Giwaye (lat. Elerhantidae) dangi ne na dabbobi masu shayarwa na nau'in Chordate da kuma tsarin Proboscis. Zuwa yau, mafi girman girman dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke jagorancin rayuwar ƙasa ana ba su ga wannan dangin da yawa. Iyalan giwaye sun hada da nau'ikan giwaye na zamani daga zuriya biyu, da kuma tsohuwar halittar irin wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Nauyin giwaye ta nau'i-nau'i
Giwayen Afirka (Lokhodonta) sun haɗa da giwayen daji (Lohodonta afrisana), giwar daji (Lohodonta syslotis) da giwar Dwarf (Lohodonta crutzburgi). Nau'o'in giwayen Indiya (Elerhas) wakiltar giwar Indiya (Elerhas makhimus), giwar dodannin Cyprus (Elerhas cyrriotes) da giwar giwar Siciliya (Elerhas fаlconeri). Hakanan sananne shine gandun daji madaidaiciya (Palaelohodon antiquus) da sauran nau'ikan.
Nauyin giwar Afirka
Giwayen Afirka (Lohodonta) nau'ikan halittu ne na dabbobi masu shayarwa daga Afirka, saboda tsarin proboscis. A cewar masana kimiyya, wannan jinsin yana da wakiltar wasu jinsuna biyu na zamani: giwar daji (Lokhodonta afrisana) da giwar daji (Lohodonta cyclotis). Dangane da sabon binciken da aka yi game da DNA na nukiliya, wadannan nau'ikan Afirka guda biyu daga jinsin Lohodonta sun kafa kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.9 da 7.1 da suka shude, amma a 'yan kwanakin nan ana daukar su a matsayin kananan kungiyoyi (Lohodonta africana africana da L. africana cyclotis) Har wa yau, gano jinsin na uku - giwar Afirka ta Gabas - yana nan cikin tambaya.
Nauyin da ya fi nauyi ya cancanci giwayen Afirka.... Matsakaicin nauyin balagaggen namiji na iya zama kilo 7.0-7.5 dubu, ko kimanin tan bakwai da rabi. Irin wannan adadi mai yawa na dabbar ya faru ne saboda tsayin giwar Afirka, wanda ke jujjuyawa tsakanin mita uku zuwa huɗu a ƙushin, kuma wani lokacin ya fi hakan girma. A lokaci guda, Giwayen Gandun daji sune mafi ƙanƙan wakilai na iyali: tsayin babba ba safai ya wuce mita 2.5 ba, tare da nauyin kilogram 2500 ko tan 2.5. Wakilan raƙuman giwar daji, akasin haka, sune dabbobi mafi girma a duniya. Matsakaicin nauyin namiji baligi na iya zama tan 5.0-5.5 ko fiye, tare da tsayin dabba a cikin kewayon mita 2.5-3.5.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A halin yanzu mutane kusan miliyan miliyan na giwar Afirka suna kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wakilan ƙirar giwayen dajin kuma kusan kashi uku cikin uku na raƙuman giwar Bush.
Babu dabbobin da ke doron ƙasa da zasu iya aƙalla aƙalla rabin nauyin jikin giwar Afirka. Tabbas, mace daga wannan nau'in tana da ɗan ƙarami a cikin girma da nauyi, amma wani lokacin yana da matukar wahala a rarrabe ta da namiji mai balaga. Matsakaicin tsawon balagaggen giwar mata Afirka ya bambanta daga 5.4 zuwa 6.9 m, tare da tsayinsa zuwa mita uku. Wata mace baliga ta kai kimanin tan uku.
Nauyin giwar Indiya
Giwayen Asiya, ko giwayen Indiya (lat. Elerhas makhimus) dabbobi masu shayarwa ne na tsarin Proboscis. A halin yanzu, su ne kawai nau'ikan zamani na halittar giwar Asiya (Elerhas) kuma wakilin daya daga cikin nau'ikan zamani uku na dangin giwar. Giwayen Asiya sune na biyu a dabbobin ƙasar bayan giwayen savannah.
Girman giwar Indiya ko Asiya tana da ban sha'awa sosai. A ƙarshen rayuwarsu, tsofaffin maza sun kai nauyin jiki na 5.4-5.5 tons, tare da matsakaicin tsayi na mita 2.5-3.5. Mace na wannan nau'in yana da ƙarancin girma fiye da na namiji, saboda haka matsakaicin nauyin irin wannan dabba mai girma bai wuce tan 2.7-2.8 ba. Daga cikin mafi ƙanƙancin wakilai na tsarin Proboscis da nau'in giwayen Indiya a cikin girma da nauyi akwai ragin raƙuman ruwa daga yankin Kalimantan. Matsakaicin nauyin irin wannan dabba da wuya ya wuce tan 1.9-2.0.
