Damisa (lat. Panthera tigris) dabba ce mai cin nama daga dangi masu yawa, haka nan kuma wakilin kwayar halittar Panther (lat. Panthera) daga manyan kuliyoyin gidan dangi. Fassara daga Girkanci, kalmar "Tiger" na nufin "Kaifi da sauri".
Bayanin damisa
Wakilan wannan jinsin sun hada da dabbobi mafiya girma daga dangin Feline.... Kusan dukkan nau'ikan raƙuman daji da aka sani a halin yanzu suna ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma da girma da ƙarfi a cikin ɓarnar ƙasar, sabili da haka, dangane da taro, irin waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa na biyu ne kaɗai zuwa launin ruwan kasa da na polar.
Bayyanar, launi
Damisa ita ce mafi girma da girma a cikin dukkan kuliyoyi na feral. Koyaya, nau'ikan rabe-rabe sun bambanta sosai da juna ba kawai a yanayin bayyanar su ba, har ma da girma da matsakaicin nauyin jiki, kuma wakilan manyan ƙasashe na wannan nau'in koyaushe suna da girma fiye da damun tsibirin. Manyan su a yau sune nau'ikan Amur da damisa na Bengal, waɗanda manyan samansu suka kai tsawon 2.5-2.9 m kuma nauyinsu yakai 275-300 kilogiram har ma da ƙari kaɗan.
Matsakaicin tsayin dabba a bushe ya kai cm 100-115. Tsawon jikin dabba mai cin nama yana da girma, tsoka kuma yana da sassauƙa, kuma ɓangarensa na gaba ya fi ci gaba fiye da baya da kuma sacrum. Wutsiyar doguwa ce, tare da yin kwalliya iri-iri, koyaushe tana ƙarewa da bakin baƙi kuma ana rarrabe ta da ratsi mai ƙarancin zobe wanda ke ci gaba da kewaye da ita. Legsafafu masu ƙarfi masu ƙarfi na dabba suna da yatsu biyar, kuma yatsun kafa huɗu suna kan ƙafafun baya. Duk yatsun irin wannan dabbar suna da ƙusoshin jan baya.
Babban shugaban da yake zagaye yana da fitowar fuskoki da kuma yankin gaban goshi. Kokon kai yana da girma, tare da fadin kasusuwa da kasusuwa na hanci da ke fadada kan kasusuwa. Kunnuwa suna da ƙananan ƙananan kuma suna zagaye. Akwai tankuna a gefen kai.
Fari, tsararru masu sanyin ruwa galibi ana shirya su a layi huɗu ko biyar, kuma tsayinsu ya kai 165 mm tare da matsakaicin kaurin 1.5 mm. Arealiban suna da siffar zagaye, iris rawaya ce. Duk damisa mai girma, tare da yawancin sauran wakilan dangin, suna da dozin uku ingantattu kuma masu ƙarfi, haƙoran haƙoransu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hanyoyin namiji sun fi na mata girma kuma sun fi tsayi, kuma yatsun tsakiya suna fitowa fili a bayyane zuwa gaba. Tsawon layin namiji shine 150-160 mm tare da fadin 130-140 mm, na mace 140-150 mm da fadin 110-130 mm.
Ana rarrabe dabba mai kama da nau'in kudanci ta hanyar ƙananan kuma ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙananan layin gashi mai kyau. Tigers na Arewa suna da furci mai laushi da tsayi. Kayan launi na asali na asali na iya zuwa daga launin ja mai laushi zuwa launi mai launin ruwan kasa mai laushi. Yankin ciki da kirji, da kuma saman ƙafafu, launi ne mai haske.
Akwai alamun haske na halayya a bayan kunnuwa. A kan akwati da wuya akwai ratsi masu tsayi a tsaye, waɗanda suke da yawa a bayan rabin. A bakin bakin da yake ƙasa da inda hancin yake, a yankin vibrissae, ƙugu da ƙananan muƙamuƙi, an lura da farin launi mai kala. Gaban goshi, kayan kwalliya da yankuna masu ɗabi'a suna tattare da yanayi mai rikitarwa da sauye-sauye wanda aka kirkira ta gajerun raƙuman ƙetare masu baƙar fata.
