Yankin da ke haɗa Turai da Asiya ya mamaye fasalin duka biyun kuma ya buge da kyawawan halaye. Tsuntsayen Urals ma suna da ban mamaki da ban mamaki.
Fasali na fauna da yanayi na Urals
Urals, waɗanda suke a tsakiyar gabashin Turai da Yammacin Siberia, sun zama, godiya ga jeri na tsaunuka, wani yanki na musamman da yanayin yanayi.
Duwatsun Ural sun shimfida zuwa Kazakhstan (a kudu) da tekun Arctic (a arewa), saboda irin wannan taimakon na Urals kamar sahun tsaunuka masu tsaye a layi ɗaya da juna. Ba su da girma musamman (har zuwa kilomita 1.6) kuma an saka su da ƙwanƙolin madaidaita / zagaye inda dutsin dutse ya bazu.
Hanyoyin raƙuman ruwa suna tafiya tsakanin tsaunuka da kwaruruka, kuma yanayin Ural yana da alaƙa da yanayin tsaunuka. A arewacin yankin yana da karko, a ƙasa yana da yanayi mai kyau, a gabas yayi kama da nahiya, amma a yamma (saboda ƙarin ruwa) sai nahiyar ta ragu.
Gaskiya. Kusan duka (ban da hamada) yankuna na gari da aka sani suna cikin Ural.
Yankin galibi ana raba shi zuwa sassa 4, kowane ɗayansa yana da yankuna ɗaya ko biyu:
- iyakacin duniya - tundra da gandun daji-tundra;
- arewa - kurmi-tundra da taiga;
- tsakiyar - taiga da gandun daji-steppe;
- kudu - steppe dab da daji-steppe.
Koguna a Ural suna da sauri, kuma bankunan galibi suna da duwatsu. Leananan kwari da raƙuman ruwa suna ba da rai ga nau'ikan da yawa na tsarin muhalli daban-daban. Dabbobin kowane yanki na musamman ne: misali, tsuntsayen yankin Sverdlovsk sun bambanta da tsuntsayen da ke zaune a yankin Chelyabinsk. Na farko suna wakiltar fauna na taiga da tundra, yayin da na karshen ke wakiltar steppe da daji-steppe.
Tsuntsayen daji
Yawancin tsuntsayen Ural suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka. Bayyanuwar waɗannan tsuntsayen ya ta'allaka ne akan abincin da ake ci. Girke-girke da kayan itace suna buƙatar ƙafafu masu ƙarfi tare da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi don rake ƙasan daji. Katako yana da katako mai ƙarfi don huɗa akwatin da fitar da kwari. Tsuntsayen daji ba za su iya yin ba tare da fikafikan fuka-fukai waɗanda ke taimakawa motsawa tsakanin bishiyoyi ba.
Nightjar
Tsuntsu mai duhu launin ruwan kasa girman jackdaw, tare da tabon ocher a baya kuma launi iri ɗaya tare da ratsiyoyi masu tsinkaye a kirji. Ruwan dare yana da tsattsagewa a cikin bakin da ƙaramin baki, doguwar jela da fikafukai masu kaifi. Nightjar sananniya ce a Kudu / Tsakiyar Urals (har zuwa 60 ° N) kuma yana son zama kusa da farincikin gandun daji, a cikin wuraren da aka kone da sharewa.
Yana komawa yankuna na asali a tsakiyar watan Mayu don jan hankalin budurwa a cikin gajeren daren Yuni tare da waƙar da ta fi kama da kuwwa - "uerrrrrr ...".
Nightjars suna tashi da yamma, suna kwasar kwari masu ban kwana a kan tashi kuma suna cin abinci a cikin yawancin ƙwayoyin Mayu, Beetles na Yuni da kayan abinci. Mace na yin ba tare da gurbi ba, tana kwance ƙwai biyu a ƙasa cikin daji. Nightjars suna tashi zuwa yankuna masu dumi a ƙarshen Agusta (Tsakiyar Urals) ko a farkon rabin Satumba (Kudu).
Wharamar Fita
Mafi ƙanƙanta daga warblers, yana rayuwa a cikin dajin Ural, banda tsaunukan arewa. Baya yana da launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, kambi da kumatu sun fi duhu, ƙananan ɓangaren jiki suna da haske. Ana samun motsin motsa jiki a wurare daban-daban, babban abu shine cewa dasa shukoki suke kuma basu da yawa, tare da kasancewar gefuna.
Tsuntsun yana cin ciyawa da bishiyoyi. Abincin na ofananan Whitethroat shine:
- kwari;
- tsutsa;
- kwari;
- kwarin kwari.