Girman girma da nauyin jikin giwayen Asiya saboda halaye na ciyar da irin wannan mai shayarwar.... Dukkanin rabe-raben zamani na giwayen Asiya, gami da giwar Indiya (E. m. Indisus), Sri Lankan ko giwar Ceylon (E. mахimus), da giwar Sumatran (E. sumatrensis) da giwar Bornean (E. borneensis), suna cin babban yawan abinci. Irin wadannan giwayen na daukar kimanin sa’o’i ashirin a rana suna nema da kuma cin kowane irin abinci na asalin tsirrai. A lokaci guda, kowane mutum baligi yana cin kusan kilogram 150-300 na amfanin gona, gora da sauran ciyayi kowace rana.
Adadin abincin da ake ci kullum shine kusan 6-8% na jimlar nauyin jikin mai shayarwa. A cikin adadi kaɗan, giwaye suna cin baƙi, tushe da kuma ganyayyaki na tsire-tsire, da 'ya'yan itace da furanni. Giwa ta fizge doguwar ciyawa, ganyaye da harbe-harbe ta hanyar akwati mai sassauƙa. An fitar da gajeren ciyawa tare da shura mai ƙarfi. Haushi daga manyan rassa an goge shi da molar, yayin da reshen kansa ke riƙe da akwati a wannan lokacin. Giwaye da son ransu suna lalata amfanin gona, ciki har da gonakin shinkafa, dasa ayaba ko sikari. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa aka sanya giwayen Indiya a matsayin manyan kwari masu noma a fannin girma.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Adadin yawan giwayen Asiya yanzu yana da ɗan sauƙi amma tabbas yana gabatowa cikin mawuyacin hali, kuma a yau kusan mutane dubu ashirin da biyar ne ke wannan jinsin na shekaru daban-daban a duniyar tamu.
Wasu masana kimiyya da masana sun yi imanin cewa giwayen Asiya suna bin asalinsu ne don tsinkaye, wanda irin wannan mazaunin ya bayyana. Stegodons na cikin dadadden jinsin dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma babban banbancin shine tsarin hakora, da kuma kasancewar kwarangwal mai karfi, amma karami. Giwayen Indiya na zamani sun gwammace su zauna a cikin dazuzzuka masu raƙuman ruwa da ke da ƙarancin ruwa tare da ƙarancin gandun daji, waɗanda shrubs ke wakilta musamman ma gora.
Nauyin giwa a lokacin haihuwa
Giwaye suna da yanayin mafi tsawon lokacin ciki na kowane mai shayarwa a halin yanzu sananne. Jimlar tsawonsa shine watanni 18-21.5, amma tayi ya kai cikakken ci gaba a watan goma sha tara, bayan haka ne kawai yake girma a hankali, yana kara nauyi da girma. Giwar mata, a ƙa'ida, tana kawo ɗa ɗaya, amma wani lokacin ana haihuwar wasu giwaye a lokaci ɗaya. Matsakaicin nauyin jikin jariri shine 90-100 kg tare da tsayin kafadarsa na kimanin mita daya.
Sabon maraƙin giwar da aka haifa yana da hauren dogayen tsayi na tsawon cm 4-5. Waɗannan hakoran da aka gyara suna faɗuwa ne a cikin giwaye da shekara biyu, yayin aiwatar da maye gurbin haƙoran madara da manya. Giwayen jarirai sukan tashi tsaye kamar 'yan awanni kaɗan bayan haihuwarsu, bayan haka kuma suna fara shan nonon uwa mai gina jiki sosai. Tare da taimakon akwati, mace “ta feshe” ƙura da ƙasa a kan samari, wanda ke ba da sauƙi a bushe fata kuma a rufe ƙanshin daga dabbobin farauta. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haihuwa,' ya'yan sun riga sun iya bin garkensu. Yayin motsawa, ana riƙe giwar jariri ta wutsiyar ƙanwarta ko mahaifiyarsa.
Mahimmanci! Sai da shekara shida ko bakwai kawai matasa ke fara rabuwa da danginsu sannu a hankali, kuma fitar karshe da dabbobin da suka manyanta na faruwa ne a shekara ta goma sha biyu ta rayuwar mai shayarwa.
