Sumatran karkanda Dabba ce mai girman gaske. A yau, ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba a same shi a cikin mazauninsu na asali, tunda jinsin ya kusan gab da halaka. Adadin adadi yana da matukar wahala masanan kimiyyar dabbobi su tantance, tunda dabbobi suna rayuwa a ɓoye, keɓantacciyar hanyar rayuwa kuma mazauninsu yana da faɗi sosai. Wannan nau'in ne da ake ɗauka mafi ƙanƙanta daga duk wanda yake duniya, haka kuma shi kaɗai ne a duniya wanda yake da ƙaho biyu.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Sumatran Rhino
Rhino na Sumatran dabba ce mai ɗanɗano. Wakili ne na ajin dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsarin tsari iri daya, dangin karkanda, jinsi da jinsi na Sumatran karkanda. An dauke shi tsohuwar dabba ce. Dangane da ƙarshen masana kimiyya, wakilan wannan nau'in sune zuriyar ɓarnar ulu da ta bace kimanin shekaru miliyan 10 da suka gabata, wanda ke zaune a duk Eurasia.
Bidiyo: Sumatran karkanda
Nau'in da wannan dabba take zuwa ana kiransa Dicerorhinus. Fassara daga Girkanci, sunan yana nufin ƙaho biyu. Sumetran karkanda ya rabu da sauran kayan masarufi yayin farkon Eocene. Nazarin DNA na wannan dabba ya ba da shawarar cewa kakannin dabbar sun rabu da kakannin da ke nesa na dangin dangi kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsoffin burbushin halittu wadanda suke na wakilan wannan jinsin sun nuna cewa dabbobi sun wanzu shekaru miliyan 17 zuwa 24 da suka gabata. Masana kimiyya basu cimma matsaya ba kuma basu iya dawo da cikakken hoto game da juyin halittar karkanda ba.
Dangane da wannan, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da halittar dabbobi. Na farko ya faɗi game da kyakkyawar alaƙa da nau'in karkanda na Afirka, daga abin da suka gaji ƙahon biyu. Na biyu ya ce game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin Indiyawan, wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta hanyar haɗuwa da mazaunin jinsunan. Ka'idar ta uku bata tabbatar da daya daga cikin wadanda suka gabata ba kuma ya dogara da sakamakon gwajin kwayoyin halitta. Ta nuna cewa dukkanin jinsunan da ke sama sun banbanta kuma ba wata alaka da juna.
Bayan haka, masana kimiyya sun gano alaƙar kut-da-kut ta karkatar Sumatran da ulu. Sun bayyana a lokacin Babban Pleistocene kuma sun ɓace gabadayan shekaru miliyan 10 da suka gabata.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Sumatran karkanda a cikin yanayi
Karkunan Sumatran sune mafi ƙanƙanci daga duk karkanda a duniya. Babban fasalin bayyanar: Tsayin jiki a bushe a cikin mutane daban-daban na iya zama daga santimita 115 zuwa 150. Wannan nau'in rhino yana halin bayyanar da dimorphism na jima'i. Matan sun ɗan fi na maza ƙima, kuma nauyin jikinsu ya yi ƙasa. Tsawon jikin ya fara daga santimita 240 zuwa 320. Nauyin jikin babban mutum kilogram 900-2000 ne. Matsakaicin girman mutum yana da nauyin kilogram 1000-1300.
Rhino na Sumatran yana da ƙaho biyu. Anajin gaban ko hanci ya kai santimita 15-30 a tsayi. Horaho na baya ya fi ƙaran na baya girma. Tsayinsa da wuya ya wuce santimita 10. Theahonin maza suna da tsayi da yawa fiye da na mata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An rubuta wani mutum mai ƙaho na hanci a cikin tarihi, tsawonsa ya kai santimita 81. Wannan cikakken rikodin ne.
Jikin rhinoceros yana da ƙarfi, babba, ƙwarai da gaske. Haɗe da gajeru, kafafu masu kauri, an ƙirƙiri ɗaukar mara daɗi da damuwa. Koyaya, wannan ba komai bane. Jikin dabba yana lulluɓe da lanƙwasawa waɗanda suka miƙa tun daga wuya zuwa ɓangarorin har zuwa gaɓɓɓwan baya. A cikin wakilan wannan nau'in, ba a bayyana fatar fata sosai. Rhino na iya samun launukan jiki daban-daban a matakai daban-daban na rayuwarsu. Manya suna da launin toka.