Warbler yakan zo ne a Kudancin Urals a farkon rabin watan Mayu, a cikin Ural na Tsakiya ta hanyoyi daban-daban (farkon ranar da ake kira Mayu 2, ƙarshen - Mayu 22). Bayan isowa, tsuntsayen sun kasu biyu-biyu, suna yin gida gida a kan junipers, suna dasa bishiyoyin spruce / pine kimanin mita 2 daga ƙasa.
An tsawaita lokacin saduwa don Warblers, don haka wasu mazan suna raira waƙa a cikin Yuli kuma, amma muryar mawaƙa har yanzu tana rauni tun daga ƙarshen Yuni. Kuma tuni a farkon watan Satumba, tsuntsaye sun fara taruwa zuwa kudu.
Dokin daji
Tsuntsayen sun fi ƙanana kadan, mai fuka-fuka masu launin toka-ruwan toka, tsinkayen dogayen kafafu, tare da ƙasan haske da duhu a kirji da amfanin gona.
An rarraba shi a cikin gandun daji na Ural na Tsakiya / Kudancin Urals, kuma ya isa filayen Arewacin Urals. Ya fi son gefunan gandun daji, faɗuwa da ƙonawa. A kusancin Yekaterinburg, an ganshi sau ɗaya a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, kuma kusan wata ɗaya daga baya (12 ga Mayu), ya isa Ural ta Kudu a lokaci ɗaya ko kuma ɗan lokaci kaɗan.
Har sai kwari sun farka, bututun daji na cin ciyawar shukar. Da zuwan dumi, menu ya zama mai wadata:
- kwari da larvae;
- kwari;
- kwari da malam buɗe ido.
Maza suna fara rairawa kusan bayan isowa, amma ana jin waƙoƙin taro ba da wuri ba kafin tsakiyar watan Mayu. A lokaci guda, ana yin dabbar ta hanyar jima'i, kuma tuni a watan Yuni zuwa Yuli, kajin suna tashi a kan reshe. A tsakiyar watan Yuli, mawaƙa na maza bai yi shuru ba, kuma a ƙarshen Agusta, bututun daji sun bar Ural na Tsakiya. A Kudancin Urals, tashi ba ya faruwa kafin Satumba.
Tsuntsaye masu tsayi
Ma'anar mafi ma'anar ita ce tsuntsayen sararin samaniya, tunda suna rayuwa ba wai kawai a cikin stepes ba, har ma a cikin makiyaya da hamada. Su, a matsayinsu na ƙa'ida, suna da fikafukai masu ƙarfi da ake buƙata don ƙaura mai nisa da kwarangwal mara nauyi, da kuma ƙafafu masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke tabbatar da tsawon lokaci a ƙasa.
Matakan jirgin ruwa
Yana da kamanceceniya da ciyayi da lahani a filin: duk nau'ikan 3 kusan ba za a iya rarrabe su ba har ma a hannun masanin kimiyyar halittu. Jirgin ruwan ya fi ƙanƙara girma, amma ya fi girma saboda doguwar wutsiyarsa da manyan fikafikansa. Jirgin da ke cikin steppe yana zaune ne kawai na biotopes. Ana samun filin ko'ina, har ma a cikin gandun daji-tundra, amma duk masu kawo cikas suna tsayawa a sararin samaniya. Gidajen an gina su daidai a ƙasa - kan kumburi ko cikin ciyawa.
Wata wata tsuntsaye ne masu cin nama waɗanda ke kashe ƙananan dabbobi a cikin mutane da yawa (tare da girmamawa ga ɓeraye):
- gophers;
- beraye;
- voles;
- kadangaru da macizai;
- kwadi;
- kaji.
Tun da farko fiye da wasu (a farkon rabin watan Satumba), maƙerin tudu ya yi ƙaura a wajen Kudancin Urals, makiyayin makiyaya ya bar a ƙarshen Satumba, kuma kawai a farkon Oktoba filin jirgi.
Filin lark
Yana da tsayi kamar gwarare kuma yana zaune a filayen Urals na Tsakiya / Kudu. Ya iso nan a watan Maris - Afrilu kuma ya ci gaba da farko a kan narkewar faci. Larks ba kawai ke cin tsiron ciyawa ba, har ma da ƙwarin kwari, daga baya suna canzawa zuwa hatsin da suka rage bayan girbin hatsi.
