MIKIYA - HOTO, KWATANCI, JINSUNA, YANKI, ABOKAN GABA, YAWAN JAMA'A

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Mikiya (lat.Aquila) tsarrai ne na manyan tsuntsayen ganima mallakar dangin Hawk da tsari mai kama da Hawk. Irin waɗannan masu farauta masu fuka-fukai suna bin asalinsu na Rashanci ga asalin Slavonic "op", wanda ke nufin kalmar "haske".

Bayanin gaggafa

Tarihin babban tsuntsu mai farauta yana da tushe tun zamanin da, amma a al'adun gargajiya na yawancin mutanen duniya, gaggafa a yau tana ɗauke da ɗaukaka da sa'a, nasara da iko. Mafi yawan nau'ikan gaggafa da aka sani a halin yanzu suna da girman girma, kuma tsayin jikin wasu manya na iya zama 80-95 cm... A lokaci guda, gaggafar mace ta fi ta maza girma. Nauyin mikiya yakan bambanta tsakanin kilogram 3-7. Banda shi ne mafi ƙanƙancin jinsin: gaggawar doruwa da gaggafa.

Bayyanar

Wakilan jinsin an rarrabe su ta hanyar babban jiki mai dauke da isassun matakan tsoka da dogaye, kafafu masu kauri, masu gashin kafa zuwa yatsun kafa. Yankin gaggafa ya kasance karami, tare da wuya da murdede wuya. Ballananan ƙwallan ido suna da alaƙa da ƙananan motsi, amma yankin da aka haɓaka sosai na wuyansa ya fi ƙarfin biyan wannan ƙarancin rashi.

Ofayan manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin gaggafa shine girman ƙwanƙwan ƙafafu, haka kuma da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da ƙarshen lanƙwasa, wanda ke ba wa irin wannan tsuntsu halaye masu kama da dabba. Theafafu da bakin gaggafa suna girma cikin rayuwar mai farauta, amma mahimmin aikin tsuntsaye yana ba da gudummawa wajen narkar da su. Duk wakilan dangin Hawk da na Eagles suna da fikafikai dogaye kuma masu fadi, wanda mafi girmansa ya kai 250 cm, wanda zai bawa tsuntsun dabba damar yin sama na tsawon lokaci a tsawan sama da mita 600-700.

Yana da ban sha'awa! Mikiya, koda da isasshen iska mai karfi, suna iya jimre da kowane igiyar iska, saboda haka suna iya nutsewa cikin sauki a cikin saurin saurin 300-320 km / h.

Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, gaggafa bisa dabi'a suna da matukar gani, godiya ga abin da tsuntsayen masu farauta ke iya hangowa daga tsayi sosai har ma da mafi karancin abincin, wanda galibi kadangaru, macizai da beraye ke wakilta, kuma hangen nesa yana taimaka wa tsuntsayen yin saukin bude wurare har zuwa 12 m²... Mikiya babba ke amfani da ji, musamman da nufin sadarwa, kuma yanayin warin tsuntsu ba shi da kyau.

Launin babban dorin gaggafa ya bambanta dangane da nau'ikan halittu, saboda haka yana iya zama cikakku ɗaya ko kuma yana da bambanci da kuma tabarau. Gudun gaggafa kowane iri ana rarrabe shi da alamun manuniya na musamman, tare da raƙuman ruwa masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi na fikafikan.

Hali da salon rayuwa

Mikiya tsuntsaye ne masu auren mace daya, masu iya zabar abokin tarayya guda daya tilo a rayuwarsu, saboda haka irin wadannan wakilan dangin Hawk da na Eagles duk suna rayuwa ne bibbiyu. Don samun abinci, masu farauta masu fuka-fukai suna iya yin da'ira cikin sama na awowi da yawa kuma su nemi abin farauta... Gabaɗaya, tsarin farauta baya ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa, saboda haka gaggafa suna yin wani ɓangare na rayuwarsu don lura da abin da ke faruwa a kusa. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ana adana abinci a cikin rarrashin gaggafa na tsawon kwanaki, wanda ke kawar da buƙatar tsuntsaye mai farauta da farauta a kowace rana.