Babu shakka duk mata masu shayarwa a cikin garken tumaki ɗaya suna tsunduma cikin ciyar da giwaye. Lokacin ciyar da madara na tsawon shekara daya da rabi ko biyu, amma giwaye sun fara cin ciyayi iri-iri daga watanni shida ko watanni bakwai. Giwaye kuma suna cin najasar uwa, wanda ke taimakawa jariri mai girma ya shiga cikin abubuwan gina jiki da ba kwayar halittar da ke cikin kwayar cutar cellulose. Kulawar uwa ga zuriyar ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru.
Masu riƙe rikodin nauyi
Ofaya daga cikin dabbobin gidan shahararren Safari Park, wanda ke cikin iyakar garin Romat Gan, ya samu fitowar hukuma a kwanan nan. Giwa Yossi dattijo ne a wannan wurin shakatawa kuma an san shi a matsayin babbar giwar a duniya..
Yana da ban sha'awa! Dangane da ilimin kimiyya da rayuwa, kwarangwal din katuwar giwar Archidiskodon meridionalis Nesti wanda ya rayu a duniyarmu kimanin shekaru miliyan daya da rabi da suka gabata ya rayu da kashi 80%, kuma a halin yanzu masana na kokarin dawo da baiyanar wannan dabba ta tarihi don Guinness Book of Records.
Wani ƙwararren masanin da ya gayyaci ma'aikatan wurin shakatawar ya gudanar da matakan auna giwar Yossi. Sakamakon yana da ban sha'awa sosai - nauyin mai shayarwa ya kai kimanin tan shida tare da haɓakar mita 3.7. Wutsiyar wakilin ƙungiyar Proboscis mita ɗaya ne, kuma tsayin akwatin ya kai mita 2.5. Jimlar tsawon kunnuwan Yossi yakai cm 120, kuma haurensa suna ci gaba da rabin mita gaba.
Giwar daji ta Afirka, wacce aka harbe a shekarar 1974 a Angola, ta zama matattarar mai rike da nauyi a tsakanin dukkanin giwayen. Wannan babban saurayin yakai nauyin tan 12.24. Don haka, katuwar dabba mai shayarwa ta shiga shafin Guinness Book of Record ne kawai bayan mutuwa.
Gaskiyar giwar gaskiya
Gaskiya mafi ban sha'awa da bazata dangane da nauyin giwa:
- Thearjin, wanda yake da alaƙa da tsarin numfashi, ɓangare ne mai aiki da yawa kuma yana bawa dabba damar tattara bayanan taɗi, kama abubuwa, sannan kuma yana shiga cikin ciyarwa, ƙamshi, numfashi da ƙirƙirar sauti. Tsawon hanci, wanda aka haɗe shi da leben sama, ya kai 1.5-2 m har ma da ƙari kaɗan;
- ciki mai sauƙi na babbar giwar mace Asiya tana da ƙarfin lita 76.6 kuma tana da nauyin kilogram 17-35, yayin da a cikin giwayen Afirka matsakaicin nauyin ciki ya kai lita 60 tare da nauyi a tsakanin kilogram 36-45;
- hanta giwa mai ƙwanƙwasa uku ko mai ƙwanƙwasa biyu ma tana da matuƙar ban sha'awa cikin girma da nauyi. Nauyin hanta a cikin mace ya kai kilogiram 36-45, kuma a cikin babban namiji - kimanin kilogiram 59-68;
- nauyin pancreas na babban giwa ya kai kilogiram 1.9-2.0, yayin da babu tabbatattun bayanai kan kowace cuta da ke haifar da cikas ga aikin wannan ɓangaren;
- matsakaicin nauyin zuciyar giwa ya kai kusan kashi 0.5% na nauyin mai shayarwa - kusan kilogram 12-21;
- giwaye suna da babbar kwakwalwa a cikin girma da nauyi a tsakanin dukkanin dabbobi masu shayarwa da aka sani a duniyarmu, kuma matsakaicin nauyinsa ya bambanta a tsakanin kilogram 3.6-6.5.
Duk da girman girmansu da alamomin nauyi masu kayatarwa, hatta giwayen manya suna iya gudu da sauri sosai, tare da yin kaifi da saurin motsi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsarin wannan babbar dabba mai shayarwa, wacce ta kebanta da nauyin jiki.
