Hippos, ko hippos (Нirrootamus) wani babban jinsin halitta ne, wanda artiodactyls ke wakilta, wanda a yanzu ya hada da nau'ikan zamani kaɗai, da hippopotamus gama gari, da kuma adadi mai yawa na ɓacewa.
Bayanin hippos
Sunan Latin na hippos an aro shi ne daga tsohuwar yaren Girka, inda ake kiran irin waɗannan dabbobi "dokin kogi". Wannan shine yadda tsoffin Girkawa suke kiran manyan dabbobi waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai ɗari kuma suke da ikon yin sautuka masu ƙarfi, kaɗan kamar maƙwabcin doki. A yankin kasarmu da wasu kasashen CIS, ana kiran irin wannan dabbar hippopotamus, amma gaba daya, hippos da hippos dabba daya ce.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Da farko dai, dangin dangi mafi kusa sune aladu, amma albarkacin binciken da aka gudanar shekaru goma da suka gabata, an tabbatar da cewa akwai alaƙar da ke da alaƙa da whales.
Alamu na yau da kullun suna wakiltar ikon irin waɗannan dabbobin don hayayyafa offspringa andan su kuma ciyar da jarirai a ƙarƙashin ruwa, rashin ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, kasancewar tsarin musamman na sigina da aka yi amfani da shi don sadarwa, da kuma tsarin gabobin haihuwa.
Bayyanar
Bayyanannun bayyanar hippos baya basu damar ruɗani da wasu manyan dabbobin daji. Suna da katuwar kamannin ganga kuma basu da girman girman giwaye. Hippos suna girma cikin rayuwarsu, kuma a shekara goma, maza da mata kusan nauyinsu ɗaya. Bayan haka ne kawai, maza za su fara haɓaka jikinsu kamar yadda ya kamata, saboda haka suna saurin girma fiye da mata.
Jikin babban yana kan gajerun kafafu, saboda haka, yayin aiwatar da tafiya, tumbin dabbar yakan shafar ƙasa. A ƙafafun akwai yatsun kafa huɗu da ƙafafu na musamman. A cikin sarari tsakanin yatsun akwai membranes, godiya ga abin da dabba mai shayarwa ke iya iyo daidai. Wutsiyar hippopotamus ta kowa ta kai tsawon 55- 56 cm, mai kauri a gindi, zagaye, a hankali yana taɓarɓowa kuma ya kusan zama kusa da ƙarshen. Saboda keɓaɓɓen tsari na jela, dabbobin daji suna fesa ruwan ɗarinsu a nesa mai ban sha'awa kuma suna yiwa yankin ƙasarsu alama ta wata hanyar da baƙon abu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Shugaban dodo mai girma, wanda yake da girman girma, yana da kashi daya bisa hudu na yawan dabbar kuma yakankai kimanin tan daya.
Bangaren gaban kwanyar yana da ɗan wahala, kuma a cikin martaba ana halayyar shi da sifa mai kusurwa huɗu. Kunnuwan dabba suna da girma, suna da motsi sosai, hancin hancinsu yana da girma, idanu kanana kanana kuma suna nutsar da idanun ido na jiki. Kunnuwa, hancin hancin da idanun hippopotamus suna da halin babban wurin zama da sanyawa a layi daya, wanda zai baiwa dabbar kusan nutsarwa cikin ruwa kuma a lokaci guda ci gaba da kallo, numfashi ko ji. Hippopotamuses na namiji ya bambanta da na mace ta hanyar kumburin pineal na musamman wanda yake a ɓangaren gefe, kusa da hancin hancin. Wadannan bulges suna wakiltar asalin manyan canines. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, mata sun ɗan bambanta da na maza.
Hannun hippo yana da faɗi a faɗi, an ɗora shi a gaba tare da gajere kuma mai wahalar gaske. Lokacin buɗe bakin, kusurwar 150game da, kuma faɗin isasshen maƙasudin jaws yana kan matsakaita 60-70 cm... Hippos na yau da kullun suna da hakora 36, waɗanda aka rufe su da enamel mai launin rawaya.
Kowanne daga cikin muƙamuƙan yana da zinare shida, haƙoran premolar shida, da kuma canines biyu da incisor huɗu. Maza sun haɓaka musamman canines masu kaifi, waɗanda aka rarrabe su da jinjirin wata da kuma tsagi mai tsayi wanda yake kan ƙananan muƙamuƙi. Tare da shekaru, canines suna lanƙwasa baya. Wasu hippos suna da canines waɗanda suka kai tsayin 58-60 cm kuma nauyinsu yakai 3.0 kg.
