Marten mai saurin azanci ne kuma mai wayo, mai iya shawo kan matsaloli da yawa, hawa dutsen daɗaɗaɗa tare da rassan bishiyoyi. Kyakkyawar kyakkyawar furinta mai launin rawaya-cakulat tana da daraja ta musamman.
Bayanin marten
Wannan dabba ce mai girma. Theauyukan marten suna daɗaɗɗen gami da haɗe-haɗen gandun daji, wanda a cikinsu akwai wadatattun lambobin tsofaffin bishiyoyi masu rami da kaurin shrubs... A irin waɗannan wuraren ne marten zai iya samun abinci cikin sauƙi kuma ya sami mahalli don kansa, wanda yake tanada shi a cikin ramuka a tsayi.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Marten na iya hawa bishiyoyi da sauri har ma ya yi tsalle daga wannan reshe zuwa wani, ta yin amfani da wutsiyarta mai tamani a matsayin parashi. Yana iyo da gudu sosai (gami da cikin gandun daji mai dusar ƙanƙara, tunda ƙwanƙolin gefen ƙafafunsa yana hana dabba nitsewa cikin dusar ƙanƙara).
Saboda saurin sa, karfi da kuzarin sa, wannan dabbar kyakkyawar mafarauta ce. Animalsananan dabbobi, tsuntsaye da amphibians yawanci sukan zama ganima, kuma don bin dirarwa, marten na iya yin tsalle-tsalle tare da rassan bishiyoyi. Marten yakan lalata gidajen tsuntsaye. Ba tsuntsayen ƙasa kawai ke shan wahala daga hare-haren ta ba, har ma waɗanda ke gina gidajan su a saman bishiyoyi. Ya kamata kuma a sani cewa marten yana amfanar mutane ta hanyar daidaita yawan ɗimbin mazauna mazauninsu.
Bayyanar
Marten yana da lush mai kyau da kyakkyawa, wanda yafi siliki a hunturu fiye da bazara. Launinsa na iya samun launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa (cakulan, kirjin, launin ruwan kasa). Bayan dabbar yana da launin ruwan kasa-kasa, kuma bangarorin sun fi sauki. A kan nono, tabo mai zagaye mai launi rawaya mai haske yana bayyane, wanda yafi haske a lokacin bazara fiye da lokacin sanyi.
Theafafun marten sun kasance gajeru, masu yatsu biyar, waɗanda suke da ƙafafu masu kaifi. Ana nuna bakin muzzle, tare da gajerun kunnuwa masu kusurwa uku, an rufe su da rawaya rawaya tare gefuna. Jikin marten yana tsugune kuma yana da tsayi mai tsayi, kuma girman babba yana da kusan rabin mita. Nauyin maza ya fi na mata yawa kuma da wuya ya wuce kilogram 2.
Salon rayuwa
Tsarin dabbobi ya shafi rayuwarsa da dabi'unsa kai tsaye. Marten ya motsa musamman ta tsalle. Jiki mai sassauci, siririn jikin dabbar yana ba shi damar motsawa tare da saurin walƙiya a cikin rassa, yana bayyana ne kawai a cikin sakan ɗaya a cikin ramin pines da firs. Marten yana son zama a saman bene. Tare da taimakon ƙafafuwanta, tana iya hawa ko da mafi santsan kuma mafi ma da kututturan.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Wannan dabba mafi yawan lokuta tana zaɓar rayuwar yau da kullun. Yana cinye mafi yawan lokuta a cikin bishiyoyi ko farauta. Mutum yana ƙoƙari ta kowace hanya don kauce wa.
Marten ya shirya gida a rami a tsawan sama da mita 10 ko kuma a cikin kambin bishiyoyi... Yana da alaƙa sosai ga wuraren da aka zaɓa kuma baya barin su koda kuwa da ɗan rashin abinci. Duk da irin wannan salon rayuwa, waɗannan wakilan gidan weasel na iya yin ƙaura bayan ɓarna, wanda wani lokacin sukan yi ƙaura gaba ɗaya a kan tazara mai nisa.