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa tazara tsakanin ratsi da sifofinsu sun banbanta sosai tsakanin wakilai na ƙananan rabe-raben, amma a mafi yawan lokuta fiye da ɗari-ɗari suna rufe fatar dabbar. Hakanan zane mai zane a jikin fatar mai cin nama, don haka idan ka aske dukkan gashin, to an maido shi gaba ɗaya daidai da asalin ƙazantarwar.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Damisa, ba tare da la'akari da irin rarar da ake yi ba, ita ce wakiliyar dabbobin gida. Manya suna rayuwa ta kadaici kuma suna da wuraren farautar su. Filin mutum, wanda yakai girman sa daga 20 zuwa 100 km2, mahaukacin yana kiyaye shi sosai daga cin zarafin wasu wakilan jinsin, amma yankin na namiji da mace na iya haɗuwa sosai.
Tigers ba za su iya bin abin da suke farauta ba har tsawon awanni da yawa, saboda haka irin wannan dabba mai cin nama ta kai hari da walƙiya daga ɓarke na musamman, bayan an kama abin da aka kama. Dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin Felidae suna farauta ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda biyu: a hankali suna sintiri a kan wanda aka azabtar ko kuma suna jiran farautar su a cikin wani kwanto da aka zaɓa. Haka kuma, matsakaicin tazara tsakanin irin wannan mafarautan da wanda aka yiwa fyaden na iya zama mai ban sha'awa, amma ba fiye da 120-150 m ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A yayin farauta, damisa babba tana da tsalle tsalle har zuwa mita biyar, kuma tsawon irin wannan tsalle zai iya kai kimanin mita goma.
Ba zato ba tsammani na harin ba ya bai wa duk wanda abin ya shafa na dabbar ko da kuwa wata dama ce ta rayuwa, wanda hakan ya faru ne saboda rashin iya samun dabbobin da sauri don ceton su. Balagagge da damisa mai ƙarfi a zahiri cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan yana iya kasancewa kusa da abin da ya firgita. Maza sukan raba wani ɓangare na abincinsu, amma kawai ga mata.
Har yaushe damisa ke rayuwa
Amur damisa a cikin yanayin yanayi suna rayuwa na kimanin shekaru goma sha biyar, amma idan aka tsare su cikin bautar, rayuwarsu ta ɗan yi tsayi kaɗan, kuma a matsakaita shekaru ashirin ne. Tsawon rayuwar damisar Bengal a cikin fursuna na iya zuwa rubu'in karni, kuma a cikin daji - shekaru goma sha biyar kawai. Indo-Sinanci, Sumatran da damisa na Sin a cikin yanayi na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru goma sha takwas... Hawan hanta na gaske tsakanin damisa ana ɗaukarsa damisa ne na Malay, wanda ransa a cikin yanayi, na ɗabi'a ya kasance kwata na ƙarni, kuma idan aka tsare shi a cikin bauta - kimanin shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar.