Hippos dabbobi ne masu tsananin farin ciki, amma a tushe, fatar tana da siriri. Yankin dorsal yana da launin toka ko launin toka-toka, yayin da ciki, kunnuwa da kewaye idanu ruwan hoda ne. Kusan babu gashi a fatar, kuma banda yana wakiltar gajeren kwalliya wanda yake kan kunnuwan da ƙarshen wutsiya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hippos na manya suna ɗaukar numfashi kusan biyar a cikin minti ɗaya, don haka suna iya nutsewa ba tare da iska a ƙarƙashin ruwa ba har zuwa minti goma.
Spaananan raƙuman gashi suna girma a tarnaƙi da ciki. Hippopotamus bashi da gumi da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta, amma akwai gland ɗin fata na musamman waɗanda suke halaye irin waɗancan dabbobi kawai. A ranaku masu zafi, fatar dabba mai shayarwa tana lulluɓe da jan launi na jan launi, wanda ke aiwatar da ayyukan kariya da maganin antiseptik, kuma yana tsoratar da masu zubar da jini.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Hippos ba shi da kwanciyar hankali kasancewa shi kaɗai, saboda haka sun fi son haɗuwa cikin rukuni na mutane 15-100... Duk ranar, garken yana iya yin ruwa a cikin ruwa, kuma da yamma sai ya tafi neman abinci. Mata ne kawai ke da alhakin yanayin kwanciyar hankali a cikin garken, waɗanda ke lura da dabbobin a lokacin hutu. Maza kuma suna yin iko da ƙungiyar, suna tabbatar da lafiyar mata ba kawai, har ma da yara. Mazaje dabbobi ne masu saurin tashin hankali. Da zarar namiji ya kai shekara bakwai, sai ya yi kokarin samun babban matsayi da mamaya a cikin al’umma, yana fesa wa wasu mazan taki da fitsari, yana yin hamma da dukkan bakinsa kuma yana amfani da kara mai karfi.
Raguwa, rashi da kiba na hippos suna yaudara. Irin wannan babbar dabbar tana iya yin gudu zuwa gudun kilomita 30 / h. Ana amfani da Hippos ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar murya mai kama da nishi ko makokin doki. Oseaura, bayyana sallamawa, tare da kai ƙasa, wasu hippos ne masu ƙarfi, waɗanda suka faɗa cikin fagen kallon manyan maza. Babban kishi yana kiyaye ta manya maza da yankunansu. Hanyoyi daban-daban suna da alama da alama tare da hippos, kuma ana sabunta waɗannan alamun na yau da kullun.
Har yaushe hippos ke rayuwa
Tsawon rayuwar wata dorinar ruwa ya kai kimanin shekaru arba'in, saboda haka, masana masu nazarin irin wadannan dabbobin suna da'awar cewa har zuwa yau ba su taba haduwa da hippos sama da shekaru 41-42 a daji ba. A cikin zaman talala, rayuwar irin wadannan dabbobi na iya kaiwa rabin karni, kuma a wasu, ba kasafai ake samun irin wannan ba, hippos na rayuwa shekaru sittin... Ya kamata a lura cewa bayan cikakkiyar ɓarnar molar, dabba mai shayarwa ba zai iya rayuwa mai tsawo ba.
Nau'o'in hippos
Mafi shaharar nau'ikan hippos sune:
- Hippopotamus gama gari, ko dorina (Нirrorotamus amphibius), Yana da dabba mai shayarwa ta hanyar Artiodactyls da sub-Pig-like (wadanda ba dabbobi bane) daga dangin Hippopotamus. Siffar mai haske tana wakiltar salon-ruwa na ruwa;
- Hippo na Turai (Irrorotamus maganin gargajiya) - daya daga cikin dadaddun jinsunan da suka rayu a Turai a lokacin Pleistocene;
- Pygmy cretan hippopotamus (Нirrorotamus сrеutzburgi) - daya daga cikin dadaddun jinsunan da suka rayu a Crete a lokacin Pleistocene, kuma wasu nau'ikan rabe-rabe ke wakilta: Нirrorotamus сreutzburgi сreutzburgi da Нirrorotamus сreutzburgi parvus;
- Babbar hippo (Нirrorotamus mаjоr) Yana daya daga cikin dadaddun jinsunan da suka rayu a lokacin Pleistocene a yankin Turai. Neanderthals ne ke farautar manyan ppan hippos;
- Pygmy maltese hippopotamus (Нirrorotamus melitensis) Yana daya daga cikin dadaddun jinsunan halittar hippos wadanda suka mamaye Malta suka zauna a lokacin Pleistocene. Saboda rashin masu farauta, dwarfism na ciki ya bunkasa;
- Pygmy hippopotamus mai tsattsauran ra'ayi (Нirrorotamus minоr) Yana daya daga cikin jinsunan dabbar daddare da suka rayu a Cyprus kafin farkon Holocene. Hijira ta Cypriot pygmy ta kai nauyin jiki kilogram dari biyu.
