Fata na birni mai ban al'ajabi na iya alfahari da taken biyu - mafi kyawu kuma a lokaci guda mafi girma daga biran da ba mutane ba. Wannan sphinx ko mandrill - wakilin jinsi na Mandrillus da jinsunan Mandrillus sphinx.
Bayanin mandrill
Ya kasance daga dangin birai ne kuma dangi ne mafi kusanci da dril. Dukansu nau'ikan (tare da wasu da yawa) an haɗa su a cikin rukunin ɓarnar.
Bayyanar
A matsayinta na halitta (akan gabobi huɗu), wannan babban biri ya yi kama da dabbobi uku a lokaci ɗaya - boar, kare da biri... Babban kan ya haɗu a cikin madaidaiciya, madaidaiciya madaidaiciya wanda zai zama kamar na kare idan ba don hanci da ƙananan hancin hancinsa ba. Wannan dalla-dalla yana ba mandrill bayyanar kamannin alade, wanda ƙarfin ƙananan muƙamuƙi ya ƙarfafa shi.
Firamare yana da-kusa-kusa, zagaye idanu kuma yana da kunnuwa masu kyau masu ƙanƙantar haske. Manyan hakora ana bayyane a cikin buɗaɗɗen baki, daga cikin su akwai manyan kaho da dogaye, waɗanda ke tuna da son zuciyar masu farautar. Fari mai kauri vibrissae yana girma a kusa da hancin hanta, wanda ke dacewa da gaye, gajartar gemu a cikin maza. Ba a lura da ciyayi a babba na sama (har zuwa kan fuskoki). Tailananan jelar wutsiya mai haske kamar na yankakken ɗayan.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Namiji, yana tsaye a kan ƙafafuwansa na baya, zai yi daidai da tsaka-tsakin tsaka mai tsayin cm 80. Mace ce karama - 55-57 cm (mai nauyin kilogiram 12-15). Maza suna karɓar taro mai ban sha'awa: daga 36 zuwa 54 kilogiram.
Mandrill yana da kusan daidai gaba da baya da girma. Wannan jinsin an banbanta shi da sauran dabbobin da ƙarancin ƙafa da dabino, haka nan da ɗan yatsu. Birai an lullub'e su da doguwar suma, raguwa ne kawai a kafafu da gaban goshi. Gashi yana dab da jiki kuma yana fitowa tare da bushiya kawai sama da girare. Haskakawa daga waje shine launuka masu launuka iri-iri.
Dangane da wannan, al'aurar maza abin lura ne musamman, an zana shi da shuɗi, mulufi da shunayya. Hakanan mai ban mamaki shine hancin hancin ja mai haske da gadar hanci, wacce ke hade da launuka masu launin shuɗi-shuɗi na fatar fatar (wanda akafi sani kuma babba a cikin maza). Sautunan Bluish-launin toka suma halaye ne na bayan cinyoyi da yankin baya kusa da shi. Babban asalin gashi yana launin ruwan kasa-mai launin toka, yana juya zuwa haske (zuwa fari) a cikin cikin.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Mandrills suna rayuwa cikin manyan iyalai na mutane 15-30. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan dangi ne na jini - mata 5-10 manya da ɗiya, wanda alpha namiji ke jagoranta. Birai ana ɗaukar su marasa nutsuwa kuma basu wuce iyakokin kowane mutum wanda yakai murabba'in mita 40-50. km
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mandrills ne kawai keɓaɓɓu a cikin Tsohuwar Duniya don samun glandon fata wanda ke iya samar da ɓoye-ɓoye. Dabbobi suna amfani da wannan ruwan don yiwa yankunansu alama.
Tare da wadatattun kayan abinci, iyalai da yawa suna aiki tare a garken shanu 200 ko sama da haka, suna watsewa da zarar makiyaya ta bushe. An ga mafi yawan rukunin wakilan umarni a dajin Gabon: masana kimiyyar halitta sun kirga birai dubu 1.3 a ciki. Da rana, a matsayinka na mai mulkin, da safe, dabbobi suna zuwa neman guzuri - suna bincika shafin a hankali, suna nazarin ciyawa kuma suna jujjuya duwatsu. Abin da suka samo ana ci akan wurin, ko kuma suna hawa bishiyoyi suna cin abincin dare a wurin.