Mikiya tana rayuwa har yaushe

A matsakaici, a cikin yanayin yanayi ko yanayi, gaggafa tana rayuwa har zuwa rubu'in karni, amma akwai nau'ikan da rayuwarsu ta fi tsayi sosai. Misali, gaggafa da gaggafa da gaggafa a cikin bauta na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru hamsin, kuma sanannun gaggafa sun ma rayu har zuwa shekaru tamanin.

Nau'in gaggafa

Dangane da binciken kwayoyin da masanan kimiyyar Jamusanci suka gudanar kasa da rabin karnin da ya gabata, wakilan dukkan nau'ikan al'adu wadanda ake danganta su ga jinsi Aquila, Hieraaetus, Lophaetus da Istinaetus, gami da dadaddun halittar Narragornis, rukuni ne na monophyletic. Koyaya, ainihin gaggafa daga ƙungiyar Aquila sune magabatan kowa ga kowa.

A halin yanzu, matsayin tsari na dukkan rukuni daga wannan rukuni yana da yanayin sake dubawa, wanda ke tare da shawarar wucin gadi don hade taxa a cikin jinsin Aquila:

Gaggafa (Аquila fаsciata) - a baya jinsin Hieraaetus fаssiаtus. Matsakaicin tsayin fuka-fuki shine 46-55 cm, tare da tsayin tsuntsaye duka na 65-75 cm kuma nauyin kilogram 1.5-2.5. Launin baya na babban tsuntsu mai launin ruwan-kasa ne, wutsiya tana da toka tare da kasancewar yanayin duhu mai wucewa. Yankin ciki yana da walƙiya ko fari tare da kasancewar baƙin duwatsu masu tsawo da kuma ratsa duhu akan gashin fuka-fukan a yankin na tibia da ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Mata na jinsin sun fi maza girma;
Dodan mikiya (Aquila renata) - tsohon nau'in Hieraaetus pennatus. Girma da yanayin jikin wannan nau'in sun yi kama da kananan ungulu, amma mai farautar yana da sifa irin ta mikiya. Matsakaicin girman tsuntsu mai farauta: tsawon 45-53 cm, tare da fikafikan 100-132 cm kuma nauyinsa yakai 500-1300 g.Mata da maza ba sa banbanta da launi, kuma bakin baki ba shi da gajere kuma yana da ƙarfi sosai. Launi yana wakiltar "morphs" biyu - duhu da nau'in haske, amma ana samun sauyin na biyu sau da yawa;
Mikiya ta shaho (.Quila kiеnеrii) - tsohon Нiеraаеtus kienеrii. Birdaramin tsuntsu, mai tsayi daga 46 zuwa 61 cm tare da tsayi na kunkuntun da ɗan fika fikai a matakin 105 zuwa 140 cm. Wutsiyar an ɗan zagaye ta. Tsuntsun da ya balaga yana da baƙar fata na sama, fararen fata, ƙugu da makogwaro Legsafafu da ƙananan jikin launin ja-launin ruwan kasa ne masu faɗi iri daban-daban. Ba a bayyana dimorphism ta jima'i a cikin wannan nau'in ba;