Jinsunan, waɗanda suke da sharadin mallakar usirropotamus, amma N. ya wakilta.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Hippos na yau da kullun suna rayuwa ne kawai kusa da jikkunan ruwa, amma suna da ikon samun kansu lokaci-lokaci a cikin ruwan teku. Suna zaune a Afirka, bakin gabar ruwa mai kyau a Kenya, Tanzania da Uganda, Zambiya da Mozambique, da kuma ruwa a wasu ƙasashe zuwa kudu da Sahara.
Yankin rarrabuwa na Guropotamus na Turai ya sami wakilcin yankin daga Yankin Iberiya har zuwa Tsibirin Birtaniyya, da Kogin Rhine. Pygmy hippopotamus ya mallaki Crete a lokacin tsakiyar Pleistocene. Hippos na pygmy na zamani suna rayuwa ne kawai a Afirka, ciki har da Laberiya, Jamhuriyar Guinea, Saliyo da Jamhuriyar Cote D'Ivoire.
Abincin hippos
Duk da girman su da karfin su, da kuma fitowar su mai ban tsoro da kuma nuna karfin fada, duk wasu 'yan hippos suna cikin jinsin ciyawar dabbobi.... Da daddare, wakilai masu gamsarwa na umarnin Artiodactyl da dangin Hippopotamus suna zuwa wurin kiwo tare da wadatattun tsire-tsire masu ciyawa. Tare da rashin ciyawa a yankin da aka zaɓa, dabbobi na iya yin ƙaura don neman abinci na kilomita da yawa.
Don wadatar da kansu da abinci, hippos suna tauna abinci har tsawon awanni, suna amfani da kilogram arba'in na tsire don wannan dalilin ta kowace ciyarwa. Hippos na cin abinci a kan dukkan ganyaye, ciyayi da ƙananan bishiyoyi ko bishiyoyi. Yana da matukar wuya irin waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa su ci mushe a kusa da jikin ruwa. A cewar wasu masana kimiyya, cin naman gawa yana ci gaba ne ta hanyar rashin lafiya ko rashi a abinci mai gina jiki, tunda tsarin narkewar abinci na wakilan Artiodactyl bai dace ba kwata-kwata don sarrafa nama.
Don ziyartar makiyaya, ana amfani da hanyoyi iri ɗaya, kuma dabbobin suna barin wuraren ciyar da ciyawar kafin wayewar gari. Idan ya zama dole don sanyaya ko samun ƙarfi, hippos galibi suna yawo har cikin jikin wasu mutane. Wani abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa Hippos ba su da hanyoyin da za su tauna ciyayi kamar sauran dabbobi, don haka sai su yayyage shuke-shuke da hakoransu, ko kuma su tsotsi lebenta da tsoka, kusan rabin mitocin lebe.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Ba a yi nazari sosai game da yadda ake hayayyafa hippopotamus ba idan aka kwatanta shi da irin wannan tsari a cikin wasu manyan ciyayi a Afirka, gami da karkanda da giwaye. Mace takai girman balaga tsakanin shekaru bakwai zuwa goma sha biyar, kuma mazan sun zama sun manyanta da ɗan jimawa. A cewar masana, ana iya alakanta lokacin kiwan hippopotamus da canjin yanayi, amma saduwa, a ka’ida, yakan faru ne sau biyu a shekara, a watan Agusta da Fabrairu. Kimanin kashi 60% na ɗiya ake haihuwa yayin lokacin damina.
A cikin kowane garken, namiji mai rinjaye galibi yana kasancewa, yana saduwa da matan da suka manyanta. Wannan haƙƙin haƙƙin dabbobi ne yayin aiwatar da yaƙi tare da wasu mutane. Yakin yana tare da haushi da azabtarwa, wani lokacin harbin kai mai kai kawo. Fatar babban namiji koyaushe ana rufe shi da tabo mai yawa. Ana aiwatar da tsarin saduwa a cikin ruwa mara zurfin tafki.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Balaga da wuri yana haɓaka kunnawa na yawan haihuwa na hippos, sabili da haka, yawan jama'ar wakilan umarnin Artiodactyl da dangin Hippopotamus na iya murmurewa da sauri.