An haifi jarirai da duhu. Jikinsu an lullube da layin gashi mai kauri baƙi, wanda yake fita yayin da yake girma da haske. Shugaban kan karkanda ya fi girma, tsawaita. A saman kai akwai dogayen kunnuwa, a saman abin da ake da abubuwan da ake kira "tassels". Akwai daidai iri ɗaya a saman jelar.
A ina ne Sumatran karkanda ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Sumatran Rhinoceros daga littafin Red
Mazaunin karkanda na da girma sosai. Koyaya, a yau adadin waɗannan dabbobin sun ragu zuwa mafi ƙarancin, bi da bi, kuma mazauninsu ya ragu sosai. Ana iya samun dabbobi a cikin yankuna masu ƙanƙanci, yankuna masu dausayi, yankuna na gandun daji masu zafi, ko ma a tsaunuka a tsawan 2000 - 2500 mita sama da matakin teku. Suna jin daɗi sosai a cikin wuraren tsaunuka, inda akwai adadin ruwa mai yawa, wanda ke da mahimmanci a gare su.
Yankin kasa na karkatar Sumatran:
- Yankin Malay;
- Sumatra;
- Kilimantana.
Wasu masana suna hasashen cewa akwai yawan karkanda a Burma. Koyaya, bincike don tabbatar ko karyata wannan zato baya bada izinin rayuwar ƙasar. Karkanda na son yin wanka da iyo a dausayi. Hakanan suna jin daɗin dazuzzuka masu zafi na wurare masu zafi tare da ƙananan ciyayi.
An raba duk mazauninsu zuwa murabba'ai, kowane ɗayan na mallakar wani mutum daban ko na ma'aurata. A yau Ratunan Sumatran ba su da yawa a cikin mazauninsu. An ajiye su a Gidan Cincinnati na Amurka a Ohio, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Kerinsi Seblat, Gunung Loser.
Menene karkatar Sumatran take ci?
Hotuna: Rhinos na Sumatran
Tushen abincin rhinoceros shine abincin shuka. Adultaya daga cikin manya yana buƙatar kilogram 50-70 na ganye a kowace rana, ya danganta da nauyin jiki. Wadannan dabbobin suna aiki sosai zuwa safe, ko wayewar gari, ko zuwa ƙarshen yini, tare da fitowar magariba, lokacin da suke fita neman abinci.
Menene tushen abinci na karkatar Sumatran:
- matasa harbe;
- harbewar shrubs, bishiyoyi;
- ciyawa kore;
- ganye;
- haushi na bishiyoyi;
- tsaba;
- mangoro;
- ayaba;
- ɓaure.
Abincin dabba na iya hada har da nau'in shuka guda 100. Yawancin sune tsire-tsire euphorbia, madder, melastoma. Rhinos suna da matukar son samari na bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi daban daban, wanda girman sa daga santimita 2 zuwa 5. Hakanan ana ɗaukar foliage a matsayin abincin da aka fi so. Don samun shi, wani lokacin ciyawar tsire-tsire dole su jingina a kan bishiyar tare da ɗaukacin ɗimbinsu don su samu kuma tsinke ganyen.
Kasancewar wasu nau'ikan ciyayi da suka wajaba ga rayuwa da wanzuwar dabbobi a wasu yankuna suna girma da yawa kadan, dabbobi ko su canza abincinsu ko kuma su koma wasu yankuna don neman abinci. Don irin wannan babbar dabbar ta wanzu daidai, tana buƙatar wadataccen zare da furotin.
Gishiri yana da mahimmanci ga waɗannan dabbobin. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa suke buƙatar lasar gishiri ko tushen ruwa tare da isasshen gishirin. Ba wuri na karshe bane a cikin abincin wanda yake dauke da nau'o'in ciyayi wadanda zasu mamaye jikin dabbar da ma'adinai daban-daban.
Fasali na halaye da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Sumatran Rhino
Karkunan Sumatran sun kasance keɓewa. Sau da yawa, dabbobi suna rayuwa su kadai, ƙasa da sau biyu. Sau da yawa zaka iya samun matan manya tare da theira theiran su. A dabi'ance, waɗannan shuke-shuke suna da kyakkyawar dabi'a da nutsuwa, kodayake suna da kunya da taka tsantsan. Tun daga haihuwa, dabbobi sun fara rashin gani sosai.
Duk da wannan kuma girmansa mai ban sha'awa, dabbobi ne masu wasa da sauri. A sauƙaƙe suna iya bi ta cikin dazuzzuka na daji, gudu da sauri, su bi ta tsaunuka da tuddai, har ma su san yadda ake iyo. An rarraba mazaunin karkanda da sharaɗi zuwa wasu yankuna, waɗanda suke na mutane daban-daban ko kuma nau'i-nau'i. Kowannensu yana yiwa yankin alamarsa tare da taimakon almubazzarancin da ƙwanƙashin ƙasa. A matsakaita, mazaunin maza guda ɗaya ya kai murabba'in mita 40-50. kilomita, kuma mace ba ta wuce 25 ba.