Bayan sun gamsar da yunwarsu, umarnin manya sun fara ayyukan tsafi (rarrabewa ta hanyar ulu, neman parasites), yara suna fara wasanni, kuma mazan sun gano wanene a cikinsu yafi dacewa da karfi a garken. Iyali suna da tsayayyen sarki, an ɗaukaka su zuwa cikakken matsayi. Ba za a iya shakkar ikon shugaba ba - ƙananan mazaje, matasa masu tasowa da kuma mata duka suna yi masa biyayya ba tare da tambaya ba.
Hakkokin shugaban sun hada da ba kawai shimfida hanyoyin abinci mai gamsarwa ba, har ma da daidaita rikice-rikice tsakanin kungiyar. A cikin wannan an taimake shi da ɗoki mai ƙarfi sau biyu da nuna kwazo, wanda aka tsara don jagorantar dangi a yawon shakatawa da kuma kare matasa daga ayyukan gaggawa. Ba a saba wa alpha namiji mai siffa irin na almond ba kuma yana sanya 'yan tawaye a wurinsu a wani dan karamin rashin biyayya da suka yi, a cikin mahimman lokuta masu amfani da karfin jiki. Maza da suka manyanta suna ƙoƙari su tsayayya wa mahaifinsu tun kafin su kai shekaru 4-5, amma ƙoƙarin da suke yi na ƙwace mulki kusan a koyaushe ya kasa.
Yaya tsawon lokacin mandrill yake rayuwa
Waɗannan atesan birrai suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci - har zuwa shekaru 40-50 tare da kyakkyawar kulawa (ɗan ɗan yanayi).
Mahimmanci! A cikin yanayi na wucin gadi, galibi suna haɗuwa da wasu nau'in, suna ba da zuriya mai ma'ana. San lafiya masu lafiya suna bayyana yayin da aka sadu da mandrill tare da ɗan akuya, dril da mangabey.
Banda shine ma'anar mandrill da macaque, sakamakon haka an haifi birai masu rauni da marasa ƙarfi.... Mandrills (saboda launin bakan gizo) babban ci gaba ne tare da baƙi zuwa wuraren shakatawar dabbobi a duniya.
Oneaya daga cikin iyallan umarnin, waɗanda suka zo daga Turai, yanzu suna zaune a Gidan Zoo na Moscow. Namiji, mata da yawa da ɗiyansu maza sun zauna a keɓaɓɓun wurare biyu. Tsawon lokacin zaman birrai a gidan zoo ya riga ya wuce shekaru 10.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Mandrills suna zaune a Yammacin Afirka, musamman Gabon, Kudancin Kamaru da Kwango. Dabbobi sun fi son gandun dajin ruwan sama (na farko da na sakandare), wasu lokuta suna zama a cikin wurare masu duwatsu. Mandrill ma ba shi da yawa a cikin savannah.
Abincin biri na Mandrill
Duk da yanayin birrai, ciyayi sun fi yawa a cikin abincinsu, suna kaiwa kashi 92% na abincin da ake ci. Tsarin menu na mandrill ya hada da shuke-shuke sama da 110 tare da bangarori masu ci kamar:
- 'ya'yan itace;
- ganye;
- tsaba;
- kwayoyi;
- mai tushe;
- haushi.
Ana samun kayan abinci na Mandrill a ƙasa da bishiyoyi, ana cire ɗan itacen daga fata da ganye.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mandrills (ban da abincinsu da aka samo) baya ƙyamar ragowar bukukuwan wasu birai, misali, birai. Wannan na ƙarshen yana da abun ciye-ciye a cikin bishiyoyi, kuma ɓangarorin da aka ci rabin suna tashi ƙasa, wanda shine abin da mandrills ke amfani da shi.
Lokaci zuwa lokaci, abincin yana wadatar da furotin na dabba, wanda ke 'wadatar' su da dabbobi iri-iri:
- tururuwa da tururuwa;
- ƙwaro
- ciyawar ciyawa;
- dodunan kodi;
- kunama;
- kananan beraye;
- kwadi;
- kajin da kwai tsuntsaye.