Nesting yana farawa a farkon / tsakiyar watan Mayu, lokacin da hunturu ya tashi kuma ya ƙarfafa: a wannan lokacin, raira waƙar lark musamman jaraba ce. Tsuntsaye suna raira waƙa a sararin sama, suna hawa sama suna zagaye akan gidajensu, suna kwance akan iyaka ko a gefen filin. Kaji suna fitowa a ƙarshen Yuni, kuma su tashi don hunturu (Ural ta Kudu) yana faruwa a ƙarshen Satumba.
Mujiya mai gajeren saurare
Ya yi kama da mujiya mai dogon kunne, amma ba tare da kunnen ɗayan na karshen ba. Bugu da kari, dukkanin jinsin sun dogara da yawan berayen murine. A cikin Urals na Tsakiya, mujiya masu gajeren kunnuwa sun bayyana kusan tsakiyar watan Afrilu, suna zaune da shimfidar shimfidar wurare tare da makiyaya, fadama, steppe ko sarari.
An haɓaka lokacin kiwo sosai, kuma a cikin yanayi mai '' amfani '' don beraye, wasu mata suna yin kama biyu.
Gidajen gini an gina su a ƙasa tsakanin manyan duwatsu / akan tussocks, kuma a ƙarshen watan Mayu, ana samun gida tare da kaji mai bakin-rawaya kusa da ƙwayayen da ba a kyankyashe su ba, waɗanda ke tashi a kan reshe a ƙarshen Yuni. Yawancin mujiya masu gajeren ji suna yin ƙaura zuwa kudu a watan Satumba, amma wasu tsuntsayen suna jinkiri (tare da yalwar haƙori) har zuwa lokacin sanyi.
Tsuntsaye na bakin teku
Suna da irin wannan abincin kuma da yawa suna da tsarin jiki iri ɗaya. Wadannan dogayen gaɓoɓin jiki ne don kar su makale a cikin gulbi, kuma karin gishiri don karin dabbobi daga cikin ruwan.
Babban egret
Babban babban tsuntsu har zuwa 1.05 a tsayi kuma fikafikan fika 1.3-1.45. Maza suna da girma fiye da mata koyaushe. Lilin yana da fari, bakinsa madaidaici ne, doguwa kuma rawaya. Babban birni yana tafiya mai mahimmanci kuma a hankali, yana miƙa wuyansa yana neman ganimar da ta dace, wanda mafi yawanci yakan zama:
- kifi da kifin kifin.
- kananan beraye;
- macizai da kwadi;
- Kuliyoyi da ciyawa;
- wasu kwari.
Yana farauta shi kadai ko tare a rana / kafin faduwar rana, kuma bayan magariba, yana neman tsari tare da sauran danginsa. Babban egret yana da rikice-rikice a dabi'a (ko da yalwar abinci), kuma galibi yakan yi faɗa tare da 'yan uwanmu na kabilu, sannan kuma yana karɓar abinci daga ƙananan ƙarfe.
Babban curlew
Anyi la'akari da kusan kusan babban wakilin dangi mai zafin nama tare da ci gaban fiye da rabin mita, nauyin kilogiram 0.6-1 da kuma fikafikan har zuwa mita 1. Halin halayyar dogon baki lanƙwasa zuwa ƙasa.
Yana zaune a cikin makiyaya, gansakuka / tsire-tsire masu ciyawa, da danshi mai laima. Daga filayen hunturu yana komawa ga narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, gida a cikin ƙauyuka marasa ƙaranci ko kuma a ware guda biyu. An shirya gida a ƙarƙashin daji ko a cikin ciyawa, suna kwanciya a wurin manyan ƙwai (ba kamar kaza) ba. Curlews suna haifar da su bi da bi, kuma suna jagorantar brood ɗin don ma'aurata.
Tsuntsayen da ke yin ƙaura sau da yawa suna tashi cikin tsari daidai (layi ko latseji), wanda galibi baƙon abu ne ga masu yawo.
Abinci
Shi kadai ne mai wucewa wanda ke nitsewa cikin ruwa don neman abinci - invertebrates, mayfly / caddis larvae da sauran mazaunan benthic. Tsuntsayen da ke kusa da ruwa tare da fitaccen sananne, mai dimauta da gajere, girman matsakaiciyar damuwa. Lumbin launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu, mai farin launi.
Dawa tana rayuwa duk shekara zagaye a bakin kogin, suna rarraba nau'i-nau'i masu sarrafa kansu don yin gida. Suna fara waƙa har sai dumi, suna farawa a farkon bazara don gina gida.
Tsuntsaye
Yawancin su ba masu iya iyo bane kawai, amma har da masu kyau iri-iri. Ruwa mai ruwa ya bambanta ta hanyar shimfidawa, kamar ƙwanƙolin jirgin ruwa kuma ya bayyana membran a ƙafafunsu da gabobinsu sun koma kusa da jela. Daga cikin ruwa, sai suka zama cikin damuwa da tafiya, suna ta jujjuyawa kamar ducks.
