu lokuta ana haɗa su cikin abincin sa.
Kuma nau'ikan nau'ikan abinci guda 30 ne dabbobin ke ci tare da dacewa mai kyau.... Abincin okapi na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi tsire-tsire masu ci da guba (duk da cewa ga mutane) tsire-tsire:
- koren ganye;
- buds da harbe;
- ferns;
- ciyawa;
- 'ya'yan itace;
- namomin kaza.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mafi girman adadin abincin yau da kullun ya fito ne daga ganye. Okapi ya cire su ta hanyar motsawa, bayan da ya taɓa harbe shukokin tare da wayar hannu ta santimita 40.
Binciken da aka yi game da dusar dajin da aka samu ya nuna cewa dabbobi masu yawan gaske suna cin gawayi, da kuma yumbu mai cike da gishiri wanda yake rufe bankunan kogunan cikin gida. Masana ilmin halitta sun ba da shawarar cewa ta wannan hanyar okapis suna cike da ƙarancin gishirin ma'adinai a jikinsu.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Okapi fara wasannin mating a watan Mayu - Yuni ko Nuwamba - Disamba. A wannan lokacin, dabbobi suna canza dabi'arsu ta zama ita kadai kuma suna haduwa su hayayyafa. Koyaya, bayan gama aiki, ma'auratan sun rabu, kuma duk damuwa game da zuriyar ta faɗo kan kafadun mahaifiya. Mace na dauke da cikin kwanaki 440, kuma jim kadan kafin haihuwa ta shiga cikin dajin mai zurfi.
Okapi ya kawo babba daya (daga kilogiram 14 zuwa 30) da ɗiya mai cikakken iko, wanda bayan minti 20 tuni ya sami madara a cikin mama, kuma bayan rabin sa'a zai iya bin uwar. Bayan haihuwa, jariri yakan zama cikin nutsuwa a cikin gida (wanda mace ta kirkira kwanaki bayan haihuwarsa) yayin da take samun abinci. Mahaifiyar tana samun cuban dauyan sauti kamar wanda babban okapi yayi - tari, ƙarar bushewa ko ƙararrawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Godiya ga tsarin wayo na tsarin narkewar abinci, dukkanin madarar uwa ana hadawa zuwa gram na karshe, kuma karamin okapi bashi da najasa (tare da warin da yake fitowa daga garesu), wanda ya fi kiyaye shi daga masu cin kasa.
Ana ajiye madarar uwa a cikin abincin jariri kusan har zuwa shekara guda: a cikin watanni shida na farko, jariri yana shan shi koyaushe, kuma na wata shida na biyu - lokaci-lokaci, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci ana shafa wa nono. Ko da ya canza zuwa ciyarwa mai zaman kansa, cuban da ya girma ya ji daɗin ƙawancen mahaifiyarsa sosai kuma yana kusa.
Koyaya, wannan haɗin yana da ƙarfi a ɓangarorin biyu - uwa tana hanzarin kare ɗanta, ba tare da la'akari da girman haɗarin ba. Ana amfani da kofato mai karfi da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi, wanda da shi yake yaƙi da masu cin matsin lamba. Cikakken samuwar jiki a cikin dabbobi yana karewa sama da shekara 3, kodayake ana iya buɗe hayayyafa a farkon - a mata a cikin shekara 1 shekara 7, sannan a maza a shekara 2 da 2.
Makiya na halitta
Babban abokin gaba na masarautar okapi ana kiransa damisa, amma, ƙari, barazanar tana zuwa ne daga kuraye da zakuna.... Wadanni ma suna nuna niyya mara kyau game da wadannan dabbobi masu kofato, ma'adinai saboda naman da kyawawan fatar. Saboda jin su da kuma jin warinsu, yana da matukar wahala ga wadanni su yi labe a kan kogi, don haka galibi suna gina ramin tarko don kamawa.
Okapi a cikin fursuna
Da zaran duniya ta fahimci cewa akwai kwapi, sai wuraren shakatawar dabbobi suka yi kokarin neman dabbar da ba ta da yawa a cikin tarin su, amma hakan bai samu ba. Okapi na farko ya bayyana a cikin Turai, ko kuma dai, a gidan Zoo na Antwerp, kawai a cikin 1919, amma, duk da ƙuruciyarsa, ya zauna a can na kwanaki 50 kawai. Attemptsoƙarin da ke gaba ma bai yi nasara ba, har sai a cikin 1928 wata mace okapi ta shiga gidan zoo na Antwerp, wanda aka ba shi suna Tele.
Ta mutu a 1943, amma ba saboda tsufa ko sa ido ba, amma saboda yakin duniya na biyu yana gudana, kuma babu wani abu da zai ciyar da dabbobi. Burin samun zuriyar okapi a cikin fursuna kuma ya ƙare a gazawa. A cikin 1954, a cikin wannan wuri, a Belgium (Antwerp), an haifi sabon okapi, amma bai yi wa masu kula da baƙi na gidan zoo dadi ba na dogon lokaci, saboda ba da daɗewa ba ya mutu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Nasarar nasarar okapi ta faru jim kaɗan, a cikin 1956, amma tuni a Faransa, ko kuma a'a, a cikin Paris. A yau okapi (mutane 160) ba wai kawai suna rayuwa ba, har ma suna hayayyafa da kyau a cikin gidan zoo 18 a duniya.
Kuma a cikin mahaifar waɗannan kayan fasaha, a babban birnin DR Congo, Kinshasa, an buɗe tashar inda suke tsunduma cikin tarko na halal.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Okapi jinsin halitta ne mai cikakken kariya a karkashin dokar kasar Congo kuma an sanya shi a cikin Lissafin IUCN kamar yadda aka sanya shi a karkashin barazanar, amma ba a rataye CITES ba. Babu ingantattun bayanai game da girman yawan mutanen duniya... Don haka, bisa ga ƙididdigar Gabas, yawan okapi ya wuce mutane dubu 10, yayin da a cewar wasu kafofin ya kusa da mutane dubu 35-50.
Yawan dabbobi ya ragu tun shekarar 1995, kuma wannan yanayin, a cewar masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhalli, zai ci gaba da bunkasa. Babban abin da ya kawo raguwar mutane shi ne:
- fadada matsugunan mutane;
- lalacewar gandun daji;
- asarar wurin zama saboda itace;
- rikice-rikice masu dauke da makamai, ciki har da yakin basasa a Kwango.
Batu na karshe yana daya daga cikin abubuwan dake barazana ga wanzuwar okapi, kasancewar kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba suna kutsawa har cikin yankunan da aka kiyaye. Bugu da kari, dabbobi suna raguwa cikin hanzari a wuraren da ake farautar su don nama da fata tare da tarko na musamman. Ba a dakatar da mafarauta na gida ba ta Tsarin Kula da Kayayyakin Okapi (1987), wanda aka tsara don kare waɗannan dabbobin da wuraren zama.