Mikiya zinariya (Аquila chrysаеtоs) Manya ne kuma wakilai masu karfi na jinsi, masu matsakaicin tsayi a jikin zangon 76-93 cm, mai fikafikan 180-240 cm Mata sun fi maza girma sosai, kuma nauyinsu na iya bambanta tsakanin kilogram 3.8-6.7. Bakin tsuntsun ya saba da wannan nau'in - mikiya, maimakon a matse ta a bangarorin gefe da kuma sama, tare da lankwasa fasali irin na ƙugiya zuwa ƙasa;
Makabarta (Aquila helias) Manya ne masu farauta masu fuka-fukai masu tsawo da fadi-fadi, haka kuma tare da jela madaidaiciya. Matsakaicin tsawon tsuntsu shine 72-84 cm, tare da fikafikan 180-215 cm kuma matsakaicin nauyin da bai wuce kilogiram 2.4-4.5 ba. Yankuna da wuraren zama na wuraren binnewa da mikiya na zinariya galibi suna haɗuwa;
Mikiya ta dutse (Ilaquila rarakh) Shin masu farauta ne masu tsawon jiki kimanin 60-70 cm, tare da fikafikan 160-180 cm kuma nauyin kilogram 1.8-2.5. Morphs ya banbanta da bambancin shekaru a launin launi, halaye masu rarrabuwa da wasu halaye daban daban na mutum;
Gaggafa (Аquila niralensis) Shin masu tsinkaye sunkai 60-85 cm tsayi, tare da fika-fikai 220-230 cm kuma matsakaicin nauyin kilogram 2.7-4.8. Launin fatar jikin manya tsuntsaye yana wakiltar launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, galibi tare da kasancewar wani wuri mai ja a cikin gashin gashin fari da launin ruwan kasa-fari-fari. Gashin jelar yana da launin ruwan kasa masu duhu tare da ratsi masu launin toka-toka;
Babban Mikiya Mai Haske (Аquila сlаngа) da Eagananan Mikiya (Аquila romarina) - tsuntsaye masu farauta daga dangin Hawk, waɗanda ya kamata a danganta su ga tsuntsayen jinsi na Lophaetus ko Istinaetus;
Mikiya Kaffir (Аquila verreuxii) Haraji ne na Latin. Tsuntsaye masu farauta sun bambanta a tsayin jiki a cikin zangon 70-95 cm tare da nauyin jiki na 3.5-4.5 kilogiram tare da fikafikan mita biyu;
Mikiya ta Moluccan (Aquila gurneyi) - manyan tsuntsaye, wadanda aka rarrabe su da karamin matsakaita, tsayin jiki a tsakanin 74-85 cm, tare da fikafikan fika 170-190. Matsakaicin nauyin mace yakai kilo uku;
Mikiya ta azurfa (Аquila wаhlbergi) - tsuntsayen dabbobi masu farauta tare da tsawon jiki tsakanin 55-60 cm tare da fikafikan da bai fi cm 130-160 ba.Wannan nau'in ana samunsa a mafi yawan kasashen Afirka;
Mikiya-da-wutsiyoyi (Аquila audax) Su ne masu cin gashin tsuntsaye daga dangin Yastrebiny, suna kai tsawon mita tare da fika-fikai sama da 'yan mituna kadan. Mata sun fi maza girma sosai, kuma nauyin su galibi sau 5 ne.