Cormorant
Tsuntsu mai ruwa mai nauyi (har zuwa kilogiram 3) mai kamannin gaske, tare da tsarin mulki mai ɗanɗano da wutsiya / wuya. Bakin bakin ya ƙare da ƙugiya kuma an yi masa ado da haske mai launin rawaya a gindi. Cormorant kala ne mai launin baki tare da murfin ƙarfe, ya bambanta da makogwaron haske da kirji.
Tsuntsayen sun yi iyo da kyau, suna nutsewa zuwa zurfin mita 4, amma suna tafiya ba tsayawa a kan ƙasa, suna miƙe jiki da ƙarfi.
Cormorants suna hawa bishiyoyi, musamman kajin, kuma suna sauka a kan ƙananan bankuna, suna tsara tsaftatattun wuraren ajiyar ruwa. A nan cormorants suna farautar kifi, molluscs da amphibians, ba tare da ba da kwari da tsire-tsire ba.
Tumaki, ko atayka
Kyakkyawan tsuntsu (tare da halaye / dabi'un biyun duwatsu da geese na yau da kullun) tare da jan ƙamshi mai ƙyalli da laushi mai kamawa, inda ake haɗa ja, launin toka da baƙi a kan asalin farin fari. A cikin Urals, abin da aka saba da shi, a wasu wurare duck da yawa, dogara da mutum da barin shi ya kusanto.
Tana yin gida gida a bakin ruwa ko kuma a ɗan tazara daga gaɓar ruwa wanda atika ke samun abincin ta: molluscs, ƙaramin crustaceans da kwari na cikin ruwa. Ya fara haifuwa a cikin watan Afrilu - Yuli, yana shirya nests a cikin burukan da aka yi watsi da su, ramuka ko gawar rami.
Shiren swan
An sanya masa wannan suna ne saboda irin rawar da maza ke fitarwa a lokacin saduwa, suna kore masu fafatawa daga shafin su. Swan na bebe yana rayuwa har kusan shekaru 30, yana yin ma'aurata guda ɗaya. Ya yadu a cikin keɓaɓɓu, tabkuna har ma da fadama, waɗanda yankunansu suke da wadataccen ciyawar cikin ruwa.
A kan ƙasa, bebe yana wadatarwa da ciyawa da hatsi: a lokacin narkakken yanayi, tsuntsun da ya balaga ya ci abincin kilogiram 4 na shukar.
Cin shuke-shuke na ruwa, bebe na kama ƙananan abubuwan da ke zaune a wurin (crustaceans da molluscs), kuma yana da ikon yin ruwa kusan mita 1. An hana farautar Swan sama da rabin karni da suka gabata.
Tsuntsayen Urals daga Littafin Ja
Babu littafin Red Book of Urals, amma an buga littattafan yanki da yawa tare da nau'ikan kariya. Littafin Ja na Urals na Tsakiya (wanda, amma, ba shi da matsayin doka mai zaman kansa) an buga shi tare da nau'in dabbobin flora / fauna na yankunan Kurgan, Perm, Sverdlovsk da Chelyabinsk.
Samuwar Red Lists na yanki ya fara ne a cikin USSR, amma sun sami tsarin littafin da yawa daga baya. Babban mai gaba a nan shi ne Bashkiria, wanda ya buga littafin Red Book a 1984 kuma aka sake buga shi a 1987 da 2001. Sannan Jamhuriyar Komi ta sami irin wannan littafin - 1996 (wanda aka sake buga shi a 2009)
Sauran yankuna Ural sun biyo su:
- Orenburg - 1998;
- Kurgan - 2002/2012;
- Tyumenskaya - 2004;
- Chelyabinsk - 2005/2017;
- Yankin Perm - 2008;
- Yankin Sverdlovsk - 2008.
Kowane littafi yana ƙunshe da jerin nau'ikan nau'ikan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun dace da kimantawar Jerin Lissafin Tarayyar Rasha da / ko IUCN. Misali, nau'ikan 48 suna cikin littafin Red Book na yankin Chelyabinsk, 29 daga cikinsu suna cikin littafin Red Book na Tarayyar Rasha. A cikin shekarar 2017, toadstool mai kunshe da launin toka, sheathing, avdotka, stilt, baƙar fata stork, mai wariyar ruwa a cikin littafin an cire shi daga littafin yanki, amma an ƙara sababbi - ptarmigan, kurciya ta kunkuru ta kowa, harbor makiyaya da Dubrovnik.