Daga cikin yankunan dazuzzukan da shahidai ke rayuwa a cikinsu, akwai yankuna iri biyu: yankuna marasa kyau, inda a zahiri ba su wanzu, da kuma “wuraren farauta”, inda suke kusan cinye lokacinsu duka. A lokacin dumi, waɗannan dabbobin suna zaɓar ƙaramin yanki wanda yake da wadataccen abinci kamar yadda zai yiwu kuma suna ƙoƙari kada su barshi. A lokacin hunturu, rashin abinci yana tura su faɗaɗa ƙasashensu da sanya alamomi akan hanyoyin su.
Nau'in martens
Martens sune masu cin nama na dangin marten. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan waɗannan dabbobin, waɗanda ke da ɗan bambance-bambance a cikin sifa da halaye, wanda ya faru ne saboda mazauninsu daban:
Amurkan Amurka
Wannan ba kasafai ake samun irin sa ba kuma ba a karancin nau'in dabbobi. A waje, shahidan Amurka yayi kama da pine marten. Launinsa na iya bambanta daga launin rawaya zuwa inuwar cakulan. Nono mai launin rawaya mai haske kuma ƙafafu na iya zama kusan baƙi. Ba a yi cikakken nazarin halaye na wannan memba na gidan weasel ba, tunda marten Ba'amurke ya fi son farauta ne kawai cikin dare kuma ta kowace hanya tana iya kauce wa mutane.
Ilka
Babban nau'in marten. Tsawon jikinsa tare da jela a wasu mutane ya kai mita ɗaya, kuma nauyinsa kilo 4 ne. Launin duhu ne, galibi launin ruwan kasa ne. A lokacin rani, Jawo yana da wuya, amma a lokacin hunturu ya zama mai laushi kuma ya fi tsayi, ƙyallen azurfa mai daraja ya bayyana akan sa. Elk yana farautar ɓarna, kurege, ɓeraye, kayan kwalliyar itace da tsuntsaye. Yana son cin abinci a kan 'ya'yan itatuwa da' ya'yan itace. Waɗannan wakilan dangin weasel na iya sauƙaƙe bin ganima ba kawai a cikin ƙasa ba, har ma a cikin bishiyoyi.
Dutse marten
Babban yanki na rarraba shi shine yankin Turai. Marten Stone yakan sauka kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam, wanda ba shi da halaye na musamman ga wakilan gidan weasel. Jawo na wannan nau'in dabba yana da wuya, launin toka-ruwan kasa-launi. A wuyansa, yana da yanki mai haske. Abubuwan halayyar marten dutse sune hanci mai haske da ƙafa, ba shi da gefuna. Babban abincin wannan jinsin sune kananan beraye, kwadi, kadangaru, tsuntsaye da kwari. A lokacin rani, suna iya cin abincin shuka. Zasu iya kai farmaki kaji da zomo na cikin gida. Wannan nau'in ne mafi yawanci yakan zama abin farauta da kuma fitar da fur mai tamani.
Pine marten
Wurin zama shi ne gandun daji na Tsibirin Turai da wasu yankuna na Asiya. Dabbar tana da launin kasa-kasa tare da bayyana rawaya a makogwaron. Pine marten yana da komai, amma babban ɓangaren abincinsa shine nama. Tana yin farauta galibi don ɓarna, voles, amphibians da tsuntsaye. Iya ciyarwa akan gawa. A lokacin dumi, yana cin 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itace da kwayoyi.