A lokacin bushewar dabbobi, dabbobi sun fi son zama a cikin tsaunuka, tare da farkon lokacin damina suna hawa kan tsaunuka. Da rana, karkanda basa aiki. Sun fi son buya a cikin dazuzzuka. Da fitowar magariba da kuma wayewar gari, ana lura da iyakar ayyukan ciyawar, tunda a wannan lokacin ne suke fita neman abinci. Karkunan Sumatran, kamar kowane ɗayan, suna da matuƙar son yin wanka laka. Wasu mutane na iya ciyarwa har zuwa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na rana akan wannan aikin. Wankan laka na kiyaye jikin dabba daga kwari kuma yana taimakawa sauƙaƙa lokacin bazara.
Karkunan Rhinoceroses galibi suna haƙa wa kansu ramuka don wanka laka a kusa da wuraren hutawa. Karkanda Rhinos ba sa nuna zalunci ga danginsu. Idan ya zama dole don kare yankinsu, a wasu lokuta suna iya yin faɗa, cizon.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Sumatran Rhino Cub
Lokacin balaga yana farawa ne daga mata lokacin da ya kai shekaru 5-7. Maza maza sun balaga da jimawa kadan - yana da shekaru 9-10. Wata mace balagaggiyar mace ba zata iya haihuwa ba. Haihuwa ba ta faruwa sau da yawa fiye da sau ɗaya kowace shekara 4-6. Abin lura ne cewa ana yin haifuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. A cikin bauta, suna da wuya su yi kiwo. A duk tarihin wanzuwar, 'yan lokuta ne kawai game da haihuwar' yan maruƙa suka bayyana.
Matan da suke shirye su sadu su fara feshin fitsarinsu da jelarsu. Da zaran maza sun kama kamshinta, sai su bi sawun ta. A wannan lokacin, suna nuna nuna fushi da tashin hankali, kuma ya fi kyau kada su shiga hanyar su. Lokacin da wasu jinsin maza da mata suka hadu, sai su yi kara mai ƙarfi. Dabbobi na iya narkar da juna na dogon lokaci kuma suna taɓa gefensu da ƙahoninsu. A wasu lokuta, dabbobi na iya bugun junan su da gaske.
Ciki yana dauke da watanni 15-16. Nauyin sabon haihuwa shine kilo 20-30. Tsayin a bushe bai wuce santimita 65 ba. Jariri ba shi da ƙaho; maimakon haka, yana da kumburi wanda yake da girman santimita 2-3. Jariri gaba daya an lullubeshi da duhu gashi, wanda a hankali yake haske kuma yana fita yayin da yake girma. Abin lura ne cewa ana haihuwar jarirai da ƙarfi kuma bayan rabin sa'a zasu iya amincewa da ƙafafunsu da tabbaci. Bayan awa daya da rabi, zai iya gudu.
Bayan wasan tseren karkanda domin ya fahimci duniyar da ke kewaye da shi, sai ya yi sauri don ya sami isasshen madarar mahaifiyarsa. A calan karsana sun fara cin abincin tsire wata ɗaya bayan haihuwarsu. A shekara guda, karkanda da aka haifa ta kai kilo 400-500. Mace na ci gaba da shayar da ɗiyarta da madarar uwa har zuwa shekara ɗaya da rabi.
Abokan gaba na karkanda na Sumatran
Hotuna: Smallaramar Sumatran Rhino
Duk da cewa karkandawan Sumatran sune mafi ƙarancin duka, dabbobi ne masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Dangane da wannan, a cikin mazauninsu na asali, kusan ba shi da abokan gaba tsakanin wakilan duniyar dabbobi. Koyaya, akwai yanayi lokacin da yunwa da matsanancin talauci suke tilasta wasu masu farautar farautar ko da karkanda.
Abokan gaba na Sumatran karkanda:
- zakuna;
- damisa;
- ni'ima ko kada
Masu cin naman dabbobi masu cin naman za su iya cin nasara ne kawai da dabba mai rauni wanda ya gaji ko ya kamu da rashin lafiya, ko kuma idan akwai masu yawa daga masu cin naman. Insectswari masu shan jini wata matsala ce. Su masu dako ne da kuma haddasa cututtuka masu yawa.