Nau'in damisa
Akwai nau'ikan tara guda tara na nau'in Tiger, amma a farkon karnin da ya gabata, shida ne kawai daga cikinsu suka sami damar rayuwa a doron ƙasa:
- Amur damisa (Panthera tigris altaiisa), wanda aka fi sani da Ussuri, Arewacin China, Manchurian ko damisa Siberia - galibi suna zaune a yankin Amur, a kan yankin Yankin Yammacin Yahudawa, a cikin Primorsky da Khabarovsk Territories. Subsananan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, waɗanda ke da kauri da sanyin laushi, a maimakon haka doguwar fur, tare da jan launi mai banƙyama kuma ba ratsi da yawa ba;
- Bengal damisa (Panthera tigris tigris) - yanki ne mai rarrabuwa na damisa dake zaune a Pakistan, India da Bangladesh, a Nepal, Myanmar da Bhutan. Wakilan wannan nau'ikan sun hada da nau'ikan halittu masu yawa, gami da dazuzzuka, busassun savannas da mangroves. Matsakaicin nauyin namiji na iya bambanta tsakanin 205-228 kg, kuma ga mace - bai wuce kg 140-150 ba. Damisa ta Bengal, wacce ke rayuwa a arewacin Indiya da Nepal, ta fi mutanen da ke zaune a ƙananan yankuna na ƙasashen Indiya girma;
- Damisa ta Indochinese (Panthera tigris sorbetti) - ƙananan rukunoni waɗanda ke zaune a Kambodiya da Myanmar, da kuma mazaunan kudancin China da Laos, Thailand, Malaysia da Vietnam. Damisa ta Indochinese tana da launi mai duhu. Matsakaicin nauyin balagaggen namiji ya kai kilogiram 150-190, kuma na babbar mace ya kai kilogiram 110-140;
- Damisa ta Malay (Pantherа tigris jаksоni) Shine ɗayan wakilai shida da suka rage na jinsin, wanda aka samo a kudancin yankin Malacca. A baya, yawanci ana kiran yawan mutanen da damisar Indo-Sinanci;
- Sumatran damisa (Panthera tigris sumatrae) Shine mafi karami a cikin dukkanin rarar da ake dasu a halin yanzu, kuma matsakaicin nauyin namiji baligi kusan 100-130 ne. Mata suna da ƙarancin girma a cikin girma, don haka nauyinsu bai wuce kilogiram 70-90 ba. Sizeananan hanyoyi hanya ce ta daidaitawa don zama a yankunan gandun daji na Sumatra;
- Damisa ta Sin (Panthera tigris аmoyensis) Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan wakilai na dukkanin ƙananan ƙananan. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin namiji da mace shine 2.5-2.6 m, kuma nauyin zai iya bambanta tsakanin 100-177 kg. Bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halittu na wannan rukunin ƙananan ƙananan ne.
Aliananan rarar suna wakiltar Bali tiger (Panthera tigris bаlisa), da Transcaucasian damisa (Panthera tigris virgata) da Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sоndaisa). Burbushin sun hada da tsofaffin nau'ikan Panthera tigris acutidens da kuma tsofaffin nau'ikan tiger Trinil (Panthera tigris trinilensis).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sanannun sanannu ne wadanda ake kira da alaƙa da ƙananan ƙananan Bengal da Amur, gami da "liger", wanda shine giciye tsakanin tigress da zaki, da kuma "tiger" (taigon ko tigon), waɗanda suke bayyana a sakamakon saduwa da zaki da damisa.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Da farko, damisa sun yadu a Asiya.
Koyaya, har zuwa yau, duk wakilai na ƙananan ƙananan irin waɗannan masu cin zarafin sun tsira kawai a cikin ƙasashe goma sha shida:
- Laoc;
- Bangladesh;
- Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Myanmar;
- Bhutan,
- Kambodiya;
- Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam;
- Rasha;
- Jamhuriyar Indiya;
- Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran;
- Jamhuriyar Indonesia;
- China;
- Malesiya;
- Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Pakistan;
- Thailand;
- Tarayyar Demokradiyyar Nepal.
Wuraren da damisar take zama yankuna ne na arewacin taiga, yankin hamada da yankunan gandun daji, da kuma busassun savannah da yankuna masu zafi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kusan dukkan kuliyoyin daji suna tsoron ruwa, sabili da haka, idan ya yiwu, suna ƙoƙarin tsallake maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, kuma damisa, akasin haka, iyo da kyau da son ruwa, ta yin amfani da wanka don kawar da zafi da zafi fiye da kima.
Yankunan da aka fi so, inda damisa suka kafa wajan da suke da kwanciyar hankali, farauta, sannan kuma suka hayayyafa zuriya, sun haɗa da maɓuɓɓugan maɓuɓɓuka da keɓaɓɓu da duwatsu masu asiri. Edungiyoyin da ke zaune za a iya wakiltar su ta keɓaɓɓen reed ko sandar rami kusa da jikin ruwa.
Abincin Tiger
Dukkanin nau'ikan damisa wakili ne na umarnin masu farauta, saboda haka, babban abincin irin wadannan namun daji shine nama kawai. Abincin babban dabbobi masu shayarwa daga dangin Felidae na iya samun wasu manyan bambance-bambance dangane da mahimman halayen halayen dabba. Misali, babban abin farautar damisa na Bengal shine mafi yawan lokuta boars daji, sambarorin Indiya, nilgau da axis. Sumatran damisa sun fi son farautar dabbobin daji da kasko, da kuma barewar sambar. Amur damisa na ciyarwa musamman a kan barewar miski, sika da barewa, da barewa da barewar daji.
Daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, bauna Indiya da muzzu, da masu sanko da zomo, birai har ma da kifi ana iya daukar su a matsayin ganima ga damisa. Dabbobin farauta masu yunwa suna iya ciyar da kwadi, kowane irin ɓoyi ko wasu ƙananan dabbobi, da kuma kayan lambu na berry da wasu fruitsa fruitsan itace. Akwai sanannun sanannun abin da damisa babba, idan da hali, za su iya samun nasarar farautar wasu masu farauta, waɗanda damisoshi, da kada, da kerkeci, da boas, da Himalayan da beyar masu ruwan goro ko 'ya'yansu ke wakilta.
A ƙa'ida, balagaggen Amur damisa-mazan, waɗanda suke da girma da girma da tsokoki masu ban sha'awa, sun shiga faɗa tare da beyar matasa. Sakamakon gwagwarmaya na irin waɗannan maƙarƙancin dabbobin na iya zama mara tabbas. Akwai kuma bayanai dangane da yadda damisa ke yawan kai hari ga jikokin giwar Indiya. A wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi, ana tattara abincin tigers a hankali, la'akari da duk shawarwarin da kwararru na Euroungiyar Yankin Yuro-Asiya suka bayar.
A lokaci guda, ana la'akari da halaye na shekarun mai shayarwa, da nauyinsa, jima'i na dabba da halayen yanayi, ba tare da gazawa ba. Babban abincin mai farauta a cikin fursuna yana wakiltar samfuran asalin dabbobi, gami da kaji, zomaye da naman sa. Hakanan, abincin ya hada da madara, kwai, kifi da wasu nau'ikan abinci mai gina jiki masu gina jiki.
A wata rana, wani babban bala'i yana iya cin kusan kilo goma na nama, amma ƙimar ta dogara da halayen jinsin dabbar da girmanta. Sauran abinci ana ba da damisa lokaci-lokaci kuma cikin adadi kaɗan. A cikin fursunoni, ana haɓaka abincin masu farauta daga dangin Feline tare da cakuda bitamin da abubuwan amfani masu amfani tare da ma'adanai na yau da kullun, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar ƙashi mai kyau kuma yana hana ci gaban rickets cikin dabbobi.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Tigers na kowane yanki sune dabbobin da ke lalata dabbobi masu yawa, lokacin saduwarsu yana faruwa a watan Disamba-Janairu.... Mazaje kan sami mace, suna mai da hankali kan ƙanshin fitsarinta. Dogaro da yanayin ɗabi'un mata, kuma daidai da ƙamshin sirrinta, namiji zai zama mai cikakken fahimta gwargwadon yadda abokin tarayya yake shirye don haifuwa ko aiwatar da haihuwar zuriya. Abun lura ya nuna cewa a kowace shekara mace tana da 'yan kwanaki kalilan lokacin da zata iya daukar ciki. Idan hadi bai auku yayin saduwa ba, to maimaita yaduwar cikin mace ya bayyana a wata mai zuwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jarirai daga manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa ana haihuwar su da cigaba sosai, amma ba su da komai, kuma watan farko da rabi, abincin su na abinci na madarar uwa ne kawai.
Tigigress na iya haifar da zuriya daga shekara uku zuwa hudu. 'Ya'yan tigress suna bayyana sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru biyu ko uku, kuma lokacin haihuwa yana wuce sama da watanni uku. A lokaci guda, maza ba sa daukar wani bangare a cikin tarbiyyar ‘ya’yansu kwata-kwata, saboda haka, mata ne kawai ke ciyarwa, kiyayewa da koyar da mahimman ƙa’idojin farautar sasansu. Kabirai an haife su daga Maris zuwa Afrilu, kuma lambar su a cikin zuriyar dabbobi na iya bambanta daga mutane biyu zuwa huɗu. Wani lokacin mace takan haifa 'ya' ya guda daya ko biyar.