Kharza
Wannan wakilin gidan weasel yana da launi mai ban mamaki wanda mutane da yawa suna ɗaukar wannan dabba a matsayin jinsin mai zaman kanta. Kharza dabba ce mai girman gaske. Tsawon jiki (tare da wutsiya) wani lokacin yakan wuce mita ɗaya, kuma nauyin samfuran mutum na iya zama kilogram 6. Gashi yana da kyakkyawar sheen. Yana farautar galibi squirls, sables, chipmunks, karnuka, kyankyasai, tsuntsaye da beraye. Iya iya sarrafa abinci tare da kwari ko kwado. Akwai lokuta da yawa na hare-hare da kharza ke yi wa matasa, dawakai, da dabbobin daji. Yana kuma cin goro, 'ya'yan itace da zumar daji.
Nilgir kharza
Babban wakilin iyali. Tsawon sa ya kai mita daya, kuma nauyin sa ya kai kilogram 2.5. Anyi nazarin halaye da tsarin rayuwar Nilgir kharza da kyau. An yi imanin cewa dabbar ta fi son rayuwar yau da kullun kuma tana rayuwa galibi cikin bishiyoyi. Masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa a lokacin farautar, dabbar tana nitsewa zuwa ƙasa, kamar sauran nau'in martens. Wasu shaidun gani da ido sun ce sun shaida yadda ake farautar wannan dabba ga tsuntsaye da kurege.
Har yaushe marten yake rayuwa
Tsawon rayuwar mai martaba a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi na iya kaiwa shekaru 15, amma a cikin daji suna rayuwa ƙasa da ƙasa. Wannan dabbar tana da masu fafatawa da yawa dangane da hakar abinci - duk matsakaici da manya mazauna dajin. Koyaya, babu abokan gaba waɗanda ke haifar da babbar barazana ga yawan shahidan a cikin yanayi.
A wasu yankuna, yawan dabbobi ya dogara ne da ambaliyar ruwan bazara (wanda wani muhimmin bangare na beraye, wanda shine daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da marten ke ci, ya mutu) da sare bishiyun akai akai (lalata tsohuwar dazuzzuka daga karshe zai iya haifar da bacewar wadannan dabbobi gaba daya).
Wurin zama, mazauni
Rayuwar marten tana da alaƙa da kurmi. Mafi yawanci ana iya samun sa a cikin spruce, pine ko wasu gandun daji masu coniferous. A cikin yankunan arewacin zama, waɗannan sune spruce ko fir, kuma a kudanci - spruce ko hadaddun gandun daji.
Don mazaunin zama na dindindin, ta zaɓi dazuzzuka masu arziƙin iska, tsofaffin dogayen bishiyoyi, manyan gefunan gandun daji, gami da yalwar sarari tare da ƙananan bishiyoyi.
Marten na iya jin daɗin zuwa yankuna masu faɗi da gandun daji, inda yake zaune a cikin kwarin manyan koguna da rafuka. Wasu nau'ikan wannan dabba sun fi son yankuna masu duwatsu da wuraren ajiyar duwatsu. Yawancin waɗannan mustelids suna ƙoƙari su guje wa mazaunin ɗan adam. Banda shi shine marten dutse, wanda zai iya daidaita kai tsaye kusa da ƙauyukan mutane.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Ba kamar sauran dangi ba, alal misali, sabulu (zaune kawai a Siberia), ana rarraba marten kusan a duk faɗin yankin Turai, har zuwa tsaunukan Ural da Ob River.
Abincin Marten
Martens na da komai, amma manyan abubuwan da suke farauta ƙananan dabbobi ne (squirrels, mice mice)... Suna farautar beraye, wanda yawancin kuliyoyi suke ƙoƙari su guji saboda girman su. Zasu iya lalata tsintsayen tsuntsaye, da kuma farautar dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians. Wani lokacin sukan kyale kansu su ci mushe. A cikin lokacin dumi, shahidan martaba suna cin abinci a kan 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi,' ya'yan itace, musamman tokar dutse.