Yawancin karkanda da yawa suna fama da helminth, wanda ke raunana jiki. Babban makiyin mutum shine mutum. Aikinsa ne ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa wannan nau'in yana gab da halaka. Mafarauta da mafarauta suna ci gaba da lalata dabbobi a yau ba tare da duban gaskiyar cewa suna rayuwa nesa da mazaunin ɗan adam ba, da kuma mawuyacin bincikensu.
Tun kusan shekaru dubu biyu da suka gabata, wani shahararren likita dan kasar Sin ya iya tabbatar da cewa kaho mai foda yana da maganin warkewa kuma yana saukaka radadi, yana rage zafin jiki, mutane ba sa mutuwa dabbobi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Sumatran Rhino
A yau an lissafa karkatar Sumatran a cikin Littafin Ja. An ba shi matsayin mai haɗari sosai. Masana ilmin namun daji suna da'awar cewa ba fiye da waɗannan dabbobin da suka rage a duniya a yau ba. Babban dalilin wannan yanayin shine farauta. Hakan yana sauƙaƙa sauƙaƙewar farashin sassan jikin dabbobi.
Sun fara kashe karkanda saboda ƙahonin. Bayan haka, sauran sassan jikinsa sun fara zama masu kima, kamar yadda ake danganta musu kadarorin mu'ujiza. Misali, Sinawa, suna da tabbaci sosai cewa ƙaho mai foda yana ƙara ƙarfi kuma yana tsawanta matasa. Ana amfani da naman dabbobi a ƙasashe da yawa azaman kayan ɗanɗani don ƙera magunguna daga gudawa, tarin fuka, da sauran cututtuka masu saurin yaɗuwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi yawan dabbobi an lalata su yayin karnin da ya gabata, yayin da mutane suka fara amfani da bindigogi sosai. A kasuwar bayan fage, ana darajar kahon dabba daga dala 45,000 zuwa 60,000.
Masana ilmin namun daji suna hujja da cewa wani dalili kuma na bacewar jinsunan shine noma mai saurin bunkasa. Dangane da wannan, sun jawo hankalin ƙara yawan yankuna da yankuna, waɗanda sune asalin mazaunin Sumatran karkanda. An tilasta wa dabbobin neman sabbin yankuna da za a iya amfani da su don gidaje.
Wannan yana bayanin nisan da ke tsakanin daidaikun mutane da juna. Lamarin ya dagule da cewa dabbobi ba sa haihuwa a yanayi na wucin gadi kuma suna haihuwar 'ya'ya ba fiye da sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyar ba kuma ba sa haihuwa fiye da ɗaya.
Kiyayewar Karkunan Sumatran
Hotuna: Sumatran Rhinoceros daga littafin Red
Domin kare dabbobi daga bacewar mahukuntan yankunan da dabbobin ke gaba daya, an hana farautar su a matakin majalisa. Ya kamata a sani cewa a wasu ƙasashe an hana farautar karkanda, amma ana ba da izinin cinikin gabobi da sauran sassan jikin ciyawar.
Kungiyoyin jin dadin dabbobi suna gudanar da taro da nufin kare muhallin halittar dabbobi. Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar dakatar da sare dazuzzuka da mamaye muhalli na Sumatran karkanda. A Amurka, ana ajiye mutane da yawa a wuraren shakatawa na kasa, amma wahalar tana tattare da gaskiyar cewa dabbobi ba sa ba da zuriya a cikin bauta. Duk yunƙurin neman wurin shakatawa na karkanda da ƙirƙirar kyakkyawan yanayi don haifuwarsu ba ta sami nasara ba.
Masana ilmin namun daji suna jayayya cewa idan ba a yi kokarin magance matsalar ba a matakin hukuma, to ba da jimawa ba wannan nau'in na iya bacewa gaba daya. Masana kimiyya sun yi jayayya cewa ya zama dole a yi kokarin dakatar da fataucin gabobi da sassan jikin dabbobi, tare da rashin amfani da su a masana'antar hada magunguna da kayan kwalliya. A yau, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don maye gurbin sassan jikin karkanda da abubuwan roba.
Sumatran karkanda - dabba wacce ba ta da kyau amma tana da girma da kyau. Ganin shi a yau a cikin mazaunin sa kusan ba gaskiya bane, tunda mutanen da ke raye suna rayuwa nesa da ƙauyukan mutane da wayewarsu. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya zama dole a yi kokarin magance matsalar ta duk hanyoyin da ake da su.
Ranar bugawa: 05/03/2020
Ranar sabuntawa: 20.02.2020 a 23:28