Matan Tiger na kowane yanki, suna kiwon offspringa offspringan su, basa barin mazan baƙi su kusanci theira theiran su, wanda hakan yana da nasaba da haɗarin lalata tan damisa ta manyan dabbobi. Kimanin kimanin wata biyu, ,an damisa sun riga sun iya barin kogonsu na ɗan gajeren lokaci su bi mahaifiyarsu. 'Ya'yan Tiger sun sami cikakken independenceancin kai ne kawai daga shekara biyu zuwa uku, kuma a wannan shekarun ne irin waɗannan manya da ƙwararrun mafarautan suka fara bincika da zaɓar yankin ƙasa.
Makiya na halitta
Tigers suna saman dutsen dala da kuma haɗin duk abubuwan da ake amfani dasu, kuma tasirinsa ya bayyana karara akan yawancin jama'a. Subsananan raƙuman damisa suna da makiya ƙalilan, wanda ya faru ne saboda ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin mulki na dabba da ƙarfin ta.
Mahimmanci! Damisa mai wayo ne kuma mai saurin wayo, wanda ke iya saurin binciken sahihanci ko da wani yanayi ne mai rikitarwa, wanda ya samo asali ne daga dabarun dabba da dabaru.
Daga cikin namun daji, manyan beyar masu launin ruwan kasa ne kaɗai ke da iko da damisa, amma a ƙa'ida, samari ne da ba cikakkun dabbobi ba, da ƙananan ƙuruciya, suka zama abin wahala. Damisa mai matsakaiciyar fata koyaushe tana da ƙarfi fiye da beyar mai girman kai.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Amur damisa suna daga cikin ƙananan ƙananan raƙuman da aka jera a cikin littafin Red Book, kuma yawan tiger Bengal, akasin haka, shine mafi girma a duniya. Mafi yawan damisar Indo-China mafi girma a duniya a halin yanzu tana cikin Malesiya, inda aka rage mafarauta ta hanyar tsauraran matakai.
Koyaya, jimillar mutane na wannan ƙananan ƙananan yanzu suna fuskantar barazana saboda ɓarkewar wuraren zama da kiwo, gami da lalata dabbobin daji don sayar da ɓangarorin don kera magungunan China. Na uku mafi yawa a tsakanin sauran ƙananan raƙuman ruwa shine damis ɗin Malesiya. Damisa ta kasar Sin wata karamar hukuma ce wacce a halin yanzu ke fuskantar babbar barazanar bacewar ta gaba daya, saboda haka, a cikin yanayin yanayi, da alama irin waɗannan mutane ba su wanzu.
Tigers da mutum
Damisa tana kai wa mutum hari fiye da kowane wakilin daji na dangin. Dalilan kai harin na iya zama bayyanar mutane a cikin yankuna damisa, da kuma karancin isasshen abin farauta a cikin yankin mazaunin, wanda ke tunzura dabba mai farauta mai haɗari zuwa gidajen mutane.
Damisa masu cin mutum ita kaɗai, kuma dabba mai rauni ko tsufa da yawa tana neman ganima mai sauƙi, wanda mutum zai iya zama mai kyau. Wani saurayi mai lafiyayyen dabba daga dangin Feline ba safai yake kaiwa mutane hari ba, amma a cikin halaye na musamman yana iya yiwa mutum mummunan rauni. A halin yanzu babu wani rahoto game da harin damisa a kan mutane, don haka daidaitaccen kimantawa game da girman wannan lamarin zai iya zama kusan kawai.
Halakar damisa da mutane lamari ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a ƙasashe da yawa.... Magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin sun hada da amfani da dukkan sassan jikin damisa, gami da wutsiya, gashin baki da azzakari, wanda ake daukarsa a matsayin mai karfin cutar. Koyaya, duk wani tabbaci na kimiyya ko bincike na irin wadannan ra'ayoyin da ake shakku game da darajar wasu sassan jikin dabbar daji a halin yanzu sam basa nan. Koyaya, ya kamata a sani cewa duk wani amfani da damisa don kera magunguna an hana su sosai a cikin China, kuma masu hukuncin maƙarƙashiya hukuncin kisa ne.