A ƙarshen bazara da cikin faɗuwar rana, shahidan suna yin kayayyaki waɗanda zasu taimaka musu su tsira daga hunturu. Abincin mai marten ya dogara da tsawon lokacin sanyi, mazaunin, wanda yayi daidai da nau'ikan dabbobi, tsuntsaye da tsirrai. Kodayake dabbar tana tafiya daidai tare da rassan bishiyoyi, tana ciyarwa galibi a ƙasa. A arewaci da tsakiyar Rasha, babban abincin shine squir, black grouse, hazel grouse, ptarmigan, kwan su da kaji.
Dutse marten ba shi da kariya daga kudan zuma da danshin daji, don haka shahidai wani lokacin sukan kai hari apiaries ko cin abinci akan zuma daga kudan zuma. Lokaci-lokaci sukan hau cikin gidajen kaji ko wasu gidajen kaji. Jifar tsuntsu mai firgitarwa yana tayar da hankalinsu daga ainihin mai farauta, wanda ke tunzura su su kashe duk wani abin da zai iya faruwa, har ma da wanda ba sa iya ci.
Makiya na halitta
Babu masu farauta da yawa masu haɗari ga rayuwar shahidai a cikin dazuzzuka. Lokaci-lokaci wolf, dawakai, kerkeci, damisa, da kuma tsuntsaye masu cin nama (gaggafa zinariya, ungulu, gaggafa, goshawks). Wadannan dabbobin guda sune masu fafatawa kai tsaye don abinci.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Adadin shahidai sun ɗan bambanta kaɗan daga shekara zuwa shekara, wanda yanayin dabba yake da ma'ana. Wannan dabbar tana iya maye gurbin rashin abinci ɗaya da wani. Ara ko raguwa a cikin yawan su yana faruwa ne saboda rashi ko ƙarancin abinci tsawon shekaru a jere, amma irin waɗannan canje-canjen ba su da yawa. Thearfin mutum akan wannan dabba mai ɗauke da fur.
Martens ya kai ga balagar jima'i bayan shekaru uku na rayuwa... Lokacin dindindin yana farawa ne a ƙarshen bazara. Mace tana ɗauke da thea cuban tsawon watanni 7-9. Irin wannan dogon lokacin ana danganta shi da kasancewar lokacin jinkirin jinkiri a cikin tayi, wanda zai sake dawowa a lokacin bazara.
Ba da daɗewa ba, mace za ta sami upan yara 2 zuwa 8. An haife su tsirara da makafi (hangen nesa yana bayyana ne kawai bayan wata ɗaya) kuma nauyin su bai wuce gram 30 ba. Bayan wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, haƙoransu suka yanke kuma mahaifiya ta fara ba su abincin dabbobi. Matasan martens sun fara tsalle suna hawa bishiyoyi a cikin watanni 3-4, kuma suna farauta da kansu a cikin watanni shida. Daga shekara biyu zuwa biyu, mata na fara zama a bayan maza masu nauyi kuma suna kula da wannan bambancin a duk rayuwarsu.
A lokacin hunturu sun kai girman dabbobi manya, kuma tsintsiya ta tarwatse. Da farko, dabbobi dabbobi suna farauta a wurin mahaifiyarsu, daga nan sai su fara bunkasa wuraren da babu kowa, wadanda suka fi muni kuma ba su da matsuguni kaɗan da na wadanda suka ci gaba. Saboda haka, a farkon farautar, su ne suka fi yawa daga cikin ganimar mafarautan.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Yawancin mazaunan Eurasia. Mazauninsa ya faro daga Pyrenees zuwa Himalayas. Yawancin a duk yankin yana da girma kuma an ba da izinin farauta. A wasu jihohin Arewacin Amurka, an shigo da marten na musamman kuma ana yin shi don farautar farauta.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Marten shine wakilin babban gidan weasels. Ita dabba ce mai kimar gaske, kuma tana da danshi mai duhu na danshi ko launin ruwan kasa mai launin rawaya.