Aquila kuroshkini, ko Pliocene, wani nau'I ne mai gaggafa. Mikiya masu girman awo na wannan nau'in suna kama da siffofi irin na gaggafa na zamani.

Wurin zama, mazauni

Yanki da yankin rarraba mikiya suna da fadi kwarai, kuma nau'in mazaunin kai tsaye ya dogara da halayen jinsunan tsuntsayen ganima. Koyaya, ga dukkan membobin gidan, zaɓin wuri, nesa da mazaunin ɗan adam da wayewa, halaye ne, saboda haka gaggafa galibi sun fi son tsaunuka ko buɗe ido.

Misali, mikiya masu zinare da ke rayuwa a yankin kasarmu, gami da arewacin Caucasus da kudancin yankin Primorye, gida, a matsayin ka’ida, a yankuna masu wahalar kai wa ga gandun daji, kuma danginsu na Ostiraliya, gaggafa ta gaggafa mai zinare, suna jin dadi sosai kamar yadda ya kamata a yankunan daji na New Guinea. Mikiya mai tudu ta zaɓi yanki mai tsayi da yankuna masu hamada kamar mazauninsu, suna zaune a kan yankuna daga Transbaikalia zuwa gabar Bahar Maliya.

An riga an zaɓi gaggafa ta sarauta ta yankuna masu gandun daji na ƙasar Ukiran, yankunan tsaunuka na Kazakhstan, dazuzzuka a Jamhuriyar Czech, Romania da Spain. Hakanan, ana samun irin waɗannan tsuntsayen masu farautar a cikin mafi girman yankuna na Iran da China, a cikin Slovakia da Hungary, Jamus da Girka. Asashe da yawa sun daɗe suna amfani da wasu mambobin jinsi a matsayin tsuntsaye masu farauta cikin sauƙin horo, kuma a lokacin mulkin sarakunan Rasha, an ba da horon gaggafa na musamman, bayan haka ana amfani da su wajen bautar dawakai da kerkeci.

Mikiya abinci

Ana iya wakiltar abin da ake farauta don tsuntsayen dabbobi koda dabbobi masu girman girma, ciki har da fox, da kerkeci da barewa, amma galibi ƙananan hares da gophers, da wasu tsuntsaye da kifi, suna faɗawa cikin irin waɗannan tsuntsayen. Idan ba a sami ganimar rayuwa na dogon lokaci ba, gaggafa na iya cin abincin gawa, yayin da masu farauta ke gudanar da farauta ba kawai a doron kasa ba, amma kuma kai tsaye a cikin ruwa.

Yana da ban sha'awa! Dabbobi da yawa sun fada cikin rukunin abin da aka tabbatar na mai farauta, gami da baƙar lofura, dajin daji da kaji na gida, da ɓarke da shuke-shuke, da tantabaru masu kore da na gida, da kifayen gida da kunkuru.

Abincin da aka kama, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, tsuntsu yana cin shi kai tsaye ko kuma kaji ke ciyar dashi. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, wasu nau'ikan gaggafa sun lalata macizai masu dafi sosai. Bayan cin abinci, gaggafa tana cin ruwa mai yawa, kuma na dogon lokaci yana kokarin tsaftace abin da yake toka.

Sake haifuwa da zuriya

Tsuntsaye masu farauta, waɗanda suka haɗa da gaggafa, sun cika balagar jima’i suna kimanin shekara biyar. Yawanci, gaggafa kowane irin gida akan bishiyoyi ko bishiyoyi, amma lokaci-lokaci ana iya samunsu a kan duwatsu, gami da gaggafa. Duk abokan huldar suna aiwatar da ginin gidajan, amma galibi mata kan sanya ƙarin ƙoƙari, ƙwarewa da lokaci a cikin wannan aikin. Tsuntsaye zasu iya amfani da gurbi cikakke mai amintacce tsawon shekaru.

Wasu lokuta tsuntsayen dabbobi masu cin nama sukan kama wasu gidajen mutane, wanda manyan tsuntsaye suka yi, gami da hankaka da dabba... Mata suna yin ƙwai sau ɗaya kawai a shekara, kuma jimillar adadinsu na iya kaiwa guda uku. Siffofin aiwatar da kwayayen incubating kai tsaye ya dogara da nau'ikan halayen gaggafa. Theajin gaggafa da aka haifa kusan nan da nan suna nuna halinsu na wahala. A yayin irin wannan fadace-fadacen, gaggafa masu rauni ko ba su da tsari sosai suna mutuwa sakamakon tsananin bugu da suke samu daga bakinsu.

Yana da ban sha'awa! Wasannin saduwa na gaggafa suna da siffofi masu ban mamaki na sama, wanda duka mutane suka shiga ciki, kuma neman aure yana tare da biyewa juna, jirgi mai kama da iska, mai kaifi sosai da juyawa.

Manyan iyaye sune mikiya, wadanda ke haifar da kwai bi da bi na wata daya da rabi. Da zaran shekarun 'ya'yan da aka kyankyashe sun kai wata uku, manya zasu fara koyawa kajin tashi. Godiya ga kyakkyawan shiri, samari tsuntsaye na ganima suna iya yin dogon jirage a cikin hunturu.

Tsarin kiwon kaji na gaggafa, wanda ke yin gida kai tsaye a ƙasa kuma yana gina gidaje ta amfani da rassa, ba ƙaramin ban sha'awa bane. Eggswai suna da ɗumi daga mata, kuma maza suna kawo abinci cikin kajinsu. Duk iyaye suna kula da 'ya'yan da aka haifa. Yaran tsuntsaye suna da ikon yin yawo har sai sun sami daidaitattun ma'aurata.