A cikin abubuwan da ake so na gastronomic, mandrill ba duk ya yarda da dabbar ba, wanda ba shi da gamsuwa da ƙananan dabbobi, amma yana neman ganima mafi girma (alal misali, samari matasa). Sau da yawa, iyalai da yawa sukan taru a lokaci guda a filaye tare da wadataccen kayan abinci. A cikin bauta, menu na mandrill ya ɗan canza wasu abubuwa... Don haka, a cikin gidan Zoo na Moscow, ana ciyar da birai sau uku a rana, suna ba da fruitsa fruitsan itace da faski don karin kumallo, hatsi, busassun fruitsa fruitsan itace, goro da cuku na gida don cin abincin rana, da nama, kayan lambu da ƙwai don abincin dare.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lokacin saduwa ya yi daidai da fari wanda ke tsayawa daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba. A cikin wadannan watannin, jagora ya mamaye dukkan matan da suka manyanta, ba tare da barin kowannensu ya samu soyayya a gefe ba.
Bakin haruffa yana da matan da "suka fi so", da kuma waɗanda ba safai suke samun falalarsa ba. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa duk 'ya'yan da mata suke kawowa sune magadan shugaba kai tsaye. Shirye-shiryen biri don saduwa ana nuna shi da abin da ake kira "fata na al'aura" wanda ke cikin yankin angoginital. A cikin girma na manya, ana lura da launi mafi tsananin lokacin kiwo.
Mahimmanci! A cikin mace, wani matakin estrus yana shafar yanki da haske na "fatar jima'i" (wanda ke canza launi ƙarƙashin lafazin homonin jima'i). Haihuwa a cikin mata ba a lura da shi ba kafin watanni 39, a cikin maza kadan daga baya.
Haihuwa na daukar watanni 8, daga nan kuma sai a haifi 'ya' ya guda. Haihuwa galibi ana yin sa ne daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu, lokacin da ake ganin shine mafi dacewa da ciyarwa. Da zaran an gama haihuwa, uwa, a hankali rungume da yaron, ta shafa shi a kan nono. Bayan 'yan makonni, karamin biri ya riga ya zauna a bayan uwar, yana manne da gashinta.
'Ya'yan sun sami' yanci ta kusan shekara ta uku ta rayuwarsa, ba tare da mantawa ba, don komowa ga iyayen don hutun dare na yau da kullun. Bayan sun balaga, samari sun kasu kashi biyu: manya sun fita daga rukunin, kuma mata sun kasance cikin dangi, suna cika matan.
Makiya na halitta
Dangane da fitowar mazaje da kuma iya hawan bishiyoyi da hankali, mandrills ba su da abokan gaba na zahiri... Babbar barazanar ta fito ne daga damisa mai sauri da rashin tausayi, waɗanda ke da sauƙin gaske ga matasa da marasa lafiyar biri.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Barazanar ɓacewa ta ɓarke kan mandrills. Tare da irin wannan alamar, nau'in ya shiga Rataye na 1, wanda ake magana akan Yarjejeniyar Cinikin Kasa da Kasa a cikin Dabbobin Dabbobin daji da Na Dabba.
Mahimmanci! Babban dalilin da yasa aka samu raguwar adadin dabbobi ana ganin lalata musu muhallansu na gargajiya. Bugu da kari, wasu kabilun Afirka suna farautar birai ta hanyar yanka gawarwakinsu don girki.
Rashin daidaituwa na 'yan birrai, waɗanda ke lalata gonakin da aka shuka koyaushe da lambunan ƙauye, yana ƙara tashin hankali a cikin dangantakar. Mazauna koyaushe ba za su iya yaƙi da birrai masu girman kai da ƙarfi ba, suna fifita rasa ɓangaren girbi fiye da rikici da su... Primates kuma suna karfafawa mutanen gida gwiwa don yin kirkira: Fuskokin Afirka galibi suna bayyana tare da canza launi wanda ke maimaita launuka masu kyau a fuskar mandrill.