Ciki na wata takwas ya kare da nakuda, kafin mace ta bar garken... Haihuwar zuriya na iya faruwa a cikin ruwa da ƙasa, a cikin kwatankwacin gidan ciyawa. Nauyin sabon haihuwa ya kai kimanin kilogiram 28-48, tare da tsayin jikinsa na kusan mita da rabi na dabbar a kafaɗun. Cuban dajin da sauri ya daidaita daidai yadda zai iya tsayawa akan ƙafafunsa. Mace mai 'yayan tana daga cikin garke na kimanin kwanaki goma, kuma tsawon lokacin shayarwar shekara daya da rabi ne. Sau da yawa ciyarwar madara na faruwa a cikin ruwa.
Makiya na halitta
A karkashin yanayin yanayi, hippos babba ba ta da makiya da yawa, kuma mummunan hatsari ga irin wadannan dabbobin na zuwa ne kawai daga zaki ko kada mai Kogin Nilu. Koyaya, mazan da suka manyanta, waɗanda aka rarrabe su da girman su, ƙarfin su da dogayen su, da kyar su zama ganima har ma da karatun manyan mafarauta.
Hippopotamuses mata, suna kare theira cubansu, galibi suna nuna tsananin fushi da ƙarfi, yana basu damar tunkude harin da tarin garken zakoki suke kaiwa. Mafi yawanci, mahauta suna lalata hippos a kan ƙasa, kasancewar sun yi nisa da tafki.
Dangane da yawan kallo, hippos da kada mai yawanci basa rikici da juna, kuma wani lokacin irin wadannan manyan dabbobin suna hada baki suna korar abokan hamayyarsu daga tafkin. Bugu da kari, hippos mata suna barin girman samarin da ke cikin kula da kada, wadanda suke masu kare su daga kuraye da zakuna. Koyaya, akwai sanannun lokuta yayin da manyan mazauna hippos da mata tare da cuban ƙanana suka nuna wuce gona da iri game da kada, kuma su kansu manyan croan damfara a wasu lokuta suna iya farautar sabbin ppan hippos, marasa lafiya ko waɗanda suka ji rauni.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ana daukar Hippos a matsayin dabbobin Afirka mafi haɗari waɗanda ke kai wa mutane hari fiye da waɗanda ke cin su kamar damisa da zakuna.
Anana ƙanana da ba su balaga ba, waɗanda koda mahaifiyarsu ba sa kula da su na ɗan lokaci, na iya zama mai sauƙin gaske da farashi mai sauƙi ba don kada kawai ba, har ma da zakuna, damisa, da kuraye da karnukan kura. Manyan hippos da kansu, waɗanda ke tattar da jarirai a kusa da manyan garken dabbobi, na iya zama babbar barazana ga ƙananan hippos.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A fannin rarraba abubuwa, ba a samun hippos ko'ina a cikin lambobi masu mahimmanci... Jama'a sun kasance suna da yawa kuma sun daidaita rabin karnin da ya gabata, wanda ya kasance galibi cikin kariya daga mutane, yankunan da aka keɓance musamman. Koyaya, banda waɗannan yankuna, jimillar wakilai na umarnin Artiodactyl da dangin Hippopotamus koyaushe basu da girma sosai, kuma a farkon karnin da ya gabata, mummunan halin da ake ciki ya faru.
An shafe dabba mai shayarwa sosai:
- naman hippopotamus abin ci ne, yana da kayan mai mai mai kadan kuma yana da darajar abinci mai gina jiki, saboda haka mutanen Afirka suke amfani dashi wajen dafa shi;
- fata mai dorin dumi wacce ke sanye da hanyoyi na musamman ana amfani da ita wajen kera ƙafafun niƙa wanda ake amfani da shi wajen sarrafa lu'ulu'u;
- hippopotamus shine abu mafi wahalar kayan ado, wanda kimar sa ta ma fi ta hauren giwa girma;
- wakilan umarni na Artiodactyl da dangin Hippopotamus suna daga cikin shahararrun abubuwa don farautar wasanni.
Shekaru goma da suka gabata, a yankin Afirka, bisa ga bayanan hukuma daban-daban, akwai daga mutane dubu 120 zuwa 140-150, amma bisa ga binciken ƙungiyar musamman ta IUCN, mafi yiwuwar kewayon yana cikin kewayon 125-148 dubu.
A yau, galibin yawan dattin ciki ana lura da su a Kudu maso Gabas da Gabashin Afirka, gami da Kenya da Tanzania, Uganda da Zambiya, Malawi da Mozambique. Matsayin kiyaye hippos na yanzu shine "dabbobi cikin mawuyacin hali". Koyaya, a tsakanin wasu kabilun Afirka, hippos dabbobi ne masu tsarki, kuma an hukunta kisan su sosai.