Makiya na halitta

Duk da karfinsu da karfinsu, gaggafa yanzu na cikin mahaɗan hanyoyin haɗari a cikin jerin tsarukan muhalli. A karkashin yanayin yanayi, irin wadannan tsuntsayen masu farautar da manyan tsuntsaye suna da 'yan kiyayya, amma tsuntsayen da suka balaga na iya mutuwa sanadiyyar fadan da bai dace ba da kishiya ko iska mai karfi.

Kwanaki da yawa na yunwa sun fi hatsari ga gaggafa, saboda haka tsayayyen buƙata ta jiki don cin abincin nama ya tilasta wa irin waɗannan tsuntsayen daga sararin samaniya masu ƙaura yin ƙaura zuwa tilastawa zuwa ƙasashen kudu, bin wasu nau'in tsuntsayen masu ƙaura.

Mahimmanci! A cikin shekaru tare da wadataccen abincin nama, yawancin kajin da aka kyankyashe suna tsira a cikin gida, amma idan babu tushen abinci, a ƙa'ida, maraƙi ɗaya ne ya rage.

Kamar yadda yawan dubawa da nazarin kimiyya suka nuna, noman sabbin yankuna na budurwowi da bacewar namun daji a kansu na haifar da rashin wadatattun hanyoyin abinci ga gaggafa, wanda shine sanadiyyar yawan mutuwar tsuntsaye daga yunwa. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, gaggafa, ba kamar sauran tsuntsaye da yawa ba, galibi suna mutuwa yayin da suka yi mu'amala da layukan wutar lantarki, wanda hakan ke faruwa ne ta hanyar yunƙurin masu farauta don ba da damar yin sheƙarsu a kan sandar wutar lantarki ta yau da kullun.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

A halin yanzu, tsuntsaye masu farauta daga dangin Hawk, waɗanda wakilcin:

Hawk mikiya (A.fаsciata ko H.fаsciatus);
Mikiya ta shaho ta Indiya (Lhorhotriorchis kieneri);
Berkut (A. chrysaetos);
Mikiya ta dutse (A. arakh);
Kaffir mikiya (A.verreauuxii);
Mikiya ta azurfa (A.wahlbergi);
Mikiya mai kamar ta igiya (A.audax).

Tsuntsayen sun sami matsayin kiyayewa "Dabbobi masu rauni '':

Asar binnewa (A. helias);
Filin binne Mutanen Spain (A.adalberti);
Gaggafa mai hangen nesa (A. clanga).

Rayayyun jinsunan suna da wakiltar Steppe Eagle (A. niralensis), kuma kusa da yanayin rauni shine Moluccan Eagle (Аquila gurneyi). Doriyar gaggafa (A. renata ko H. renata) da kuma inda aka binne shi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa an haɗa su a cikin shafukan littafin Red Book.

Mikiya da mutum

Mikiya tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan alamomin Rasha, kuma ana iya ganin hotonta a jikin rigar ƙasarmu... Koyaya, don babban baƙin cikin masana halittu, mikiya suna cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan fuka-fukai masu fuka-fukai waɗanda aka lissafa a cikin shafukan Littafin Ja.

Tsuntsayen da ke alfahari da dabbobin da suke kan gaba sun kusan kusan karewa, galibi saboda ayyukan ɗan adam, kuma raguwar yawan jama'a ba a samu ba ne kawai ta hanyar farauta da abubuwa daban-daban na anthropogenic, har ma da yanayin yanayin muhalli na yau da kullun a cikin mazaunin gaggafa wanda ke taɓarɓarewa sosai kowace shekara. Ya kamata a tuna cewa Red Book ne ke taimakawa wajen ganowa da rikodin nau'in gaggafa da ke cikin haɗari ko gab da ƙarewa, wanda ke ba da damar canza yanayin da yawan jama'a zuwa mafi kyau.